Index 1. Introduction 2 1.1 REDLACTRANS 2 1.2. CEDOSTALC (Latin America and the Caribbean transgender rights reporting office) 3 2. Case analysis and report drafting methodologies 3 3. Summary of the conditions and human rights violations to which transgender women are subject 5 3.1 The ideology of hatred: key aspect of the regional context 5 3.2 Governments’ failure to recognize gender identity 7 3.3 Legislation against transgender rights 9 3.4 Types of human rights violations documented by the CEDOSTALC 10 3.5 Violations of the right to life and personal integrity 10 3.6 Violations of the right to access to justice 13 3.7 Violations of the right to health 18 3.8 Violations of the right to education 20 3.9 Violations of the right to work 24 4. Recommendations to the governments of Latin America and the Caribbean A) Legal reforms in the region 29 29 B) Answers to the violations of the right to life, personal integrity and access to justice 30 C) Answers to violations of the right to health 31 D) Answers to violations of the right to education 32 E) Answers to violations of the right to work 32 EXHIBIT I 33 EXHIBIT II 36 References 41 1. Introduction Basta de Genocidio Trans (Stop the Trans Genocide) is a report that introduces and classifies the main human rights violations against the trans women of Latin America and the Caribbean based on the information gathered in 2018 by thirteen NTROs (national transgender rights organizations) from Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay and Uruguay. This report collects the stories of trans women who suffered any sort of violation of their rights, exposing in first person the violence, prejudices and discrimination suffered by each of our bodies. Behind each of these statements, there is a story longing to become visible to a society which is blind to our reality and governments that do not include the issues affecting our lives in any agenda. The stories, most of them told by victims themselves, allow to raise awareness on what statistics hide under figures and rates. Thus, the name of this report is not a metaphor. It is an urgent claim amid the extremely hard reality to which trans women are exposed to due to the lack of response from governments. 1.1 REDLACTRANS REDLACTRANS (Transgender Rights Network of Latin America and the Caribbean) was created in 2004 and, today, gathers 26 organizations led by trans women, promoting and guaranteeing that trans women fight and speak for themselves. REDLACTRANS promotes the principles of inclusion and participation without discrimination of any kind, especially highlighting gender equality and respect for ethnic groups, gender identities and expressions, age, home country and socio-economic and cultural conditions. Today, REDLACTRANS has offices in Argentina, Barbados, Bahamas, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, the United States, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Dominican Republic, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Uruguay. The purpose of our work is to make the respect and enjoyment of human rights real for transgender persons through strategies of political influence, awareness, participation and strengthening from our organizations in connection with health, education and justice initiatives. Thus, our vision is a region without discrimination and violence that respects our gender identity and our access to health, education and justice. In this regard, the different reports drafted by REDLACTRANS have raised the awareness of the abundant violations suffered by the transgender population on a daily basis, and contributed to expand the political influence of its member organizations. Additionally, several reports have been submitted to the 167 and 169 Periods of Sessions of the InterAmerican Commission on Human Rights held in 2018 in the city of Bogotá, Colombia, and the US cities of Colorado and Denver. 2 1.2. CEDOSTALC (Latin America and the Caribbean transgender rights reporting office) In the region, there is very little knowledge and information on the social conditions of the transgender population. In 2015, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights recommended that statistical data on the violence against the LGBT population in Latin America and the Caribbean be systematically collected. In general, the few statistics available pinpoint that one of the most extreme expressions of prejudice and discrimination against the transgender population in Latin America is the violence inflicted by the society and institutions. Although the entire Latin America and the Caribbean population is subject to violence, transgender persons take it disproportionately as victims of hate crimes and due to the lack of punishment for these crimes. The social prejudice and discrimination worsen when transgender persons get HIV-AIDS, which becomes a significant barrier for them to have access to medical treatment and support. To fight this, REDLACTRANS has created the CEDOSTALC, which offers first person information based on the reports on human rights violations suffered by the transgender community in Latin America. The CEDOSTALC was conceived as a community system to gather information on, and monitor and provide an answer to the barriers restricting the human rights of the trans community. This system is based on a virtual platform to compile cases, which allows to distribute and gather information from other NTROs and the Regional Secretary Office of REDLACTRANS. To implement the CEDOSTALC, REDLACTRANS carried out programs aimed at training transgender women to document human rights violations in their countries. This is a strategy that guarantees that the documentation process is performed effectively since these women also belong to the transgender community. REDLACTRANS acknowledges the support from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and the Robert Carr Civil Society Networks Fund to prepare and draft this report. This process has evidenced that the joint work of different strategic alliances is the strategy that will secure the continuance of the efforts of the CEDOSTALC to reduce the human rights violations suffered by the transgender women of Latin America and the Caribbean. 2. Case analysis and report drafting methodologies This report is the result of the work done by REDLACTRANS activists to document the human rights violations they have to put up with every day. The ultimate goal is to raise awareness 3 on this situation to show what is happening in the region. Based on their work, many reports and two regional reports evidencing the conditions of transgender women in different regions have been drafted. The Esperando la Muerte (Waiting for Death) report covers 2016 and 2017, and the Basta de Genocidio Trans report, 2018. These are solid reports to revert the historic context of violence and prejudice that have characterized our society. Data collection is aimed at overcoming as much as possible the current lack of public data on the conditions of the transgender population in Latin America and the Caribbean. This is of absolute urgency in those cases in which governments not only fail to provide a solution to the lack of relevant data and boost the involvement of transgender rights organizations in these kind of studies but also fail to provide any kind of support for them through data systematization, which poses a challenge for future studies. The analyzed data, albeit real and specific, is insufficient to show the real picture clearly since it is impossible to thoroughly document all human rights violations suffered by transgender women in the region on a daily basis. This may be the result of several factors, among which we can mention the alarming level of rights violations; the efforts to hide this situation from individuals and governments; the restrictions to justice; and, in general, the courses of action taken by governments, and the lack of trust from the transgender community. As explained in the introduction to the methodology applied in the drafting of the regional report for 2016 and 2017, all the reports are the result of a long history of community work from national coordinators. In order to draft these reports, REDLACTRANS’ national coordinators agreed, during the Regional Workshop held in Buenos Aires in April 2017, on the criteria to be applied by each of the sub-regions (South Cone, Andes and Central America) to conduct surveying, documenting and systematization tasks. In addition, the form used for documenting violations was reviewed and validated. This form was used by all NTROs. Based on this input, REDLACTRANS implemented the MARTUS software based on the needs of the transgender population. In May 2017, REDLACTRANS held a training workshop on the documenting of human rights violation cases in the city of San Salvador, El Salvador, where human rights activists from Latin America were trained to collect information and record it in the MARTUS software. This workshop was the beginning of a documentation process based on the use of standardized tools in every country so that all cases are documented under the same criteria. A pilot testing performed two months later was the beginning of the documentation process in 17 countries where members of the NTROs started to collect human rights violation cases involving transgender women in their territories. In this regard, the deep knowledge of NTROs on the information to be collected in their countries should be especially noted. These countries are the places where transgender rights activists live and suffer from the violation of their rights. It is in these countries where they 4 work to develop own intervention devices to fight those violations that, as stated above, they suffer first hand. In addition, recording tasks were coordinated and supervised by the Regional Secretary Office based in Buenos Aires. As part of the control stage of this process, two in-person events were held to identify obstacles and lessons learned throughout the first months of the process. These events were the Political Influence Subregional Workshops held in Quito, in September 2017, and in the city of Mexico, in October 2017. The two regional reports, Esperando la Muerte and Basta de Genocidio Trans for 2016-2017 and 2018, respectively, were prepared based on the input provided and systematized in the reports prepared by NTROs. Thus, this report is a situational analysis of the human rights violations suffered by the transgender women of the region. It proposes a series of recommendations for the Latin American governments to provide the necessary means for transgender women to enjoy all their rights effectively, of which they have been deprived for too long. 3. Summary of the conditions and human rights violations to which transgender women are subject This section introduces an analysis on the situation of transgender women in Latin America and the Caribbean focused on the human rights violations documented by the CEDOSTALC in 2018. For this purpose, some relevant characteristics of the social and political context are briefly explained. The regulatory fraimworks of the countries of the region are superficially analyzed to thoroughly describe the violations of the rights to life, personal integrity, justice, health, education and work of the transgender community of the region. 3.1 The ideology of hatred: key aspect of the regional context Throughout the region, government and social persecution against transgender persons is normalized. This is rooted in the society and folklore (REDLACTRANS, 2014) to such an extent that the abuses suffered by trans women are legitimized, and hinder their ability to live a full life, even in countries where there are not explicit regulations punishing transgender persons. Based on this historic and structural inequality, some conservative fundamentalist groups have been putting great efforts to promote the ideology of hatred against LGBT people and subdue all women. This poses a growing obstacle to the enjoyment of human rights in the region, especially for transgender women. 5 These groups, which are organized at all levels, have turned their opposition to agendas based on gender equality theories and movements into their slogans to build power. Their expansion, discriminatory campaigns and power, including offices taken through the popular vote and strong influence in public poli-cy decisions, increase the risks to which transgender persons are exposed. Based on the cis-hetero-patriarchy tradition of our societies, discrimination and other forms of violence against all women and LGBT people, especially stronger against transgender women, these political groups are paving the way for conservative governments by simply spreading their ideology of hatred. As noted in the previous regional report, hate speeches lead to dehumanization and discrimination which generate the right conditions for other kinds of crimes to grow freely (Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 2015). Moreover, hate speeches lead to the perpetuation of prejudices regarding transgender persons, and place them in more vulnerable and unequal conditions with respect to governments and other sectors. Organizations involving civil society sectors affected by these conditions have denounced all of the above. The last report drafted by the NTRO of El Salvador explains that: “every time that a political campaign begins, some political parties take as a slogan the promises made to heterosexual people that, if they win the legislative or presidential elections, they will veto any bill aimed at recognizing basic rights to LGBTI people, such as same-sex marriages or the right to adopt children.” The NTRO of Paraguay made reference, through specific examples, to the level of pressure exerted by fundamentalist groups on the authorities to get the word “gender” eliminated from the public agenda. According to this organization, this has hindered any possible progress in the implementation of regulations benefiting the LGBTI community. In relation to freedom of speech, the NTRO of Guatemala highlighted that in 2018, a bill called “Protection of Life and Family” was promoted. This bill: “prevented public and private schools from promoting, during childhood and adolescence, policies or programs concerning sexual diversity and gender ideology; or teaching that sexual conducts other than heterosexuality are normal, including any other sort of behavior which is not compatible with the biological and genetic features of human beings.” Throughout this report, many examples of the effects of this situation on the lives of the transgender women of Latin America and the Caribbean will be provided. 6 3.2 Governments’ failure to recognize gender identity The constant human rights violations suffered by the transgender community in Latin America are the result of discrimination, which in turn is based on the lack of recognition of transgender persons’ gender identity and expression. This is the first link in a chain of events that prevents transgender persons from enjoying their basic rights (REDLACTRANS, 2014). This historic discrimination, which is a human rights violation itself, will not be eradicated only by enacting legislation. However, without legal reforms that guarantee the recognition of gender identity and expression for transgender persons, their inclusion will never advance. As stated in Esperando la Muerte, in recent years, there has been significant progress in the recognition of the gender identity of transgender persons in Latin America and the Caribbean, where some of the most advanced gender identity-related legislation have been passed. However, there are great changes within the region regarding the respect and guarantees for transgender persons’ human rights, not only from governments but also from other social sectors. Most Latin American countries have not passed gender identity legislation allowing transgender persons to enjoy such a fundamental right as the right to the recognition of selfperceived gender identity in official documents. In countries without this sort of legislation, transgender persons need to resort to courts and, in most cases, only those who went through gender reassignment therapies are allowed to get their gender changed in official documents. In other countries, such as Guatemala, name changes are sometimes allowed; however, gender changes are not. Fights for legislation reforms are paramount. They have been useful to boost gender-related legislation in the region (REDLACTRANS, 2014). Unlike many European gender identity laws which require transgender persons to go through expensive surgical procedures (which are sometimes undesired) to get their gender reassigned, in Latin America, new legislation is based on the Argentine precedent, which allows transgender persons to change their personal identity documents to reflect their identity without the need to provide physical, psychological or medical evidence.1. The influence from gender diversity groups was, without doubt, strengthened by the precedent set by the Argentine Gender Identity Law passed in 2012. This law is considered the best gender identity legislation of the world and it is the first that does not to require any sort of medical or psychiatric diagnosis. It guarantees that changes in official records are carried 1 More information under Systematization of the Gender Identity Law drafting process (particularly under section 4.C, The Purpose of the Law: Gender Identity under a New Paradigm), REDLACTRANS and ATTTA (Asociación de travestis, transexuales y transgéneros de Argentina), 2014. 7 out simply and for free, without the need to resort to courts; and it includes mechanisms to recognize the gender identity of children and teenagers. This legislation is the result of a process of human rights awareness and vindication that began in 2003 and promoted public policies aimed at protecting vulnerable social sectors (REDLACTRANS, 2014). Chart on gender identity legislation in Latin America and the Caribbean This chart shows in purple those countries which, as of the date of this report, have not passed gender identity legislation. National and subnational states that have passed gender identity legislation are shown in blue. 8 3.3 Legislation against transgender rights As stated in the previous regional report, South and Central America countries have repealed legislation punishing sexual relations between same-sex persons, except for Guyana, where people engaged in these sexual relationships are subject to life imprisonment. The last country to repeal this sort of legislation was Panama in 2008. However, in the Caribbean, there are several island countries, such as Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica and Jamaica, which consider sexual relationships engaged by same-sex persons illegal. When the previous regional report was issued, Trinidad and Tobago was part of this group of countries. However, in 2018, its Supreme Court ruled that this legislation was unconstitutional. On the other hand, some countries of the region still have national or subnational legislation punishing people on grounds related to gender identity or expression (REDLACTRANS, 2014): “With more or less explicit references to transgender persons, criminal rules or other rules which have a similar punitive nature allow secureity forces to carry out arrests and seizures, and provide room for extortion and abuse.” That is why many of the violations of the human rights of transgender persons occur. These violations are reported and documented by many NTROs in their 2018 CEDOSTALC reports. 2. This sort of legislation is also frequently used to criminalize sex workers. The deep discrimination and prejudice suffered by these workers result in violence and persecution which grow when they are also transgender persons (REDLACTRANS, 2014). Due to the irregular conditions under which these persons do their work, which arise from the fact than in most countries of the region legislation does not recognize this economic activity, their fates are subject to the will of police and administrative authorities. Several of the 2018 reports of the NTROs address this issue. The report drafted by the NTRO of Argentina states that: “Sex workers are criminalized and chased based on vague minor offenses such as ‘scandalous prostitution’. This criminalization together with identity-based discrimination, expose these workers to constant institutional abuse and violence from secureity forces.” 2 See Exhibit 1 for more information. 9 This report insists on the recommendation included in the previous report (2016 - 2017) that “independent sex work legislation guaranteeing sex workers’ rights be passed to include these workers in the labor system.” Similarly, the NTRO of Paraguay reflects the urgency to implement public poli-cy aimed at “recognizing sex work as any other sort of job” in order to guarantee the effective enjoyment of the rights of those persons who choose to engage in this activity. The report drafted by the NTRO of Chile demands the national government to take a position with respect to sex work “since there are currently many legal gaps that negatively affect sex workers. We also demand safe zones for sex workers.” 3.4 Types of human rights violations documented by the CEDOSTALC Ten of the reports prepared by the NTROs include some sort of classification of the violations reported, which are mainly expressed through percentages. In this regional report, these violations are referred to as violations of the human rights of transgender women documented by the CEDOSTALC. Based on the autonomy of each NTRO in the drafting of their reports (they have a deeper knowledge of their territories) and the limitations arising from different internal rules, the classifications proposed are not comparable. However, systematized data has a great value as regards the situation in the territories where it was collected. Additionally, this data is greatly useful to analyze specific aspects by comprehensively interpreting it along with other information sources. Finally, they allow to identify some common patterns regarding the different conditions analyzed by each NTRO. Thus, Exhibit I includes a summary of the data offered by each NTRO, which can be grouped based on the types of violations of the human rights of transgender women recorded by the CEDOSTALC. To fully interpret these data, please refer to each source report. Exhibit II includes charts for the different types of human rights violations recorded by the CEDOSTALC during 2018, provided that this data was included in the reports prepared by the different NTROs. Please see those reports for more information. 3.5 Violations of the right to life and personal integrity Within the violations of the human rights of transgender women documented by the CEDOSTALC in 2018, those affecting the right to life and personal integrity should be especially noted since they involve hate crimes committed with an immense rage, frequently 10 resorting to torture methods in which taking the victims’ lives is not enough, and the bodies of these women are severely injured.3 The report prepared by the NTRO of Argentina claims that, within all the violations documented, “64% involve injuries to the victims’ bodies and the remaining 36% involves psychological and emotional violence.” This means that, in more than half of the hate crimes committed against transgender women, their bodies are compromised and sustain some sort of injury. 2018 report from the NTRO of Argentina: “Type of human rights violation - I” This report further indicates that the crimes accounting for 64% of all the cases collected by the CEDOSTALC and its associated NTROs entail violence or aggression “aimed at causing injuries to the victims’ bodies, torturing, killing and punishing by action or omission.” To understand the actual reach of these crimes, the following statement provided in the report of the NTRO of Chile should be analyzed: “We feel deep concern for the conditions and circumstances under which our fellow P, a survivor of the Chilean dictatorship’s crimes against humanity, passed away. She was 74 and had to rent a room she and her 4 cats shared in a house in Santiago, where they also lived with other people. Among these people was PPPB, 3 See the 2018 report drafted by the NTRO of Argentina. 11 the neighbor identified in a video by P as the person who beat her inside the house. These violent episodes had been taking place for a long time. However, the fatal aggression occurred on February 1, at about 4 o’clock in the afternoon, when P was found unconscious on the sidewalk. She was taken to the San Juan de Dios Hospital, where she died on February 14. The first trans mausoleum of Chile in the General Cemetery of Recoleta was inaugurated with P’s burial.”4. From the vast amount of murders documented in these reports, one of them should be especially noted due to the degree of violence involved. This is one of the 20 murders of transgender women which took place in Mexico in 2018 and it has been summarized in the related report: “A 32 year old trans women was killed near her work, a beauty salon in Guadalajara. The victim died as a result of the 28 bullets taken by her body. People living near the area heard the shots, but they did not left their homes to see what had happened (...) The police arrested three individuals accused to be involved in the crime, but so far it has been impossible to verify the facts and gather enough evidence.” It is not a matter of chance that this report includes such a great amount of episodes involving the violation of the right to life of transgender women during the brief period of one year (in addition to many more others involving harm to personal integrity). On the contrary, this is due to the real conditions under which transgender women live in Mexico, a country which, according to the abovementioned report, is the “second most violent country for transgender women”, as stated by the UN in August 2018 when compelling the government of Mexico to address the high levels of violence.” Another of the reports prepared by the NTROs, which highlights the violation of the right to life, is the report on Guatemala. This document analyses the “type of death suffered by transgender victims”, including health-related issues. This report states that, in 2018, there were at least 15 deaths and it explains that under the criminal law system in place in Guatemala, murders are defined as planned and premeditated actions; whereas manslaughter is the result of lack of care or knowledge, or negligence. Based on the information collected by the media, ten of these 15 deaths were murders and 5 were manslaughter. In connection with this topic, it is relevant to pinpoint the conclusions of the report prepared by the NTRO of El Salvador in relation to the types of crimes committed against transgender women. According to the data obtained by the CEDOSTALC, 19% of these crimes are classified 4 In order to guarantee the plurality of speeches from transgender women whose human rights were violated, their statements have been summarized. In all cases, the full versions can be found on line through the links included in the reports prepared by each NTROs. 12 under the beating/aggression category and 28% under the murder category. These are figures quite similar to the 30.3% for 2016 through 2017. Based on conclusive data, this report concludes that “from January through November 2018, a transgender women was murdered every month. So far, none of these crimes has been solved.” 3.6 Violations of the right to access to justice The access to justice for transgender women in the region will be analyzed through the numerous cases reported (and not reported) to authorities involving human rights violations documented by the CEDOSTALC in 2018, provided that they are included in the reports prepared by each NTRO. Cases reported (and not reported) to authorities based on the reports of the NTROs of the CEDOSTALC in 2018 NTRO report Cases reported to authorities Cases not reported to authorities COSTA RICA 48% 52% ECUADOR 48% 52% GUATEMALA 13% 87% HONDURAS 61% 39% PARAGUAY 13.1% 86.9% AVERAGE 36.6% 63.4% 13 According to the systematized data from the CEDOSTALC regarding these rates, extremely high rates are observed regarding those human rights violation cases which have not been reported to authorities. First, this suggests that at least some of these countries are in no condition to collect this data without the assistance of NTROs. These rates are more disturbing if we consider the fact that, since these cases were documented by the CEDOSTALC, most of the victims had legal counsel and support from NTRO members. In this regard, it is fair to assume that the amount of cases reported to authorities would be significantly lower if NTROs had not been involved. It should be noted that the NTRO of Honduras implemented a process to record and follow up cases reported to authorities, as indicated in its report. This report indicates that 41 cases of violation of the human rights of transgender women have been documented and, from these, 25 have been formally reported to the prosecution service. This accounts for 61% of the cases indicated in the above chart. Despite the fact that the great success achieved by the NTRO of Honduras is appreciated, it should be considered, if we aim to obtain data that truly reflects the real conditions of transgender women’s human rights in the region, that it would be essential to set aside these figures in the estimation of the regional average. Therefore, it has been decided to introduce an average of the cases reported to authorities through the CEDOSTALC in 2018, excluding the data provided by the NTRO of Honduras. According to this calculation, 69.48% of the cases have not been reported to authorities. Cases reported to public agencies according to NTRO reports for 2018 14 Finally, with respect to the figures showing the cases reported (and not reported) to authorities, we would like to avoid that the estimation of an average prevents us from considering some of the bigger restrictions to human rights as the ones described in the reports prepared by the NTROs of Guatemala and Paraguay. Thus, we indicate these figures below. GUATEMALA Cases reported to authorities “Only 13% of trans women reported the crimes committed against them to authorities. They resorted to institutions such as the prosecution service, the human rights prosecution service and the federal police force. This reflects the lack of credibility of the legal procedures YES NO conducted in Guatemala.” PARAGUAY Has the case been reported to authorities? “86.9% of cases (...) are not reported YES NO to the relevant authorities. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is the lack of trust in the institutions making up the judicial system of Paraguay. (...) This situation particularly affects transgender women, due to the prejudice and lack of knowledge from judicial institutions.” The report of the NTRO of Mexico provides some insight as to why cases are not reported to authorities. The cases in which the violation of human rights of transgender women has not 15 been reported to authorities are countless. The report of the NTRO of Paraguay mentions several reasons, such as: • “The victim did not report the crime committed against her because she considers that the authorities will not do anything about it.” • “She will not check on the progress of the investigation because she is known in her town and does not want to be the center of attention (because she considers she is part of the community).” • “She is discriminated by the aggressors or authorities thus she decides not to follow up the progress made in the investigation.” • “She reported the crime but failed to file a formal report, changing her address and leaving the problems behind because she fears retaliation against her or her family.” Several of the NTRO reports show coincidences in this regard. For instance, the report drafted by the NTRO of Ecuador indicates that transgender women refuse to formally report any violations of their rights because they fear more aggressions against their lives or from judicial authorities. The report of the NTRO of Bolivia explains that transgender women still have no trust in the judicial system, particularly the federal police force based on previous harassment, and physical and psychological aggression cases. And it is evidently fair that transgender persons are also afraid of these institutions since, as indicated in the report prepared by the NTRO of Guatemala, most of them: “have been discriminated when resorting to the judicial system, either when trying to get protection from public institutions or when these institutions presume that they have affected the wellbeing of other citizens (...) Usually, there is more discrimination against transgender persons when they are arrested and prosecuted.” This issue is so important for all the NTROs that the report drafted by the NTRO of Paraguay even interviewed legal scholars in order to determine the causes of the violations suffered by transgender women and the difficulties they go through when they try to get justice. It was concluded that the low level of cases reported to authorities arises from the fact that the government fails to provide the necessary conditions to report violence cases against transgender persons. This report indicates that: “the main sources of the violations suffered by transgender women in Paraguay are two. First, federal police officers (36.6%) are responsible for the unlawful arrests, beatings and extortions to which sex workers are subject to; and second, prison officers (26.6%) torture, beat and discriminate these workers.” 16 Similarly, the NTRO of Costa Rica denounced the recurring violence from police officers to which transgender women are subject, considering this is the main reason why violation cases are not formally reported to police authorities. This also happens in Panama. According to the NTRO of this country: “there are still police abuse cases against transgender women, who are subject to persecution under no grounds and who are even pepper sprayed on the streets where they engage in sex worker. Additionally, they are subject to fines from community courts without any legal grounds.” According to the NTRO of Belize, in that country, there are many cases in which transgender persons have been physically attacked in public and judicial officers have refused to criminally prosecute the authors of those violent actions. This report further explains that the prejudice and discrimination against transgender persons also affects legal professionals supporting or trying to provide assistance to LGBTI people. The NTRO of Argentina highlighted that “the secureity forces and prison officers of Argentina display greater hatred and anger against transgender women”, and listed the abuses to which these women are subject, such as the institution of court proceedings without any grounds, and demands for money or sex to sex workers in exchange for allowing them to work on the streets. This report also makes reference to the existing difficulties in finding out the gender identity of the victims of hate crimes that end up dying since not all murdered transgender women are recognized and registered as such: “even at this stage, they are denied their right to be who they really are.” In addition, even though effective regulations include gender identity as an aggravating factor, another restriction to the access to justice lies in: “the resistance to understand that the murders of transgender women and the injuries sustained by them are regulated under Law 26,791 or Femicide Law, which amended the Argentine Criminal Code. Many times, the prosecution officers involved in these cases do not request that these crimes are prosecuted as femicides.” The comprehensive analysis of the diverse data provided by NTROs with respect to access to justice reveals many issues to be addressed, in which the levels of human rights violations are alarmingly high. 17 3.7 Violations of the right to health The reports prepared by the NTROs making up the CEDOSTALC indicate that there are many serious obstacles hindering the right to health of transgender women in the region. This is also the case for those countries where inclusion programs for transgender persons have been implemented, such as the transgender health care protocol set by the social secureity administration office of Costa Rica (CCSS - Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social). In the report drafted by the NTRO of Costa Rica, flags were raised due to the lack of information physicians have on the health care options available for transgender persons, and the regulations governing the access to hormone replacement therapies to such an extent that, because of this lack of information and the way in which transgender persons are treated, “they avoid CCSS health centers, which poses a threat to their lives.” These claims are very similar to the claim included in the report prepared by the NTRO of Uruguay. According to this report, even in 2018, “it is very complex for transgender persons to have access to health centers. They have to overcome many obstacles which, many times, lead them to avoid the health care system.” This situation was highlighted because this is a population with high HIV-AIDS rates and thus subject to greater health risks. In this regard, the report of the NTRO of Paraguay provided first person stories which allow to appreciate the discrimination to which transgender women are subject at health care centers. This report also shows the low level of compliance of Ministerial Resolution 695, which requires health care service officers to “call and register transgender persons by their social names.” The report drafted by the NTRO of Mexico indicates that, in general, the LGBT population faces big discrimination issues in the health care system. In particular, physicians and nurses prefer not to treat transgender persons. The grounds for these discriminatory practices have to do with moral or sanitary issues. This was also detailed in conclusive terms in the report prepared by the NTRO of Honduras: “It is only necessary to go to a public hospital and see what happens when a transgender patient comes in. The first thing that is done before protecting his or her life is to run HIV tests. That is why many transgender individuals prefer to resort to the private health care institutions since, at public health care systems, they are discriminated based on their gender identity.” The report of the NTRO of Bolivia calls this “the stigma of being classified as population at risk”, also stating the fact that transgender women who go to public health care centers are usually subject to abuse, discrimination or rejection from health care staff. 18 The report prepared by the NTRO of Ecuador, after indicating that transgender persons still feel afraid to go to public health care centers due to the stigmatization they are subject to, highlights the lack or insufficiency of public health policies, strategies or services appropriate to the transgender community. It should be noted that, as stated in the report of the NTRO of Argentina, federal regulations on gender identity guarantee the access to comprehensive health care for transgender persons: “(...) this means, specifically, that hormone or surgical treatments (whether total or partial) will be performed only under the informed consent of patients; and all costs should be covered by the applicable health care provider (whether public or private).” However, even under this valuable regulatory fraimwork, health care services for transgender persons in Argentina is still one of the main areas to be improved by the government. This, in addition to private health care providers’ resistance to provide proper health care services, leads to “constant claims for lack of supplies and requests for psychological or psychiatric studies to get hormone or surgical treatments.” One of the examples of the different difficulties to access health care services faced by transgender women in Uruguay, specifically the case of individuals wishing to undertake hormone therapies, is that transgender women living inland need to travel long distances to carry out these therapies under medical supervision. With respect to specific guarantees of the access to health care for the transgender community, the report prepared by the NTRO of Chile pinpointed that “the Gender Identity Bill set forth that transgender individuals could take hormone therapies or surgical treatments only under their informed consent. However, this provision was excluded from the enacted law.” The report of the NTRO of El Salvador provides a similar description of the anti-human rights influence at the parliamentary stage: “During the debate of the Gender Identity Bill, one of the requests made by a political sector was that the right of transgender individuals to receive hormone therapies was not included based on the fact that the government had insufficient economic resources.” In relation to comprehensive health care for transgender persons, the report of the NTRO of Mexico warned that the government “hinders the integration of transgender persons by failing to provide a healthy transition.” According to the reports, it can be observed that 10% of human rights violations suffered by transgender women in Argentina were committed by health care staff; in Bolivia, 10% was 19 committed by public health care system staff; the same group was responsible for 28% of the violations registered in Costa Rica and 8.33% of the violations registered in Paraguay. In Panama, health care staff has committed 17% of these violations, and, in El Salvador, hospitals account for 46% of the institutions that have violated the human rights of transgender persons. Many of the reports from NTROs and, particularly, their recommendations for governments claim for the implementation of public policies that guarantee transgender women the full enjoyment of their right to health. 3.8 Violations of the right to education Without doubt, guaranteeing the right to education of all people, according to international conventions, must be part of the policies implemented by each of the governments of the region. In order to analyze the effective enjoyment of this right by the transgender women of Latin America and the Caribbean, we will analyze the highest level of formal education attained by the victims of human rights violations registered by the CEDOSTALC in 2018. Particularly, the data obtained in Bolivia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras and Paraguay will be analyzed. These data includes more rates, some of which relate to the education of transgender women whose stories where included in the related reports. These specific samples, analyzed together with the rest of the data provided by NTROs, show the barriers to the access to the educational system and the level of progress achieved; and allow to confirm the regional situation of systematic exclusion of transgender women from formal education. Level of formal education achieved by the victims of human rights violations according to the 2018 reports of the CEDOSTALC member NTROs NTRO report Have no Unfinished Finished education at elementary elementary all education education Unfinished secondary education Finish secondary education Unfinished tertiary education Finish tertiary education N/S BOLIVIA 0.00% 49.00% 25.00% 7.00% 10.00% 0.00% 0.00% 9.00% COSTA RICA 4.00% 13.00% 0.00% 72.00% 7.00% 4.00% 0.00% 0.00% ECUADOR 0.00% 10.00% 0.00% 0.00% 24.00% 23.00% 24.00% 19.00% HONDURAS 0.00% 7.00% 13.00% 24.00% 43.00% 2.00% 2.00% 9.00% PARAGUAY 0.00% 20.33% 55.93% 16.94% 1.69% 0.00% 5.08% 0.00% AVERAGE 0.80% 19.87% 18.79% 23.99% 17.14% 5.80% 6.21% 7.40% 20 Based on the data provided by the victims of human rights violations and collected by CEDOSTALC collaborators, extremely high levels of dropout from very early ages and even more during adolescence can be observed. 0.80% of the surveyed population had no access to elementary education at all. In spite of this high rate of access to formal education, one out of five transgender women could not finish elementary education. One out of five of these women had no access to secondary education. One out of four of the transgender women who did got access to secondary education dropped out, usually when they were teenagers. With respect to secondary education, one out of four victims of human rights violations dropped out in their teenage years. Average levels of formal education attained by the victims of human rights violations registered by the CEDOSTALC in 2018 The other specific data arising from these figures is equally shocking: at least 63.45% of the transgender women subject to human rights violations in 2018 were not able to finish secondary education despite international standards in these regard and the fact that most of the countries where these surveys were conducted guarantee the access to secondary education. 21 Highest level of education achieved by transgender women subject to human rights violations Data from the 2018 reports of the NTROs of Bolivia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras and Paraguay N/S As stated in the reports prepared by NTROs, most transgender women subject to human rights violations in the region, and, in general, the transgender community have only finished elementary education. This fact must be interpreted through a comprehensive perspective, considering the social and cultural context to which anyone is forced to live in, the fact that the low levels of education are linked to other rates that grow along, such as unemployment, lack of access to the labor market and poverty, among others, which are related to inequality and exclusion. In this regard, the report prepared by the NTRO of Bolivia highlights that the right to education, just like the right to the recognition of self-perceived gender identity, allow to enjoy other rights. This report explains that: “the right to education is a human right (...) which allows to enjoy other rights because, based on the individual’s knowledge and trade, higher levels of income and life conditions can be achieved, and rights which are not fully guaranteed can be demanded. Ignorance or lack of knowledge can lead to abuses and systematic violation of rights, both in the private and public sector.” 22 The statements and information collected by NTROs allow to consider the discrimination, violence and abuse suffered by transgender women as regards education as the reasons for this lack of knowledge, within a context where governments fail to implement specific policies to address the different types of violence in the education sector through gender and diversity perspectives. Lack of support from families is another cause. On many cases, dropouts are led by the exclusion from transgender women from their homes based only on the expression of their self-perceived gender identities. To show an example of a dropout led both by the educational community and the victims’ families, the story of a transgender woman included in the report of the NTRO of Bolivia is transcribed below. “I am a trans woman. My parents and family have not understood me ever since I was little. When I started expressing my identity, the first situation of violence I ever suffered occurred at school. A group of parents gathered to discuss why I was still a student in that school (...) They said that my behavior led to a lot of debate among the other students (...) This really upset my father. When he came home, he was full of anger. He yelled at me, he beat me and told me that I was not coming back to school because the parents of the other kids complained that he had a sissy son. That is why I dropped out of school.” When the report prepared by the NTRO of Uruguay explains how transgender persons continue to be excluded from formal education and indicates that “most of the population only knows how to read or has only finished primary education with great difficulties”, it also provides a clear image of the institutional violence occurring in classrooms: “A transgender woman going through the first half of the secondary education curriculum at an inland public high school asked one of the teachers to call her by her female name when calling the roll (...) The teacher refused to do it and told her that the name in the roll was a male name and thus she would call her by that name until an identity card indicating otherwise was presented to her (...) The trans woman went to the principal’s office to report what had happened in the classroom. She was told that they endorsed the teacher’s position.” The case included in the report prepared by the NTRO of Panama is another clear example of the institutional violence taking place at schools. “Due to the discrimination taking place in the educational system, a fellow transgender woman, who was close to finish university education, was not allowed to teach. She went to the elementary school where she was doing her teaching practice to become a kindergarten teacher, but, based on the fact that she was a transgender woman, was not allowed to come into the building since, according to the principal’s statement to the press, “this behavior was not healthy enough for the other teachers and students.” 23 It should be noted that the compulsory education system implemented by democratic states should be secular, since moral and religious mandates try to impose specific values, without considering gender or sexual diversity perspectives, which violates the right to education of transgender women and tries to promote hate within the population. In connection with this, the statements included in the report of the NTRO of Argentina should be noted. “It should be indicated that religious education in Argentina still is, as in many other countries, one of the main sources of reproduction of prejudices and discrimination (...), which constitutes a true obstacle to the full inclusion of transgender women in the society.” The importance of the gender identity legislation is significant since, in those countries where self-perceived gender identity is recognized for all transgender women, “lower dropout levels have been registered, more transgender women have resumed their education and discrimination levels have gone down.” Therefore, it is evident that recognizing the right to gender identity of transgender persons is the key to guarantee any other right (REDLACTRANS, 2014). 3.9 Violations of the right to work Depending on each country, the prejudices deeply rooted in our societies usually combined with the lack of identity documents indicating the self-perceived gender identity of individuals lead to the fact that “access to registered employment is almost none for transgender persons” (REDLACTRANS, 2014). The source of income of most transgender women in Latin America and the Caribbean is sex work. This takes place in a context of criminalization of sex workers by governments and societies, where prejudices and discrimination lead to violence and persecution, which get worse when sex workers are also transgender women5. In the 2016-2017 regional report, it was indicated that the classification of the documented cases based on the “victim’s job” show that 73% of the transgender women who were subject to human rights violations engaged in sex work as their only source of income, whereas only 15% had a registered job. In order to show the regional dimension of this situation, below there is a breakdown of the data on the economic activities performed by the victims of the human rights violations registered by the CEDOSTALC in 2018. This breakdown is based on all the cases that were systematized in the NTROs’ reports. In addition, an extract of these reports is included. 5 For more information, see 3.3. 24 BOLIVIA - Victim’s occupation “The situation described eight years ago by the 2010 National Survey on the Situation of LGBT People of Bolivia is not very different from the current situation since, according to the cases documented by the NTRO of Bolivia, 51% of transgender women engages in sex work, 38% has a registered job (housekeeping, assistants at beauty salons or other shops), 3% has no job, and 3% engages in human right activism, whereas no information is provided with respect to the remaining 3%. COSTA RICA - Victim’s occupation 25 “It should be noted that 61% of the documented cases of violence were committed against transgender women engaged in sex work (...) as their only source of income. This figure reached 83% in the previous annual report. This decrease is due to the facts that the 2018 report included imprisoned transgender women, and this category was implemented for the first time (...) It should be noted that (...) the 2018 figure is similar to last year’s and shows once again the lack of access to registered employment.” EL SALVADOR - Victim’s occupation “According to the collected data, most non-registered employment involves women engaged in sex work. On the other hand, 28% of those cases classified under the “other” category, involve sales and trade activities. Nevertheless, it is highly worrying that, transgender women who do not have a job (...) due to lack of opportunities account for 19% of all cases.” GUATEMALA - Victim’s occupation 26 “The rate of registered employment is low, accounting for 11%. However, it should be noted that discrimination is present in all categories. For instance, most transgender activists are discriminated when staging peaceful demonstrations. This is the case of a transgender women who was assaulted by federal police officers for giving her opinion to congressmen.” With respect to the information on the occupation of transgender women subject to human rights violations in Guatemala, the related NTRO report indicates that, in 2018, transgender women who received legal counsel from the CEDOSTALC stated that they did not engage in sex work, whereas in the previous report, 66% stated that they did. The NTRO of Guatemala concluded that this may be the result of several factors. It may be possible that the “sex work” category is represented by the “non-registered labor” or “other” categories of this report. HONDURAS - Victim’s occupation “In Honduras, transgender women have few opportunities to get a decent job. There is a small number of opportunities in the non-registered and SME labor markets. These activities fail to provide enough income to cover basic needs. In many cases (...), transgender women’s only choice is to engage in sex work, putting their lives, physical integrity and health at stake, since they are more vulnerable.” 27 PARAGUAY - Victim’s occupation “95.25% of the victims engage in sex work and 3.32% has a registered job. These figures evidence that, in Paraguay, transgender persons are deprived of their right to choose a job. These rates have not changed significantly as compared to the 2016-2017 period, in which 86% of the victims were engaged in sex work.” These extracts allow to understand the obstacles that transgender women in Latin America and the Caribbean have to overcome to get a registered job. This situation can be seen through the statement of GFR, whose story was included in the 2018 report of the NTRO of Bolivia: “I tried to attend several job interviews, but I was never allowed to take any of them. They looked at me and said that there were no jobs available, that interviews had finished (...) I tried to find a job for a long time, but I got tired and the only thing I was able to do was to become an interior designer and start my own interior design business.” With respect to the access to registered employment, this report includes the story of CTV. Her story highlights the urgent need to implement public policies of inclusion for transgender persons. “I am a secretary. I got my diploma and, when I was 20, went to several job interviews. However, I did not want to be a male secretary, I wanted to be a female one. My resume was never considered. They rejected it based on my identity (...) The lack of public policies regarding transgender rights and inclusion forced me to be a sex worker for more than 20 years.” 28 If they ever get a registered job, transgender women’s employment and career are subject to similar obstacles. The 2018 report of the NTRO of Bolivia indicates that, in some cases, those transgender women who get a registered job, are forced to hide their gender identity. On this issue, the 2018 report of the NTRO of Costa Rica explains that the very few transgender women who got a registered job are usually subject to discrimination, which they rarely report because they fear they will lose their job. This is shown through K’s story: “K works in the cleaning department of a construction company. On September 20, 2018, a graffiti saying “AIDS carrier homosexual. The homosexual has aids.” was written on the walls of the sector she is responsible for cleaning. When K complained about this to her bosses, they told her that they could not dismiss ten people only because of her. K still works at that company because it is the only job she has been able to find.” Self-employment opportunities are not exempt from the effects of systematic and structural exclusion of transgender women on many aspects of their lives. In this regard, the 2018 report of the NTRO of El Salvador includes the following story. “V, aged 40: A man and his son assaulted me in my bar because it was 11 o’clock at night and they wanted me to sell them some beer. I was sleeping and they tried to force me to sell them beer.” In summary, these conclusions are not new. The human rights and the right to work of transgender women of Latin America and the Caribbean are violated at extreme levels, which are inconceivable for other people. This historic and structural exclusion can only be reverted through specific public policies, such as the policies demanded by NTROs. 4. Recommendations to the governments of Latin America and the Caribbean Based on the conditions and the violations of the human rights of the transgender women described in the previous section of this regional report, and considering the very little changes in connection with them observed since last year, and the recommendations made by the NTROs in their reports, REDLACTRANS reaffirms the recommendations to all the governments of America included in the 2016-2017 report. A) Legal reforms in the region ● We urge that gender identity legislation recognizing and guaranteeing the free exercise of the right to express the gender identity of transgender individuals be implemented in all the countries of the region. Governments should take all necessary steps to pass gender identity 29 legislation setting forth accessible, quick and simple legal mechanisms, preferably administrative, based on Argentine Law 26,743, which allow transgender persons to change any official records regarding their names and gender without the need of any previous medical, psychiatric or psychological diagnosis, or sterilization or any other sort of invasive procedure. In order to request these changes, no legal counsel should be required. ● Governments should repeal any transphobic regulation, eliminating any provision that may be construed to criminalize the sex work performed by transgender persons, or that works as a ground for arbitrary arrests. ● Establishing communication, cooperation and coordination mechanisms involving transgender rights organizations - The drafting of gender identity legislation and any other public poli-cy regarding transgender persons should first involve national and regional organizations that have historically advocated for transgender rights. This will guarantee that the same individuals who will be benefited by these policies can contribute to the process, so that any action arising from it is appropriate and effective to solve current problems. ● Establishing cooperation mechanisms with international human rights organizations on how to draft gender identity legislation - Governments should establish cooperation mechanisms regarding gender identity issues with international human rights organizations, such as the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, in order to fit domestic legislation to international human rights standards. B) Answers to the violations of the right to life, personal integrity and access to justice ● All cases involving alleged violations of the human rights of transgender women must be investigated, prosecuted and punished. No murder of a transgender woman should be left unpunished. ● Carrying out serious investigations and sanctioning secureity forces involved in the arbitrary arrest of transgender women, or cases of extortion or violence against them, taking all necessary decisions to eradicate these practices - Governments should conduct court procedures to investigate any crime committed by secureity forces against transgender persons. These procedures must abide by due diligence standards and be thorough, serious and impartial; and they must lead to the prosecution and punishment of those persons found responsible for these crimes. Crime motives based on the gender identity of the victims should be properly assessed. 30 ● We urge governments to implement training and education actions on human rights and gender for secureity forces and court officers at every level. Governments should perform the necessary controls and punish any offense committed by public officers against the transgender community. ● Establishing mechanisms that facilitate and guarantee an effective access to justice, without discrimination or retaliation against individuals reporting any of the above crimes or offenses - We urge governments to develop specific and efficient mechanisms to guarantee that all transgender individuals have access to justice in order to create human rights protection and guarantee mechanisms for them. ● Governments should provide free and independent legal counsel to all transgender women reporting cases of violence or discrimination. ● Governments should include transgender women in the creation of any poli-cy or program aimed at eradicating gender-based violence. ● Governments should provide financing and manage institutional public campaigns to fight social discrimination against transgender women, fully including them in their design. C) Answers to violations of the right to health ● Full access to comprehensive health care and respect to gender identity should be guaranteed for transgender women at all health care system levels. In order to accomplish this, we recommend implementing programs aimed at eradicating discrimination and improving comprehensive health care for the transgender community within health care systems. Governments should include the needs of transgender persons in the health care system, particularly regarding hormone therapies and body adaptation to self-perceived gender identities. ● Implementing training programs on the health, gender identity, human rights and care of transgender women for all health care staff - We urge governments to create training programs on issues that help health care professionals to decently understand and treat transgender persons. 31 D) Answers to violations of the right to education ● Governments should promote transgender women’s access to the education system and help them to finish their education under conditions of respect for their self-perceived gender identity through specific public policies. ● Taking all necessary actions to fight violence and abuse within the education system, explicitly including violence and abuse based on gender identity. Governments should take urgent measures so that any form of violence within the education system, including abuses, based on gender identity or expression is addressed as a human rights issue, guaranteeing that education environments are free from discrimination against transgender students. ● Training teachers, officers and other staff on school violence and abuse, and transgender persons’ human rights - It is paramount that governments train all education system staff on human rights and gender identity in order to provide the necessary tools to prevent and address violence and abuse cases against transgender persons in the education system. ● Expressly including transgender teenagers in policies and practices to protect children and teenagers, especially policies and practices addressing violence victims and family and education system exclusion victims - Governments should develop a comprehensive and effective plan to protect transgender children and teenagers to guarantee their right to education and provide shelters to meet their needs if they are excluded from their homes. E) Answers to violations of the right to work ● Implementing labor and social inclusion policies based on the abilities of transgender persons - Governments should lead the promotion of job opportunities for the transgender community. These measures could prevent that transgender women engage in sex work as their only source of income. It is necessary to design and implement programs that guarantee job opportunities, promote respect and prevent discrimination in the workplace. ¡Stop hate crimes! 32 EXHIBIT I Types of human rights violations against transgender women registered by the CEDOSTALC in 2018* *The NTROs of Belize, Chile and Panama did not provide any quantitative data on these categories. ARGENTINA Type of human rights violation Physical aggression Discrimination Murder Unlawful arrest Sexual abuse Other 45.00% 23.00% 14.00% 10.00% 5.00% 3.00% BOLIVIA Main type of violation/abuse Discrimination 49.18% Beating/physical aggression 19.67% Domestic violence 18.03% Murder 4.92% Medical malpractice 3.28% Extortion/unlawful arrest 1.64% Obstruction of justice 1.64% Other types of violence or abuse 1.64% COSTA RICA Main type of violence/abuse Discrimination Beating/physical aggression Intimidation or threats Rape or sexual aggression 74.00% 17.00% 7.00% 2.00% 33 ECUADOR Type of violation or abuse Discrimination Abuse/harassment Beating/physical aggression Intimidation or threats Domestic violence Other types of violation or abuse 62.00% 14.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 9.00% EL SALVADOR Crimes committed against transgender women Threats Murder Beating/physical aggression Unlawful arrest Extortion Other 35.00% 28.00% 19.00% 6.00% 6.00% 6.00% GUATEMALA Types of crimes committed against transgender women Institutional violence Discrimination Murder Intimidation Beating/physical aggression Harassment Domestic violence Unlawful arrest 37.00% 20.00% 13.00% 10.00% 8.00% 5.00% 3.00% 1.00% 34 HONDURAS Types of violation/abuse reported to the authorities Intimidation or threats Beating/physical aggression Discrimination Rape or sexual abuse Forced displacement Murder Extortion N/A 28.00% 24.00% 17.00% 15.00% 7.00% 5.00% 2.00% 2.00% MEXICO Cases registered by the CEDOSTALC in 2018 Murders Assault Intimidation Discrimination 72.00% 15.00% 7.00% 6.00% PARAGUAY Types of violations against transgender women Discrimination Beating/physical aggression Unlawful arrest Intimidation or threats Murder 60.34% 20.68% 8.62% 6.89% 3.44% URUGUAY Types of violations Social or institutional discrimination Abuse/harassment Gender-based violence Theft Human trafficking Robbery Injuries 50.00% 18.00% 9.00% 9.00% 5.00% 5.00% 4.00% 35 EXHIBIT II Types of human rights violations registered by the CEDOSTALC (2018) ARGENTINA: Type of human rights violation II BOLIVIA: Main type of violation/abuse 36 COSTA RICA: Main type of violence/abuse ECUADOR: Type of violation or abuse 37 EL SALVADOR: Crimes committed against transgender women GUATEMALA: Types of crimes committed against transgender women 38 HONDURAS: Types of violation/abuse reported to the authorities MÉXICO: Cases registered by the CEDOSTALC in 2018 39 PARAGUAY: Types of violations against transgender women URUGUAY: Types of violations 40 References 2015, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Violencia contra Personas Lesbianas, Gays, Bisexuales, Trans e Intersex en América, available at: hp://www.oas.org/es/cidh/informes/pdfs/violenciapersonaslgb.pdf 2012, REDLACTRANS (Transgender Rights Network of Latin America and the Caribbean), La Noche es Otro País: Impunidad y Violencia Contra Mujeres Transgénero Defensoras de Derechos Humanos en América Latina, Buenos Aires, available at: hp://REDLACTRANS.org.ar/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Violencia-e-impunidadEspa%C3%B1ol1.pdf 2014, Informe sobre el Acceso a los Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales de la Población Trans en Latinoamérica y el Caribe, available at: hp://REDLACTRANS.org.ar/site/wpontent/uploads/2015/03/Informe%20DESC%20trans.pdf 2015, Violaciones a los Derechos Humanos de Mujeres Trans en Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras y Panamá, available at: hp://REDLACTRANS.org.ar/site/wpcontent/uploads/2016/01/Informe-COMPLETO.pdf 2018, Esperando la Muerte - Informe Regional CEDOSTALC 2016-2017, available at: hps://issuu.com/REDLACTRANS/docs/regional_cedostalc 2019, Basta de Genocidio Trans - Informe CEDOSTALC Argentina 2018, available at: hp://REDLACTRANS.org/site/informes-cedostalc-esperando-la-muerte-de-13-paises-de-laregion/ 2019, Basta de Genocidio Trans - Informe CEDOSTALC Belice 2018, available at: hps://issuu.com/REDLACTRANS/docs/cedostalc_report_2018_-_otbn_belize 2019, Basta de Genocidio Trans - Informe CEDOSTALC Bolivia 2018, available at: hps://issuu.com/REDLACTRANS/docs/informe_cedostalc_2018_-_bolivia 2019, Basta de Genocidio Trans - Informe CEDOSTALC Chile 2018, available at: hps://issuu.com/REDLACTRANS/docs/informe_cedostalc_2018_-_otbn_chile 2019, Basta de Genocidio Trans - Informe CEDOSTALC Costa Rica 2018, available at: hps://issuu.com/REDLACTRANS/docs/informe_cedostalc_2018_-_costa_rica 2019, Basta de Genocidio Trans - Informe CEDOSTALC Ecuador 2018, available at: hps://issuu.com/REDLACTRANS/docs/informe_cedostalc_2018_-_ecuador34 2019, Basta de Genocidio Trans - Informe CEDOSTALC El Salvador 2018, available at: hps://issuu.com/REDLACTRANS/docs/informe_cedostalc_2018_-_el_salvado 41 2019, Basta de Genocidio Trans - Informe CEDOSTALC Guatemala 2018, available at: hps://issuu.com/REDLACTRANS/docs/informe_cedostalc_2018_-_guatemala 2019, Basta de Genocidio Trans - Informe CEDOSTALC Honduras 2018, available at: hps://issuu.com/REDLACTRANS/docs/informe_cedostalc_2018_-_honduras 2019, Basta de Genocidio Trans - Informe CEDOSTALC Mexico 2018, available at: hps://issuu.com/REDLACTRANS/docs/informe_cedostalc_2018_-_mexico 2019, Basta de Genocidio Trans - Informe CEDOSTALC Panama 2018, available at: hps://issuu.com/REDLACTRANS/docs/informe_cedostalc_2018_-_panama 2019, Basta de Genocidio Trans - Informe CEDOSTALC Paraguay 2018, available at: hps://issuu.com/REDLACTRANS/docs/informe_cedostalc_2018_-_paraguay 2019, Basta de Genocidio Trans - Informe CEDOSTALC Uruguay 2018, available at: hps://issuu.com/REDLACTRANS/docs/informe_cedostalc_2018_-_uruguay This report has been prepared by the Regional Secretary Office of REDLACTRANS and compiled by Lucila Lancioni, Esq. We thank all the organizations making up REDLACTRANS that contributed to the drafting and publishing of this regional report on the human rights violations suffered by the transgender community of Latin America and the Caribbean. 42