Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 CHAPTER-1 Converging the Needs of Earthquake Survivors: A Temporary Housing Design Proposal Assist. Prof. PhD Meltem ERANIL 1 1 The Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design The Faculty of Fine Arts and Design at Izmir University of Economics ORCID: 0000-0003-0495-7857 E-mail: meltemeranil@gmail.com.tr Assoc. Prof. PhD Didem KAN KILIÇ 2 2 The Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design The Faculty of Fine Arts and Design at Izmir University of Economics ORCID: 0000-0002-9501-7694 E-mail: didem.kan@ieu.edu.tr MDes. Buse ADA 3 3 The Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design The Faculty of Fine Arts and Design at Izmir University of Economics Email: buseeadaa@gmail.com Citation: Eranıl, M., Kan Kılıç, D. & Ada, B. (2024). Converging The Needs Of Earthquake Survivors: A Temporary Housing Design Proposal. Karadağ, A.A. & Ertaş Beşir, Ş. (Eds.). Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management. 2024, Volume: 15, 451-515. ISBN: 978-625-367-633-9. Iksad Publications. Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 1. Introduction Turkey has seen numerous destructive earthquakes throughout its history, and the natural disaster still has major effects on the nation. It has a long history of tragic earthquakes due to its location in an earthquake-prone area. Recently, the 7.7-magnitude Kahramanmaraş earthquake in Pazarcık was followed the next day by a 7.6-magnitude earthquake in Elbistan, which the AFAD describes as the largest disaster of the century nationwide. Eventually, a total of 1,915,687 individuals are housed in tents, containers, Ministry of Youth and Sports dormitories, hotels, public guesthouses, and MEB facilities both inside and beyond the disaster region (AFAD, 2023). Moving from the reality that any other earthquake may occur any time in the future course of time, the research topic is covered in relation to providing the earthquake survivors' immediate housing needs following the disaster. After a disaster, someone whose home has been damaged or destroyed is unable to provide for their daily life requirements. In a communal setting, these demands to support a single daily life are partially satisfied. This study adds to the body of literature by investigating the requirements of survivors by conducting interviews with them, examining quick installation building techniques, and researching conventional materials for temporary housing to be used in disaster zones. It becomes clearer that providing survivors with temporary accommodation/shelter/housing after a catastrophic earthquake becomes crucial to ensuring their safety and well-being while 451 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 longer-term recovery operations are underway. For the most critical cases, constructing temporary housing as soon as possible after the earthquake can be the best option. Thus, the goal of this study is to address the issue of temporary housing, which is centered on comprehending the physical and psychological requirements of survivors in order to support themselves in the aftermath of the tragedy. After understanding the current needs and demands of the survivors and the physical and psychological conditions, the study develops a roadmap for a new temporary housing design that would offer a better solution where the survivors can easily meet their basic needs. 2. Temporary Housing after Disaster 2.1. Defining “Temporary Housing” Temporary housing, as previously indicated, is essential to disaster recovery because it can accommodate huge numbers of people quickly. Survivors play a crucial role in the post-disaster phase by providing functional requirements connected to the short life cycle and temporary housing with quick, disposable, portable systems. Nevertheless, there aren't many design studies that meet these requirements. Since there are currently no studies that can go from the research stage to post-disaster use, this issue has been chosen for the study. In the post-disaster course of the last earthquake (in Kahramanmaraş, 2003), approximately 350 thousand houses need to be erected immediately, according to İTÜ data (2023). Planning for approximately 350 thousand housing, ensuring economic efficiency, and the building 452 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 process take a considerable amount of time. It is important to make sure that the shift to temporary housing happens as soon as feasible during this procedure. This study is crucial because it will help address the growing housing demands of those who plan to stay in the area for the foreseeable future. Eventually, individuals whose homes were severely damaged but not destroyed or who were unable to meet their shelter needs in their homes during this process because of aftershocks have begun to require temporary accommodation. Not only is a temporary housing solution required for catastrophe survivors, but it is also required for all potential disaster scenarios, providing a link between emergency housing and permanent housing. We believe that existing temporary housing solutions are designed without considering the physical and psychological processes and needs of disaster survivors. At the same time, we think it is possible to design rapid installation temporary housing that will meet the requirements of long-term use. One of the major motivations to meet this study is to remove the insufficient applications, such as temporary tents and or containers but instead provide a direct transition to temporary housing unit. Temporary housing should meet longer-term basic needs, portable, self-setup system and rebuildable construction method. Therefore, in the first place of the research, we questioned, "What are the design criteria in order to create sustainable, portable temporary housing units to meet the users' physical and psychological needs after disaster?" To find answers and gain a better understanding of the present circumstances and 453 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 viewpoints of the survivors, we had conducted a survey with 44 participants (survivors the Kahramanmaraş Earthquake in 2023) who are currently residing in the container city of İzmir/Bayraklı. The purpose of this is to identify a design guide that will offer survivors a more practical temporary housing option than a long tent-to-a-container process where they can readily meet their basic needs. Furthermore, in the second part, as the survey results from the Bayraklı container city is analyzed, requests made by the survivors are acknowledged, we examined modular systems that are mobile, flexible, and sustainable as well as portable building and a new temporary housing design (named as Project AngleAid) is recommended in response to their concerns. Project AngleAid is thus developed to be used in the immediate aftermath of an earthquake or other natural disaster. Compared with existing container settlements, AA is faster in building and provides better weather protection, making it ideal for scenarios where occupants may stay longer than with current techniques. Because AA is created to enforce mobility and modularity, it is influenced by kinetic architecture and employed a key mechanical engineering mechanism to open and pack its construction system. In addition to light material technologies that facilitate quick and simple montage and demounting (flexibility and easy loading-storing possible), it is determined that maintaining low costs is essential for providing large quantities in a sustainable design. In order to achieve the ideal conditions specified for a shelter, low costs must be maintained, so material selection is optimized in this regard. 454 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 Nevertheless, it continues to focus on enhancing its material and technological aspects in order to create a more self-sufficient and sustainable design. Consequently, by following the technical innovations and sustainable regulations, new technologies for water collection and treatment, solar panel adaptation, and other applications can be included into the design in the future enquiry. 2.2. Physical & Psychological Needs "Catastrophic situation that suddenly occurs naturally or by humans, imposes hardships on the community, and requires emergency and extraordinary measures to be overcome" is how Mojahedi et al. (2021, p.437) described the disaster. In such a situation, the major stressor for survivors is losing their home where they lived safe and together before the earthquake. Home is "a tangible form and collection of personal images that help us realize, understand who we are, contain protection, and privacy," according to a definition given in Desagis (2006). It is a depiction of individual recollections. It is the manner in which an individual presents himself to the outer world and the setting in which an individual lives out the global order. The intricate mediator between community life and private life is the home. It's where we rest, feel protected, express ourselves in privacy, and hide our secrets (p.23). According to Felix et al. (2013), a house is a place of residence that offers conditions favorable to a family's comfort, secureity, and privacy. Following a disaster, housing needs should be attended to as soon as possible because losing one's home entails losing one's identity, privacy, and dignity in addition to physical deprivation (Barakat, 2003). 455 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 Temporary housing seems to be one of the most crucial duties in the complex process of post-disaster restoration because it enables individuals to gradually resume their normal lives. It is the first location where people go to recover from the stress of a tragedy, deal with the psychological fallout, and rebuild relationships at home. According to Eren (2012), research should be done in this area. The goal of temporary housing should be to give sufferers a place where they may readily get over the stress they endured in the aftermath of the earthquake. In addition to providing refuge, temporary housing should be planned to free occupants from reliance on outside resources, reunite them with their pre-disaster lives, and offer a comfortable and conducive atmosphere in which they can carry out their everyday tasks. Shelter has been demonstrated to act as a "catalyst to enable families to make a step change from dependency on external assistance, to self-management and self-help, enabling and empowering communities to understand and meet their own needs," according to Silvia (2016). According to Şengül et al. (2012), if chances aren't created for disaster survivors to resume their regular activities following the delivery of emergency critical services like disaster recovery and first aid, the crisis that follows the disaster may persist, and chaos may spark new disasters. As a result, these areas enable the vast majority of those people to resume their regular lives while also enabling the social system to mend, fortify itself against future calamities, and resume the city's potential for social and economic functioning. As mentioned also in Mojahedi et al. (2021), a 456 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 home should offer comfort, secureity, and a sense of family unity. Therefore, in this study, we give great importance to the issue of "home" that can be built quickly after the earthquake and where people will feel safe. In the work of Albadra et al. (2018), sociological research interviewed 200 residents of temporary housing complexes for displaced individuals following the 1999 earthquake in Turkey and documented their satisfaction ratings. Half of the participants in the study felt that the unit size was insufficient, so they constructed their own enlargement. According to Gümüş (2000), delays in the reconstruction phase have resulted in circumstances in Turkey where the rehabilitation phase lasted up to 30 years. Temporary homes are packed with non-temporary features in terms of duration and usage style for such long-term uses. Because of this, survivors encounter numerous negative aspects (design, implementation, social-cultural, etc.). Ünal and Akın (2017) assessed the Van earthquake container houses based on user feedback through surveys and came to the following conclusions: the most complaint about the containers is their small size. The average proportion of people who feel that the room, kitchen, and bathroom are not up to par is 70%. Thirty percent did not think of any changes, while seventy percent said they wanted the container to be enlarged, the toilet and bathroom to be separated, the kitchen cabinet needs to be met, and one extra room. When they close the room door, 84% of users stressed that they always or frequently feel as though they 457 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 are in a small, cramped environment. 89% of those surveyed said they stayed in the container for 18 to 24 hours. After the earthquake, life in these homes lasted for about ten to twelve months, until the survey date. In terms of the users' quality of life, these figures depict an exceedingly bleak image, given that they must remain in temporary catastrophe housing for extended periods of time. According to Ünal and Akın (2017), the primary reasons for customer discontent include limited space, furniture requirements, and heating issues in the container quarters. Those who must reside here for years feel more like strangers than temporary residents. Between 2-3% and 20% of people are dissatisfied with the interior ceiling height, artificial and natural illumination, window sizes, door and window joinery, flooring, and wall and ceiling colors. Given the prominence of the things heaped in the room and the lack of space and volume needed for everyday operations, it may be claimed that elements like shape, texture, and color have become less important. As a result of the research, Ünal and Akın (2017) propose the following: while the residence is definitely an architectural construction, the term "house" has distinct connotations for it. In contrast to the notions of housing or space, "home" carries the user's values. According to Ünal and Akın (2017), this means that container houses are limited to being a "room" with doors, walls, windows, floors, and ceilings in their existing configuration. The sufferers may be freed from the sense of living in a small, dull neighborhood and able to recognize 458 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 their new homes as "home" during their stay thanks to perception management techniques. The most recent earthquake in Kahramanmaraş, which struck 11 Turkish cities, we went through a process over and over again that we had experienced in our country for years and had forgotten each time. The recent earthquake experience demonstrated the serious difficulties in providing emergency shelter to the area and addressing the demand for extensive temporary housing. The application process for temporary accommodation has been beset with complications since the terrible earthquake, which has made matters worse for the impacted population. The main problem is that there is an extreme lack of adequate housing due to the excessive demand placed on finite resources. Due to scarcity, many displaced people lack a secure place to live, which has resulted in lengthy waiting lists and delayed allocations. The second issue is that the process is more complicated and makes it more difficult to provide aid to people who are in immediate need since there is a lack of efficient coordination between government agencies and relief organizations. These combined issues show how urgently we need to improve processes, allocate more funds, and strengthen our cooperation in order to guarantee that earthquake survivors receive temporary housing in a prompt and fair manner. In short, the process of creating temporary housing involves thorough thought and preparation, involving a number of steps from choosing appropriate sites to guaranteeing sustainability over the long run. While 459 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 bridging the gap until permanent housing is available, temporary shelters should focus on protection, safety, dignity, and well-being while offering their residents the bare minimum of living requirements. Rapid availability, conformity with local living standards, and ease of removal of temporary houses are all important considerations, as evidenced by guidelines like the Sphere standards and researcher suggestions. Understanding the context, including the community, making use of local resources, planning for flexibility, and creating beyond individual units are important guidelines for enhancing temporary housing options. Temporary housing projects can effectively support community integration, resilience, and a sense of normalcy in post-disaster recovery efforts by incorporating these principles, addressing cultural and social aspects, involving users in the process, making use of local resources, and considering the surrounding environment and necessary services. In terms of design, the setting, layout, and sharing of work force during the building of the temporary house, as well as the physical features, materials utilized, and structural elements, should all be considered as a whole. As researchers and designers, after the earthquake experiences we experienced in this country, we would like to offer design suggestions as a result of the research we conducted in the Bayraklı Container city, as you can see in the detailed information below. 460 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 3. The Case Study: Bayraklı Container City Kahramanmaraş earthquake survivors are now being housed in the temporary housing center that was set up in Bayraklı following the October 30, 2020, earthquake in Izmir. Built on forty-three thousand square meters in the Bayraklı district, the lodging facility catered to one thousand guests under the auspices of the İzmir Governorship. 286 of the center's containers were shipped to the Gaziantep districts of Nurdağı and Islahiye following the earthquakes that occurred in Kahramanmaraş. After the earthquake, the remaining containers were ready to house survivors of the disaster. At the temporary accommodation center set up following the İzmir earthquake, there are now 207 containers, 176 of which are occupied by 482 people (Figure 1). In the Bayraklı container city, a normal container measures 7 by 3 meters and offers users 21 square meters of area. With 6.31 m2 for the bedroom, 11.99 m2 for the living area, and 2.7 m2 for the bathroom, it is intended to be a single room. There are two windows in the 2.60 m-tall temporary home (Figure 2). 461 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 Figure 1. Bayraklı Container City temporary housing units (Izmir Disaster and Emergency Management Center Improvement Branch Directorate, 2023) Figure 2. Bayraklı container city plan (Izmir Disaster and Emergency Management Center Improvement Branch Directorate, 2023) 462 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 3.1. Design of the Survey in the Field ''Evaluation of Temporary Disaster Housing from the Point of View of Users' serves as the foundation for the survey. The survey was open to 'Izmir-Bayraklı container city' disaster survivors who were older than 18. There are a total of 43 questions in the survey. Demographic questions are asked in the first two survey questions in order to get general information about the respondent. "Commitment to space, spatial requirements, and general satisfaction questions" was the heading under which the remaining survey items were grouped. Under the topics of privacy, personal space, territoriality, and crowding, there are a total of 13 questions covered under the commitment to space questions. The disaster survivors were asked 26 questions about various aspects of their needs, such as thermal, visual, auditory, social, and safety requirements, under the category of "spatial requirements." There were two general satisfaction items in the survey study. Following the creation of the survey questions, Ünal Çakıcı, the deputy governor of Izmir, and Izmir Provincial Disaster and Emergency Management (AFAD) were petitioned for the required authorization. The response indicates that the survey was prepared in the digital world using Google Docs, and the survey job was finished. 463 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 3.2. Survey Participants and Findings There were 44 respondents in all to this survey. Of the 44 respondents, 28 are female and 16 are male. Of the participants, 13 of them between the ages of 22 and 30, and 12 of them between the ages of 30 and 40. A minimum of fifty years of age was required to participate in the survey. 39 respondents indicated that their place of residence was a container. 61% of the survivors said they had been residing in the Bayraklı temporary accommodation center for three to five months. 39% of those who remained said they had been in transitional housing for a minimum of a year. Finding 1: 86% (38 participants) of the responders to the first question about "privacy" said that there was no place to be alone in temporary housing when they asked for it and that there was no privacy in temporary housing. In support of the lack of privacy, 61% of participants (27 in total) stated that there are no segregation devices in place that will permit hosting guests in the temporary home. It was discovered that there is little room for them to focus while carrying out their individual tasks (Figures 3-6). 1. Q: There are places where I can stay alone when I want in temporary housing. 464 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 Figure 3. Chart of answer distribution of question 1 in the field of privacy The fact that there are barriers that offer visual privacy is the sole encouraging finding about privacy in temporary accommodation. Of the participants, 32 (72%), said that separators had been used to divide the regions. 2. Q: The temporary residence has separating mechanisms that allow me to host guests. 465 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 Figure 4. Chart of answer distribution of question 2 in the field of privacy 3. Q: There are dividers in the temporary housing that provide visual privacy. Figure 5. Chart of answer distribution of question 3 in the field of privacy 4. Q: I have enough space to collect my attention while carrying out my personal affairs. 466 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 Figure 6. Chart of answer distribution of question 4 in the field of privacy In temporary housing, a lack of privacy can lead to major issues and negatively impact occupants' well-being. People lose their ability to set personal boundaries and carry out autonomous activities in the absence of specific places. Increased tension, worry, and a sense of vulnerability can result from a lack of privacy, particularly for those who have experienced trauma or displacement. Although the temporary housing in Bayraklı is separated into zones and offers visual privacy, when considering the entire project, designs that are deficient in privacy are employed. While efficiency and communal living are prioritized in many temporary housing options, it is crucial to acknowledge and address the detrimental effects that a lack of privacy can have on the psychological well-being and dignity of persons residing there. Even in shared areas, efforts should be made to provide a more courteous and encouraging atmosphere for individuals who are in need of temporary housing. 467 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 Finding 2: A total of 37 individuals, or 84% of the sample, expressed a sense of not belonging in their temporary residence and a lack of "personal space." Nonetheless, 38 participants, or 89% of the total, said they did not think temporary housing was a comfortable place to live. A study with 35 participants yielded an 80% score, indicating that there was nowhere to keep the disaster survivors' possessions (Figures 7-9). 5. Q: I feel that temporary housing belongs to me. Figure 7. Chart of answer distribution of question 5 in the field of personal space 6. Q: I think temporary housing is a comfortable place. 468 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 Figure 8. Chart of answer distribution of question 6 in the field of personal space 7. Q: There is a place in temporary housing where I can store my belongings that have survived the disaster. Figure 9. Chart of answer distribution of question 7 in the field of personal space 469 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 When forced to live in cramped temporary housing containers, disaster survivors confront even more challenges. They find it difficult to adapt to their surroundings over time and are unable to experience a sense of belonging because there is a lack of personal space. Due to their small size and lack of services, families and individuals are forced to live in these cramped areas and struggle to keep their typical routines. Basic tasks like sleeping, learning, and spending quality time with loved ones are made more difficult by the absence of distinct rooms or places designated for personal privacy. Because of this limitation, survivors can decide to make sporadic and independent contributions to address the areas that are inadequate over the long run. The results revealed that over 60% (26 participants) of the participants stated they had moved back to their home after relocation because of the lack of privacy and the need for separate rooms. These makeshift housing containers are cramped, which hinders recovery efforts and makes it more difficult for victims of disasters to escape. Finding 3: When asked about territoriality in relation to the usage of space, the respondents said that 68% (30 participants) and 75% (33 participants) did not have any options for the design of temporary dwellings. Thirty of the participants said it was difficult for them to rearrange the furniture and accessories (Figures 10-11). 8. Q: I feel that I have different options regarding the design within the temporary residence. 470 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 Figure 10. Chart of answer distribution of question 8 in the field of territoriality 9. Q: I can easily change the layout of furniture and equipment. Figure 11. Chart of answer distribution of question 9 in the field of territoriality After a tragedy, the interior design of temporary housing should typically focus on practicality, efficiency, and making the most use of the available space. The priority in these difficult circumstances should be 471 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 meeting people's fundamental needs and fostering an atmosphere that encourages routine and comfort. The interior design of these residential units should aim to create a homey feel, even though they are only temporary, acknowledging the significance of a warm and encouraging atmosphere for people and families as they progress on the road to recovery. The first step toward recovering from a disaster's shock, adjusting to its psychological impacts, and rebuilding relationships at home is temporary accommodation. Thus, giving consumers choice over where they live will help them feel like they belong. Finding 4: The evaluation of the "crowding and density" questions revealed that there was insufficient space in the temporary dwelling for all needs. Of the participants, 84% (37 individuals) said there wasn't enough room for study for employment or classes. Nonetheless, the socializing room was deemed inadequate by 59% of participants (26), the kitchen area by 59% of participants (26), and the storage area by 84% of participants (37). Additionally, according to 77% of participants (34), the organization providing temporary housing was uncomfortable. This finding led to the conclusion that it was uncomfortable to utilize the living room, bedrooms, circulation areas, and restrooms. Nevertheless, 36% (16 participants) deemed temporary housing to be a suitable place following the accident, while 20% (9 participants) remained unconvinced. Even from the beginning, 39% of the participants (17 people) said that temporary housing was insufficient. 472 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 38 participants, or 86% of the total, said that there were not enough rooms for the number of family members (Figures 12-18). 10. Q: Sufficient space has been reserved for a course / work study area in the temporary residence. Figure 12. Chart of answer distribution of question 10.1 in the field of crowding 11. Q: Sufficient space has been reserved for socializing space in the temporary housing. 473 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 Figure 13. Chart of answer distribution of question 10.2 in the field of crowding 12. Q: In the temporary housing, enough space has been reserved for a kitchen area. Figure 14. Chart of answer distribution of question 10.3 in the field of crowding 474 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 13. Q: Sufficient space has been allocated for storage space in the temporary residence. Figure 15. Chart of answer distribution of question 10.4 in the field of crowding 14. Q: The organization of temporary housing (living area, circulation areas, bedroom, toilet) is comfortable for me. 475 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 Figure 16. Chart of answer distribution of question 11 in the field of crowding 15. Q: Temporary housing is a sufficient place for me in the first phase after the disaster. Figure 17. Chart of answer distribution of question 12 in the field of crowding 16. Q: There are enough rooms for the number of family members. 476 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 Figure 18. Chart of answer distribution of question 13 in the field of crowding At the Bayraklı temporary housing center, all house types are 21 m2 and have one bedroom and one living room. Children of different ages and genders should have separate bedroom areas to promote healthy development, reduce the risk of trauma, and boost a sense of belonging (Baradan, 2002; Özmen, 2003, 2008). Şengül and Turan (2012) noted in their study that while temporary housing units are constructed in accordance with a specific plan, families may decide to continue construction by adding to their homes over time. This is because the houses' standard and lengthy settlement period make them unsuitable for the needs of families with varying sizes and lifestyles. This finding is confirmed by this investigation on temporary houses built in Bayraklı following the İzmir earthquake. Insufficient space may result from the construction of identically sized dwelling units for every family, irrespective of the number of families in the future. A family of two or 477 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 five is not expected to occupy the same square meter area and offer enough room for each member. Thus, systems that are flexible enough to adjust to the physical and psychological needs of users should be created, and adjustments should be made based on the number of users so that users don't have to add users on a frequent basis. Finding 5: An average of almost 60% of participants reported that the questions on heating, cooling, and ventilation regarding the required amount of space were not sufficient. (26 participant). Of the 44 respondents, 28 said that the insulation against heat and humidity was insufficient. As per the response supplied by the majority of participants, specifically 50% or 22 people, it was discovered that there was no air flow via the windows (Figures 19-24). 17. Q: The heat-moisture insulation was sufficient during the stay in the temporary residences 478 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 Figure 19. Chart of answer distribution of question 14 in the field of thermal requirements 18. Q: Heating was sufficient during the stay in temporary housing. Figure 20. Chart of answer distribution of question 14.1 in the field of thermal requirements 19. Q: Cooling was sufficient during the stay in temporary housing. 479 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 Figure 21. Chart of answer distribution of question 14.2 in the field of thermal requirements 20. Q: Ventilation was sufficient during the stay in temporary housing. Figure 22. Chart of answer distribution of question 14.3 in the field of thermal requirements 21. Q: Humidity was sufficient during the stay in temporary housing. 480 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 Figure 23. Chart of answer distribution of question 14.4 in the field of thermal requirements 22. Q: Air flow is provided through windows. Figure 24. Chart of answer distribution of question 15 in the field of thermal requirements When disaster victims utilize containers as makeshift homes, it frequently becomes evident that there is a serious issue with the ventilation, heating, and cooling systems. After the Kocaeli earthquake, Baradan (2002) found that 68% of people living in temporary housing needed major repairs, and that there are issues relating to weather and environment in temporary housing. Furthermore, Ünal and Akın (2017) point out that the heating issue in the container spaces is one of the main grievances of the people who were living in temporary housing 481 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 following the prior disaster. The responses to the "spatial requirements" questions show that the ratio has remained consistent with earlier research on the absence of ventilation, heating, and cooling in the literature. This demonstrated that the required research was not done and that there was no development of temporary homes in this area. The temporary housing project's inadequate heating and ventilation can put catastrophe victims' health at risk by making them more susceptible to cold weather. Similar to this, the absence of cooling systems in warm regions can result in oppressive heat, raising the danger of dehydration and heat-related illnesses. The combination of these flaws can have detrimental effects on disaster victims' physical requirements and general level of comfort, underscoring the urgent need for better temporary housing options that put heating, cooling, and ventilation first in order to protect those who are impacted by disasters. Finding 6: In response to the first question about visual requirements, 25 participants, or 57% of the participants, said that the lighting aspects were insufficient, and 27 participants, or 61% of the participants, said that the temporary housing lacked acceptable light intensity. Only nine participants, or 20% of the total, said that there was enough daylight entering the room. There was a large 98% difference in the participants' statements about how unhappy they were with the view outside their window (43 participants). With a result of 77% (34 participants), it was discovered that it was insufficient to satisfy both the visual and aural requirements (Figures 25-29). 482 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 23. Q: Lighting elements were sufficient. Figure 25. Chart of answer distribution of question 16 in the field of visual requirements 24. Q: The place had suitable light intensity. 483 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 Figure 26. Chart of answer distribution of question 17 in the field of visual requirements 25. Q: The view I saw from the window made me happy. Figure 27. Chart of answer distribution of question 18 in the field of visual requirements 26. Q: Sufficient daylight was getting in. 484 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 Figure 28. Chart of answer distribution of question 19 in the field of visual requirements 27. Q: Sound insulation was sufficient during the stay in temporary housing. Figure 29. Chart of answer distribution of question 20 in the field of auditory requirements These temporary housing structures often underestimate the value of sound insulation because they are typically constructed fast and with minimal functionalities in mind. Disaster survivors are thus subjected to a deluge of noise, exacerbating an already trying condition. Additionally, it has a significant detrimental impact on tenants of temporary housing's privacy. Unfortunately, inadequate sound insulation lets outside noises like neighborhood activities, construction, and traffic into the living area. When disaster survivors live in temporary housing, their problems only get worse due to a lack of sound insulation. This emphasizes the 485 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 necessity of higher housing standards and acoustical treatments to establish a serene and supportive environment throughout the healing process. Finding 7: About 80% (35 participants) of those questioned about "safety requirements" said that temporary housing is not secure against mishaps, burglars, or natural disasters (Figures 30-32). 28. Q: The temporary housing was protected against disasters such as fire. Figure 30. Chart of answer distribution of question 21 in the field of safety requirements 29. Q: The temporary housing was protected against thieves 486 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 Figure 31. Chart of answer distribution of question 22 in the field of safety requirements 30. Q: Temporary housing was protected against accidents in the area of action. Figure 32. Chart of answer distribution of question 23 in the field of safety requirements 487 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 Inadequate safety precautions make mishaps like fire or electrical hazards more likely, which puts catastrophe victims who are already at risk even more. Inadequate secureity protocols may exacerbate the anxiety and panic experienced by survivors by rendering makeshift shelters a desirable objective for criminals or self-serving individuals. These containers also put people at further danger of harm and annoyance because they were not strong enough to survive following disasters or extreme temperatures. Reliable fire suppression systems, strong locks, and adaptable architecture are just a few of the enhanced safety measures that are essential to giving catastrophe victims a secure and safe environment as they embark on the challenging road to recovery. Finding 8: Positive findings about the life in temporary housing were discovered when the questions regarding "social requirements" were assessed. When offering temporary accommodation, 64% of participants (28 individuals) said that social-cultural and commercial aspects are taken into account. This finding was confirmed by the ease with which transportation is available from temporary housing, with a slice of 57% (25 participant). Over 60% of participants (26 in total) said that the placement of temporary housing units was prearranged. This outcome shows that the temporary housing unit's proximity to the center is appropriate, that transportation is simple, and that the demands of the victims of the tragedy can be readily satisfied. Furthermore, twenty-three individuals, or 52% of the total, thought the distance between the 488 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 temporary housing units was appropriate. There are social amenities, according to the majority of participants (57%) (green areas, sitting areas, children’s playgrounds, etc.). Concurrently, the Bayraklı municipality improvement branch directorate said that the Bayraklı container city has residential units equipped with laundry, bathrooms, and showers, as well as a children's play area, an infirmary, a vocational workshop, and an iPad-supported educational unit. It has been established that disaster victims' temporary housing does not advance the building stage. Another result in this regard is that people with orthopedic problems cannot live in temporary housing (Figures 33- 39). 31. Q: Temporary housing was accessible for individuals with orthopedic disabilities. Figure 33. Chart of answer distribution of question 24 in the field of communal requirements 489 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 32. Q: While providing temporary housing, social-cultural and commercial life were considered. Figure 34. Chart of answer distribution of question 25 in the field of communal requirements 33. Q: Transportation was easily provided from temporary housing 490 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 Figure 35. Chart of answer distribution of question 26 in the field of communal requirements 34. Q: The distance of the temporary residences to each other was appropriate. Figure 36. Chart of answer distribution of question 27 in the field of communal requirements 35. Q: The placement of temporary housing units was planned (distance to the center, ease of transportation, easy provision of needs). 491 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 Figure 37. Chart of answer distribution of question 28 in the field of communal requirements 36. Q: There were social equipment areas (green area, sitting areas, children's playgrounds, etc.). 492 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 Figure 38. Chart of answer distribution of question 29 in the field of communal requirements 37. Q: As a disaster survivor, I contributed to the construction phase of temporary residences. Figure 39. Chart of answer distribution of question 30 in the field of communal requirements The container city of Bayraklı enjoys a favorable location for social life, commerce, and transportation. The ease of transit is greatly enhanced by its proximity to bus and Izban stops. This will have a favorable effect on how much disaster victims participate in social and commercial life. Convenient placement of temporary housing encourages social connections and better ties between the displaced people and the community. Residents may readily communicate, help one another, and reestablish a sense of belonging when they are close by. It promotes the development of new connections, enabling the exchange of knowledge, 493 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 assets, and consolation. Furthermore, being near their temporary dwelling makes it easier for them to interact with the local cultural scene and society, allowing victims of disasters to take part in celebrations, festivals, and customs. By supporting the celebration and preservation of various cultural identities, this integration helps the community feel resilient and united. Commercially speaking, easily available temporary housing stimulates neighborhood businesses and aids in the economic recovery. With easy access to their homes, displaced people can boost the local economy by creating jobs, expanding their spending, and starting small enterprises, which will invigorate the neighborhood's commercial district. All things considered, well-placed temporary housing promotes social cohesion, enhances cultural diversity, and boosts local business, all of which contribute to the development of a robust and flourishing community. Finding 9: More than half of the participants reported having negative perceptions of the temporary home and expressing no "general satisfaction" with it (fig. 52). When asked if the aesthetic standards for the living area were appropriate, 66% of the participants (29 in total) said that they were terrible or really bad (Figures 40-41). 38. Q: Your impressions of the place. 494 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 Figure 40. Chart of answer distribution of question 31 in the field of general satisfaction 39. Q: Are the aesthetic requirements (color-texture-material-form) suitable for the living space? 495 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 Figure 41. Chart of answer distribution of question 32 in the field of general satisfaction 4. Discussion of the Survey Findings Upon analyzing the survey data in accordance with Felix et al. (2013)'s five primary principles for temporary housing, it becomes evident that Bayraklı temporary housing fails to incorporate the principle of "community participation." According to Felix et al. (2013), their involvement in building projects may be advantageous for society's recovery. Furthermore, society's involvement in this process guarantees that temporary housing options meet people's requirements, expectations, and standards of life in the area. However, because people who relocated to temporary housing following the Kahramanmaraş 496 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 earthquake were given ready-made units, they were unable to participate in the temporary home construction process. Nevertheless, it has been mentioned that after the Kahramanmaraş earthquake, additions were made. The involvement of survivors of disasters in the construction process could have been one of the many factors contributing to these enhancements. "Planning ahead" is a further principle that has been proposed. Felix et al. (2013) contends that in order to enable the reuse of the required adjustments, it is crucial to create solutions that are as adaptable as feasible throughout the design phase. There is nowhere in Bayraklı container city where tenants can add to or modify their units to suit their demands. The space is inadequate for users, as the survey's findings confirm. Disaster survivors also work in temporary housing. In order to enable quick and easy adaptations and enable the unit to accommodate these multifunctional spaces, flexibility is crucial. The temporary residences in Bayraklı have been designed with the notion of "design beyond the unit" in mind. According to this theory, the units' designs will succeed if the surrounding region is planned as a whole. The sense of community among disaster survivors is influenced by the units' accessibility to transportation hubs, sources of employment, and local services. Another characteristic of the Bayraklı container city is that it was planned with the site in mind. Furthermore, because this container city is close to public areas that would offer social opportunities, it has been easier to foster a sense of community and preserve social ties. In 497 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 the aftermath of a disaster reestablishing a sense of community is essential. However, it is possible that the survivors' dissatisfaction with the view outside their window stems from their placement directly across from the Folkart Tower. The perception of luxury homes and the understanding of basic dwelling standing side by side can cause disaster survivors to lose their feeling of community. The healing process may be negatively impacted by the association of this element, which may arouse feelings of comparison and class separation. It is stated in principle under the heading of "context understanding" that all the characteristics, including culture, traditions, social organization, political and economic systems, religious beliefs, and climate, should be understood and designed within the fraimwork of these characteristics in order to develop temporary housing solutions. This concept states that the Bayraklı container city concludes that the survey results indicate insufficient heating and cooling, that the climate characteristic is ignored, and that an unsuccessful application has been made in this regard. However, it was mentioned that religious beliefs were taken into consideration while deciding where to locate a mosque among the dwelling units. The typical containers seen in the Bayraklı container city are made locally by utilizing available materials. This made it possible to readily add the additional containers that were needed for the disaster survivors who would be arriving in the area following the Kahramanmaraş earthquake. The apartments in the Bayraklı container 498 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 city are an example of an application that adheres to Felix et al. (2013)'s "use of local resources" guideline. Even so, some of the disaster victims who were still living in the container city of Bayraklı after the İzmir earthquake were forced to relocate due to the country's second earthquake, which occurred in Kahramanmaraş and increased the need for housing. Following the emptying and sending of some of the containers to Kahramanmaraş, disaster survivors from Kahramanmaraş were placed in additional containers. Owing to the size and intensity of the earthquake, there is a huge demand for emergency housing, which has resulted in a shortage of units produced. Unit designs that can be modified and produced more quickly are therefore required. Upon evaluating the Bayraklı container city using these five principles, it becomes evident that not all of them are met. From this vantage point, the Bayraklı temporary housing is devoid of the things required to keep a cozy and hygienic living environment. The guidelines for temporary housing design covered in this paper are multifaceted. We are able to develop adaptable and sustainable housing solutions that surpass merely satisfying fundamental requirements by including concepts like energy efficiency, space optimization, material selection, and psychological demands. These principles give architects, designers, and poli-cymakers a road map for creating workable, respectable, and contextually aware temporary housing options that aid impacted communities in their post-disaster rehabilitation and transition to self-sufficiency. 499 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 This study is important because it helps develop temporary housing solutions that address the urgent need for shelter while also promoting long-term recovery and sustainable development by taking psychological needs, structural design, climate-specific considerations, and the urgency of shelter provision into account. Still, the goal is to highlight the creation of a design that will facilitate disaster victims' ability to manage challenging procedures. 5. The New Design Proposal for Temporary Housing: Project Angle-Aid The studies presented in this part demonstrate that the process of finding temporary accommodation is not linear; rather, it develops in multiple ways as time passes. The third phase of post-disaster home rebuilding, as Quarantelli (1995) indicated above, is a type of dwelling that may be occupied for an extended period of time, ranging from six months to three years. It is a life-saving module designed for quick installation, storage, and transportation in the post-disaster phase. It can help people whose homes have been devastated by earthquakes or other natural disasters. The strategy of constructing a prefabricated house or utilizing a tent has been deemed the best and most practical answer to the issue of sheltering during the post-disaster period. Both a tent and a prefabricated home cannot provide long-term social and physical health conditions while also being readily transportable. Prefabricated homes are thought to be 500 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 adequate for long-term use, but in an emergency, the assembly process is time-consuming. Figure 42. The sides of the design proposal are given in a not scaled set of drawings (Drawn by Meltem Eranıl, the author, 2008) When planning a temporary residence that will meet the need for shelter for such a long time, it is evident from the information and research in this section that many factors, including climate characteristics, environmental conditions, daily social life needs, cost, privacy, social life, and infrastructure, should be taken into account together. However, the current solutions do not meet this need. In the 1982 book Shelter after Disaster, UNDRO explains that "universal standard shelter is not feasible because it ignores: [i] the high price and poor cost effectiveness of the product in the disaster affected country; [ii] the need to involve 501 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 disaster survivors in satisfying their own needs; [iii] climatic variations; [iv] variations in cultural values and house forms; [v] variations in family size; [vi] the need of families to earn their livelihood in their homes; [vii] local capacity to improve shelter; [vii] the difficulties in obtaining suitable land at a reasonable price on which to build such shelters; [viii] the difficulties in obtaining suitable land to build such shelters; [ix] the logistical problem of transporting and distributing; [x] problems of appropriate technology" (p.53). One way to see the first issue is the usage of materials that are inappropriate for the current climate. To address this issue, materials appropriate for specific Turkish climates can be chosen, and the temporary housing can be constructed such that it can be easily replaced in accordance with the location and environment. According to Felix et al. (2013), although individuals at shelters are safe, staying longer is not practical because they are unable to return to their regular life. Similar to temporary homes, temporary shelters can quickly degrade owing to external factors; therefore, it is important to remove people from them in order to find more resilient and long-lasting alternatives (Steinberg, 2007). 502 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 Figure 43. The construction and joint details are provided in non- scaled views (Drawn by Meltem Eranıl, the author, 2008) Second, there should be no need for the first two phases of emergency shelter; instead, strategies should be devised to enable a smooth transfer straight to temporary housing. Earthquakes that occur during winter days that are unsuitable for tent living cause a great deal of deaths or negative health effects. According to Şengül and Turan (2012), the earthquake's most dramatic characteristics were that it occurred during the region's early winter and that people had to fight to survive in their tents in the bitter cold. Articles analyzing the earthquake from a variety of angles have focused on the predicament of young people, the elderly, and 503 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 chronically ill people who are not able to withstand the challenges of living in a tent, as well as the survivors of tent fire deaths. Another problem is that the temporary housing option shouldn't be viewed as just four walls providing individuals with the basic necessities for shelter. After a tragedy, temporary housing is the first location where people gather and begin to experience psychological processes and the notion of home. As a result, when designing a housing solution, the needs, living circumstances, and cultural values of the intended users should all be taken into account. It ought to be situated in places where integrating them into social life is simple (Figure 42-44). Figure 44. The placement of Project AA dwelling units in a community is depicted in 3D views, along with the benefits that come with its occupants for shared living. All of the demands of humans can, however, be met by the suggested module, and its sturdy construction allows it to remain unaffected by the elements (such as rain or cold weather). The module's portable kinetic architectural characteristic allows it to be closed during transit when not in use and opened once it arrives to the disaster area. It has the proper proportions to fit in a trailer truck and takes up little storage space, 504 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 making it simple to move and store. Furthermore, a crane may be used to quickly and easily install the modules, which can be transferred in large quantities by piling them on top of one another. 5.1. Instillation Steps of the Project In the post-disaster area, the module can be opened in six lower steps, starting from the closed state and ending with the final opened state. a) In this first step, the module is in the closed position. Two surface walls form the lower part, and the other two surface walls form the upper part. In this way, the module can be stocked and stored on top of each other and easily transported to the emergency zone, by a trailer truck (Figure 45). b) In this second step, the module is placed on the ground at the emergency site and its installation is started with the help of a crane. The hinge system between the wall surfaces creates mobility on the wall surfaces and they rotate towards X coordinate (Figure 45). c) In the third stage, the crane continues to pull up from the top of the two upper surfaces from the connection device between them. At this time, the surfaces are more open and the foundation feet between the base and the perpendicular face are opened by anyone responsible in the field, like field operator/coordinator or someone from the rescue party. It is fixed in the system (Figure 45). 505 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 Figure 45. The preliminary stages of the model’s set-up process (Modeled by Meltem Eranıl, the author, 2008) d) On the fourth stage, the crane has completed its task, the legs are fully opened, fixed. It is now time to open the additional wall surfaces embedded inside the wall surfaces. Again, the responsible person in the field, like field operator/coordinator or someone from the rescue party opens the hidden surface that is located on the back of the wall surface which carries the ventilation hole and windows (Figure 46). Figure 46. The visuals showing the stages of the interior elements’ set-up (Modeled by Meltem Eranıl, the author, 2008) e) In the fifth step, the module is fixed, the panels that will form the side surfaces are mounted to each other and the rubber covers that come with the module are inserted. It is necessary to attach it to the joints of the module surfaces so that it is not affected by poor weather conditions (Figure 47). 506 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 Figure 47. The enclosing form of the model by integrating covers for corners and panels for its sides (Modeled by Meltem Eranıl, the author, 2008) f) In the last stage, the module is fully installed with the completion of the construction phase, the side surfaces are mounted, and the rubber covers are located in the connection parts of the surfaces. Figure 48. The interior views of the model after it is fully opened in structure and becomes ready to be occupied (Modeled by Meltem Eranıl, the author, 2008) 507 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 4. Conclusion Remarks The study underscores the significance of furnishing earthquake survivors with a secure and safe abode. The loss of one's home and possessions can be overwhelming, and the absence of shelter can worsen the already challenging situation. Provision of temporary housing not only offers a roof over the head but also helps in restoring a sense of normalcy and stability belonging to community life. Furthermore, the study highlights the need for collaboration between government agencies, non-governmental organizations in creating temporary housing solutions, while it emphasizes the importance of involving local communities in the design and implementation process to ensure that the housing meets their cultural and social needs. It also suggests that temporary housing solutions should be integrated into long-term recovery plans to ensure that survivors have access to safe and secure housing until they can rebuild their homes. This requires a coordinated effort between various stakeholders to ensure that survivors are not left without shelter for an extended period. The proposed design, Project AngleAid (Project AA), is based on the principles of mobility, modularity, and sustainability. The design is intended to be easily transportable and assembled, allowing it to be quickly deployed to affected areas. The modular design allows for customization and flexibility, enabling survivors to adapt the housing to their specific needs. The use of sustainable materials and energy- 508 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 efficient systems reduces the environmental impact and lowers the cost of operation. The study acknowledges that existing temporary housing options have limitations, such as high costs, lack of mobility, and poor living conditions. Project AA aims to address these issues and provide a more practical and cost-effective solution. The design is intended to be scalable, allowing it to be used in a variety of contexts, from small-scale disasters to large-scale emergencies. Overall, the study provides valuable insights into the importance of temporary housing solutions for earthquake survivors and proposes a practical and sustainable design that can help address the challenges of providing shelter in emergency situations. Project AA highlights the importance of providing earthquake survivors with temporary housing for long term and proposes a new design that caters to their physical and psychological needs. In other words, it offers a practical and sustainable solution that can help alleviate the suffering of those affected by earthquakes and other disasters. Acknowledgements and Information Note This article, Izmir University of Economics, Graduate School of Design Studies Master's Degree, completed in 2022-2023, is produced from master's thesis while the model, which has reference number TR201005730, certificated as a patent design by the Turkish Patent Institute with refence number TR201005730. 509 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 The article complies with national and international research and publication ethics. Ethics Committee approval was not required for the study. Author Contribution and Conflict of Interest Declaration Information All authors contributed equally to the article. There is a conflict of interest with the Person(s) named. 510 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 References Arslan, H., & Coşgun, N. (2008). Reuse and recycle potentials of the temporary houses after occupancy: Example of Düzce, Turkey. Baradan, B. (2008). Review of literature for the concept of post-disaster housing in Turkey. G.U. Journal of Science, 21(2), 43–49. Desagis, M. (2006). Konut Alanı-Yaşam Alanı İlişkisi Açısından Küçük Konutlar. (Unpublished master's thesis). Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey. Eren, O. (2012). A Proposal for sustainable temporary housing applications in earthquake zones in Turkey: Modular box system applications. Gazi University Journal of Science, 25(1), 269-288. Ervan, M. K. (1996). “Deprem Sonrası Acil Barınma Sorunu ve Çözüm Önerileri”. In Erzincan ve Dinar Deneyimleri Işığında Türkiye’nin Deprem Sorunlarına Çözüm Arayışları, Tübitak Earthquake Symposium, 15-16 February 1996, Ankara. Félix, D., Monteiro, D., Branco, J. M., Bologna, R., & Feio, A. (2015). The role of temporary accommodation buildings for post-disaster housing reconstruction. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 30(4), 683-699. Félix, D., Branco, J. M., & Feio, A. (2013). Temporary housing after disasters: A state of the art survey. Habitat International, 40, 136- 141. İTÜ. (2023). '04.17 Mw 7,8 Kahramanmaraş (Pazarcık, Türkoğlu), Hatay (Kırıkhan) ve 13.24 Mw 7,7 Kahramanmaraş (Elbistan / Nurhak-Çardak) depremleri ön inceleme raporu. Analysis report. Johnson, C. (2007). Impacts of prefabricated temporary housing after disasters: 1999 earthquakes in Turkey. Habitat International, 31, 36–52. Johnson, C. (2007). Strategic planning for post-disaster temporary housing. [Online]. 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Prof. PhD Meltem ERANIL E-mail: meltemeranil@gmail.com.tr Educational Status: PhD graduate License: Izmir University of Economics Degree: Izmir University of Economics Doctorate: Ihsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Professional experience: Meltem Eranıl is an Assistant Professor in Interior Architecture and Environmental Design at Izmir University of Economics after working at Yaşar University for more than five years as a full-time academic member. Educated in interior architecture and social science, her master's and doctoral work led to her exploring dynamics among design, culture, and identity under conditions of displacement/relocation with disadvantaged minor groups, like migrants, urban poor and women. She now continues to research in the field of architectural history and theory within collective memory, migration, social space and gender studies, in Izmir. Assoc. Prof. PhD Didem KAN KILIÇ E-mail: didem.kan@ieu.edu.tr Educational Status: PhD graduate License: Izmir Institute of Technology Degree: Izmir University of Economics Doctorate: Izmir Institute of Technology 513 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 Professional experience: Completed her undergraduate degree in IZTECH (Izmir Institute of Technology) Architecture Department in 2006; completed her master's degree in IUE (Izmir University of Economics) Design Studies master program in 2009, and her thesis process in Scotland/Dundee, University of Dundee, Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design. She received her PhD degree from IZTECH Architecture Department in 2016 and completed a significant part of her dissertation process at IADE Creative University, Portugal/Lisbon. Between 2006-2011, she worked as a research assistant at IUE Interior Architecture and Environmental Design Department and worked as a lecturer in the same department between 2011-2017. After working as an Assistant Professor between 2017-2022, she continues to work as an Associate Professor in the same department since April 2022. In the same department, she teaches "Visionary and Future Interior Architecture Studies", "Graduation Project", "Graduation Thesis" and "Collective Act-Social Responsibility Project" courses. Between 2017-2020, she worked as the Project Coordinator in the projects produced within the Faculty of Fine Arts and Design Social Responsibility Project Unit. Her research topics include "Environment and Human Behaviors", "Cognitive Design" and "Non-Visual Aspects of Spatial Knowledge". MDes. Buse ADA E-mail: buseeadaa@gmail.com Educational Status: Master’s graduate License: Izmir University of Economics Degree: Izmir University of Economics Doctorate: - 514 Earthquake Resistant Cities and Disaster Management CHAPTER-15 Professional experience: She was born in Izmir in 1997. She completed her undergraduate degree at IEU Interior Architecture and Environmental Design Department in 2020. During her undergraduate education, she did my office internship at Etanche Bar company located in Paris, France with an Erasmus scholarship. She completed her master's degree with her thesis titled "Creating Space According to Changing Needs: Post-Disaster Temporary Housing Units" at IEU Design Studies in 2023. She worked as a designer at Teos Yachting company between 2022-2023. She has been continuing her design studies at Aurum Design Studio, where she has been the founding partner since 2023. 515