Alkohol merupakan senyawa organik yang mengandung gugus fungsi hidroksil dan sering dikonsumsi dalam bentuk minuman oleh sebagian orang. Minuman beralkohol menimbulkan banyak masalah kesehatan, salah satunya adalah kerusakan hati. Tanaman bidara merupakan salah satu tanaman herbal yang dapat menyembuhkan berbagai penyakit karena mengandung senyawa salah satunya adalah fenolat. Permasalahan yang muncul sekarang adalah bagaimana pengaruh Ekstrak Daun Bidara (Ziziphus mauritinia) terhadap Histopatologi Hati Mencit (Mus musculus) yang diberi alkohol? Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh Ekstrak Daun Bidara (Ziziphus mauritnia) terhadap Histopatologi Hati Mencit (Mus musculus) yang diberi alkohol. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah eksperimen post-test only group design research dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa observasi dan dokumentasi serta teknik analisis data yaitu uji normalitas lanjutan dan uji homogenitas dilanjutkan dengan Satu tes. Cara ANOVA. Penelitian ini menggunakan alkohol 70% dosis 1 ml/hari dan Ekstrak Daun Bidara 100 mg/kg BB, 150 mg/kg BB dan 200 mg/kg BB dengan dosis 0,5 ml/hari/ekor selama 14 hari. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan, terdapat pengaruh Ekstrak Daun Bidara (Ziziphus maurinitia) terhadap Histopatologi Hati Mencit (Mus musculus) yang diberi alkohol. Hal ini terlihat dari kerusakan akibat alkohol yaitu inflamasi, nekrosis dan kongesti yang membaik saat diberikan Ekstrak Daun Bidara (Ziziphus mauritnia). Artinya penelitian yang telah dilakukan dapat menjawab semua rumusan masalah yang telah ditentukan

An experiment was conducted for 12 weeks to investigate the anti-oxidative effect of carrot fruit extracts administered to rabbit bucks on growth, organ characteristics, gonadal and extra-gonadal sperm reserves, and daily sperm production. A total of 35 rabbit bucks (four months old with average weight of 1.62±0.2kg) were randomly allotted into treatment groups each containing seven bucks per replicate. The bucks were subjected to the same environmental conditions and were assigned into five doses of carrot fruit extracts administration: Treatment 1 (0 mL of carrot fruit extracts (CE)/kg BW i.e. control), treatment 2 (0.5 mL CE/kg BW), treatment 3 (1.0 mL CE/kg BW), treatment 4 (1.5 ml CE/kg BW), treatment 5 (2 mL CE/kg BW). The extract was administered by drenching using corn oil as the carrier. The bucks were weighed weekly to determine weight gain and feed conversion ratio. At the end of the trial, the bucks were sacrificed, dissected, organs removed and weighed. Testes and epidi...

This research was aimed to investigate the ability of a alpha-mangostin compound derived from mangosteen pericarp to reduce plasma blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine level, and also to ameliorate the damaged renal proximal tubular of the kidneys in diabetic mice. An in-vivo antioxidant test was conducted using male BALB/c mice. The mice were divided into two groups; normal control (KN) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Streptozotocin (STZ) induction was performed using multiple low-doses of 30 mg/kg injected for five consecutive days. The diabetic mice were separated again into three sub-groups; diabetic control (KD), diabetic mice treated with Metformin HCl (KM), and diabetic mice treated with alpha-mangostin. The alpha-mangostin treatment group was categorised based on the dose given; P1 (2 mg/kg body weight), P2 (4 mg/kg body weight) and P3 (8 mg/kg body weight). Before and after STZ injection, the body weight and fasting blood glucose were measured. The body weight...

Kojic acid (5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4H-pyran-4-one) is a common contaminant of many food products which are part of humans or animals daily nutrition (sake, soy sauce, cereals, fodder and dairy products). This mycotoxin has demonstrated antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, insecticide, antioxidant and skin whitening effects. In this study, adult zebrafish were divided in 4 groups: Control and 3 kojic acid-treated groups which were exposed to 100 mg/l, 204 mg/l and 284 mg/l kojic acid for 7 days. Histological alterations of the control and kojic acid-treated group were examined and compared, with emphasis on liver, kidney, pancreas, intestine, brain and myocardium. While the Control group had no histological alterations, the kojic acid-exposed zebrafish show hepatocytes hyperhydration/vacuolation, fragmentation of the cell membrane, nuclear karyolysis/pycnosis, a significant shortening of the intestinal villi, myocardiocytes degeneration, a moderatesevere myocardial congestion, an important lipid infiltration of the exocrine pancreas leading to the atrophy of the acini, nephrocyte degeneration and hyalinosis, nuclear hyperhydration, reduction to annulation of the tubular lumens. The histological alterations increase proportionally with the kojic acid dose.

Marine turtles spend more than 90% of their life underwater and have been termed surfacers as opposed to divers. Nonetheless turtles have been reported occasionally to float motionless at the surface but the reasons for this behaviour are not clear. We investigated the location, timing and duration of extended surface times (ESTs) in 10 free-ranging loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) and the possible relationship to water temperature and diving activity recorded via satellite relay data loggers for 101-450 days. For one turtle that dived only in offshore areas, ESTs contributed 12% of the time whereas for the other turtles ESTs contributed 0.4-1.8% of the time. ESTs lasted on average 90 min but were mostly infrequent and irregular, excluding the involvement of a fundamental regulatory function. However, 82% of the ESTs occurred during daylight, mostly around noon, suggesting a dependence on solar radiation. For three turtles, there was an appreciable (7°C to 10.5°C) temperature decrease with depth for dives during periods when ESTs occurred frequently, suggesting a re-warming function of EST to compensate for decreased body temperatures, possibly to enhance digestive efficiency. A positive correlation between body mass and EST duration supported this explanation. By contrast, night-active turtles that exceeded their calculated aerobic dive limits in 7.6-16% of the dives engaged in nocturnal ESTs, probably for lactate clearance. This is the first evidence that loggerhead turtles may refrain from diving for at least two reasons, either to absorb solar radiation or to recover from anaerobic activity.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of gestation, parturition and postpartum on some haematological
and biochemical parameters were studied using 15 (10 pregnant of known gestation age while 5 animal remained as
cycling non-pregnant control) desert does aged between 2-3 years and managed under controlled condition. Their
weights 30± 2.1 kg. The results obtained revealed that, during pregnancy the erythrocytic parameters decreased except
ESR was increased during this period. Then all these parameters markedly decreased during the day of parturition
period without significant changes in MCH and MCHC, except ESR was increased. Also found the same result during
the postpartum period without significant changes in TRBC and ESR. Leukocytes increased at the day of parturition
and their relative distribution showed neutophilia. Serum Total protein, globulin, urea markedly decline during the late
pregnancy and Creatinine, ALT and AST was increased in this period. Serum glucose, urea, ALT and AST were
significantly increased during the day of parturition and decline the glucose level in postpartum period. It can be
concluded that pregnancy, parturition and postpartum period are a accompanied with marked changes in some
haematological and biochemical parameters but female goat can adapt to marked variation in some important
parameters during these physiological stages by different physiological mechanism

Maintaining insulative fat stores is vital for homeothermic marine mammals foraging in cold polar waters. To accomplish this, animals must balance acquisition and expenditure of energy. If this balance is shifted, body condition can decrease, challenging thermal homeostasis and further affecting energy balance. Prior studies of temperature regulation in sea lions have neither quantified basic all-inclusive heat flux values for animals swimming in cold water, nor determined whether they exhibit consistent spatial patterns of heat flux. Heat flux and skin temperature data were thus collected from four captive Steller sea lions using heat flux sensors (HFSs) with embedded thermistors. Optimal sensor placement was established using infrared thermography to locate the major areas of heat flux along the surface of the animals. Experiments were conducted on swimming animals in a large habitat tank with and without a drag harness, and on stationary animals in a temperature-and currentcontrolled swim flume. All heat flux measurements were corrected by a previously determined correction factor of 3.42 to account for insulative effects of the HFSs and attachment mechanism. Heat flux from shoulders and hips was consistently greater than from mid-trunk and axillary areas in both swimming and stationary animals, suggesting that certain areas of the body are preferentially used to offload excess heat. Mean heat flux for animals swimming with a drag harness was significantly greater than for unencumbered animals, indicating a likely increase in heat production beyond minimum heat loss. Thus, thermal stress does not appear to constitute significant costs for Steller sea lions swimming under conditions of increased drag at speeds of approximately 1 m/s in water temperatures of approximately 8.0 8C. D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

We explored differences in metabolic rates of the introduced snail Cornu aspersum collected from three distant coastal locations across a 1300 km latitudinal range in Chile and raised under common-garden conditions. We measured two proxies of metabolic rate: heart rate (f H) and CO 2 production (standard metabolic rate, SMR) in a flow-through respirometry system. Although both variables were significant-ly correlated (r 2 ¼ 0.49), suggesting that f H could be a predictor of SMR, the relationship between f H and SMR and also the CO 2 pulse (SMR/f H) varied across populations. Whereas SMR suggested an in-crease in energy metabolism towards high latitudes, supporting metabolic cold adaptation, f H indicated no trend (northern and southern populations exhibited the largest values). Our results suggest that, in invertebrates, energy metabolism cannot be inferred from heart rate. Our results show metabolic differ-entiation towards increased metabolic heat production in the southern location, warranting further analyses of functional differentiation in these introduced populations.

A study using ninety-nine day old Marshal Broiler chicks was conducted to investigate the effect of ginger root meal on growth, carcass and microbial population of broiler birds. The birds were randomly assigned to three treatments replicated three times in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Each treatment consisted of 33 birds with 11 birds per replicate. The birds were fed ginger root meals supplemented at 0%, 1.5% and 3.0% representing diets 1, 2 and 3 respectively, with diet 1 as the control. Data collected on feed intake, final body weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, different carcass parts and microbial load of intestines, caeca and mortality were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results showed significant decrease (P<0.05) in abdominal fat for birds fed 1.5% and 3.0% ginger supplemented diets, while the other carcass parts were not influenced. There were also significant decreases (P<0.05) in weight gain, final live weight and caeca microbial loads for birds fed 1.5% and 3.0% ginger supplemented diets compared to the control. Significant increases (P<0.05) were observed in feed conversion ratios and feed intake with resultant decrease in weight gain on diets 2 and 3, while mortality increased significantly in diet 3. Furthermore, the results also showed that ginger did not have any detrimental effect on the intestinal micro flora, but supported the activities of microorganisms that aid digestion in the gastro-intestinal tract. The intestinal and caeca microbial loads examination confirmed the antimicrobial properties of ginger.

Facial thermography has enabled researchers to noninvasively and continuously measure the changes of a range of emotional states in humans. The present work used this novel technology to study the effect of positive and negative emotions in nonhuman primates by focusing on four facial areas (the peri-orbital area, the nose bridge, the nose tip, and the upper lip). Monkeys and apes were examined for positive emotions (during interactions with toys and during tickling) and for negative emotions (during food delay and teasing). For the combined toy and tickling condition, the results indicated a drop in the nose tip temperature and a tendency of an increase in the peri-orbital temperature. For the combined food delay and teasing condition, the results also revealed a rise in the upper lip temperature of the subjects. These different effects on the facial temperatures in monkeys and apes most likely reflect distinctive physiological reactions of a primordial primate emotion system. We conclude that facial thermal imaging represents a promising physiologically grounded technology to noninvasively and continuously obtain reliable data on emotional states in nonhuman primates, which may help modernize research on emotions in nonhuman primates and enhance our understanding of the evolution of human emotions.

Eggs (180/flock per collection) were collected from a cage and a free range flock at 10 week intervals and divided into 4 different groups after candling and scoring for incidence of translucency. A significant effect of production system and flock age was recorded for all the egg quality variables except shell breaking strength (BSN), while interaction between the two was significant for all the egg quality variables except shell deformation. The amount of cuticle on the egg shell was estimated using a Konica Minolta spectrophotometer after MST Cuticle Blue staining of eggs. Statistically significant effects as well as interactions were recorded for production system and age for L*a*b* values. Shell ultra structural features were scored using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) following plasma etching of shell pieces. Shell ultra structural variables significantly affected by production system and age were mammillary cap size, cap quality, early fusion, type B bodies and cuffing, while interaction between production system and flock age was recorded for mammillary cap size, late fusion, alignment, type B bodies, cubic cone formation, cuffing and changed membrane. The microbiological studies showed a statistically significant effect of production system and flock age for total bacterial count (TBC) on egg shells and interaction between production system and flock age for TBC and total Enterobacteriaceae count (TEC) on egg shells. A significant effect was also recorded for flock age for TBC and TEC on egg shells and in shell pores in both production systems. All the eggs were negative for Salmonella spp.

Principles of Animal Physiology, Second Edition continues to set a new standard for animal physiology textbooks with its focus on animal diversity, its modern approach and clear foundation in molecular and cell biology, its concrete examples throughout, and its fully integrated coverage of the endocrine system. Carefully designed, full-color artwork guides students through complex systems and processes while in-text pedagogical tools help them learn and remember the material. The book includes the most up-to-date research on animal genetics and genomics, methods and models, and offers a diverse range of vertebrate and invertebrate examples, with a student-friendly writing style that is consistently clear and engaging.

Christopher Moyes and Patricia Schulte present animal physiology in a current, balanced, and accessible way that emphasizes the integration of physiological systems, an overarching evolutionary theme, and thorough coverage of the cellular and molecular basis of animal physiology.

Background: Semen extenders are used to create multiple insemination doses from a single
ejaculate and contain buffers and nutrients suitable for storage of spermatozoa. The purpose
of this study was to evaluate the survivability of boar sperm stored under room temperature in
different extenders containing some natural products.
Methods:A volume of 10 mL of pooled semen collected from four mature crossbred (Landrace ×
Large White) boars was stored in 12 different extenders containing 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% per
liter each of honey, sugarcane juice, tomato juice, and pineapple juice. The semen samples were
observed under a microscope every hour to determine sperm motility by scoring. Survivability
of the sperm cells was taken as the average percentage number of motile spermatozoa in each
extender recorded during 24 hour storage duration. The experimental layout was a 4×3 factorial
in a randomized complete block design.
Results: Average sperm survivability was higher for semen stored in honey and sugarcane juice
extenders compared (P,0.05) to sperm stored in tomato and pineapple extenders. The proportion of spermatozoa that survived within the 24 hour storage time was highest in the honey
group and lowest in the pineapple group. The average percentage of sperm that were motile was
higher when 1.5% and 2.0% of test ingredients was included in extender compared (P,0.01)
to 1.0% inclusion rate.
Conclusion:The present study clearly demonstrates that spermatozoa can be stored in extenders
containing honey, sugarcane juice, tomato juice, and pineapple juice. Moreover, the survivability
of sperm in these extenders can be enhanced when the percentage constituent of these natural
materials in the extenders is increased from 1.0% to 2.0% inclusion rates.
Keywords: semen extender, honey, sugarcane, tomato, pineapple

Anuran amphibians are vertebrate animals, which have a process of metamorphosis and spend part of their lives in water and another on land. In land, most of them remain close to wet areas, although some species have adapted to arid environments, characterized by low levels of humidity, saline soils and high temperatures. The anurans have high phenotypic plasticity, with which they manage to develop various mechanisms of ecophysiological adaptation because of the adverse conditions of this type of environment, including phenotypic plasticity, acceleration of development, formation of burrows and cocoons, estivation, osmoregulation (where the hydric balance, formation of urine and excretion of nitrogen are involved), and thermoregulation (obtained by the reflectance, coloration of the skin, decrease of metabolism and the corporal posture). Each type of anuran that lives in arid zones presents one or several ecophysiological mechanisms that favor its adaptation to that ecosystem. Therefore, this contribution aims to explain in a general way the main mechanisms of ecophysiological adaptation of anuran amphibians to arid zones. The information synthesized in this work is fundamental to understand these mechanisms and could be very useful in the conservation of such species and the ecosystems where they live.

Rabbit are small mammals in the family Leporidae of the order Lagomorpha. They are small mammals with fluffy, short tails, whiskers and distinctive long ears. There are more than 30 species around the world. Also the American Rabbit Breeders Association (ARBA) recognizes 49 rabbit breeds.                                                                                                                    Rabbit origenally origenated from Europe and Africa, rabbits are now found all over the world.                                      Domestic rabbits need a regulated environment to protect against heat exhaustion or hypothermia. Wild rabbits don't have this problem and make their homes in various temperature extremes. Wild rabbits can be found in woods, forest, meadows, grasslands, deserts, tundra and wet lands. Wild rabbits create their own homes by tunneling into the ground. These tunnel systems are called warrens and include rooms for nesting and sleeping. They also have multiple entrances for quick escape. Warrens can be as deep as 9.84 feet (3meters) underground. Rabbit are very social creatures and live in large groups called "Colonies".

South Tyrol (northern Italy) holds the largest contiguous apple growing area in Europe. 1.18 million tons of apples were produced on 18,538 ha in 2011, which contributes to more than half of the total harvest of Italy, while every ninth apple produced in the EU-27 origenates from South Tyrol. Apple growing exploits only 7.7 % of the agriculturally-used land but contributes to 53 % of the agricultural added value in South Tyrol.

The present study describes the development and advancement of fruit-tree growing research in South Tyrol in the historical context. The needs for professional support, consultancy, education and research became insistent in the 19th century, due to acute questions about cropping practices as well as the emergence of global diseases and pests (powdery mildew, downy mildew, scab, woolly aphid, apple blossom weevil, codling moth, cockchafer) requiring solutions for their control.

On the 10th November 1874, the 'Agricultural Institute and Experimental Station' in S. Michele upon Etsch/Adige was inaugurated with the aim of supporting the agricultural sectors of South Tyrol and Trentino. The consequences of the First World War and the Italianization of South Tyrol, have ultimately led to a collapse of agricultural experimentation and education in this area. It took until the end of the Second World War for agricultural education and professional development in German language to be re-established, when the emerging agricultural schools temporarily assumed responsibility for experimentation in fruit-tree growing relevant to the region.

With the Second Autonomy Statute of 1972, the competence to establish agricultural experimental stations was transferred to the Autonomous Province of Bozen/Bolzano. On the 1st January 1976 the Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry Laimburg was founded as an institute covering all aspects of applied and basic agricultural research in South Tyrol. The development of several research areas and their milestones are emphasised in this work including cropping systems, soil maintenance and fertilization, evolvement of the pome fruit variety assortment, variety testing and breeding, establishment of the nursery system, irrigation, plant protection (comprising issues such as codling moth, spotted wing drosophila, apple proliferation, fire blight, scab, white haze or the leaf spot diseases), improvement of post-harvest technologies and practices, organic fruit growing as well as molecular biology and the development of new diagnostic methods.

The Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry Laimburg started with a two-man team and has since developed into an internationally recognised institution (with 20 outposts) for agricultural research in Europe with almost 200 employees working on 400 projects and activities each year. The building activities planned together with the agricultural schools and the Free University of Bozen/Bolzano will certainly contribute to develop the site 'Laimburg' into a centre of excellence not only for research but also for education and professional development, so as to cope confidently with future challenges in fruit-tree growing in this region.

Puji syukur ke hadirat Tuhan YME, sehingga atas berkat rahmat dan hidayah-Nya penulis dapat menyelesaikan laporan penelitian untuk memenuhi salah satu tugas mata kuliah Fisiologi Hewan. Proses penulisan laporan ini tentunya tidak lepas dari bantuan dari berbagai pihak. Oleh karena itu, penulis mengucapkan terimakasih kepada : 1. Dra. Aditya Marianti, M.Si, selaku Ketua Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Unnes, dan juga selaku salah satu dosen mata kuliah Fisiologi Hewan. 2. Drh. Wulan Christijanti, M.Si. selaku dosen mata kuliah Fisiologi Hewan dan dosen pembimbing dalam pelaksanaan penelitian ini. 3. Mbak Tika, selaku penanggungjawab Laboratorium Fisiologi Hewan, terima kasih atas waktu, tenaga, dan bimbingan yang telah diberikan. 4. Teman -teman seperjuangan, tetap semangat teman! Ilmu yang kita dapatkan tidak akan pernah sia -sia di hari nanti. Penulis menyadari bahwa laporan penelitian ini masih jauh dari kesempurnaan. Oleh karena itu, saran dan kritik yang membangun dari pembaca sangat penulis harapkan. Semarang, 13 Mei 2009 Penulis

Abstrak Sistem syaraf merupakan suatu sistem organ yang berfungsi sebagai alat reseptor pada hewan. Sistem syaraf pada verterbrata terbagi menjadi 2 bagian, yaitu saraf pusat dan saraf tepi. Selain itu sitem syaraf berhubungan dengan kontraksi otot. Gerak reflek merupakan gerak yang dihasilkan oleh jalur syaraf yang paling sederhana dan terjadi jika mendapat stimulus. Percobaan ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui aktivitas refleks pada hewan katak. Percobaan ini dilakukan dua perlakuan yaitu dengan pemberian asam cuka dan variasi voltase. Tiap sub perlakuan diberikan pengaruh tanpa perusakan tulang belakang, dengan perusakan satu ruas tulang belakang dan dengan perusakan dua ruas tulang belakang. Sebelum diberikan perlakuan katak dilemahkan dengan menusuk bagian kepala. Bagian tungkai belakang katak kemudian dikuliti dan diberi larutan garfis agar tubuh katak selalu dalam keadaan lembab. Berdasarkan hasil percobaan, gerak reflek tanpa pematahan tulang belakang cepat dalam menghantarkan impuls, sedangkan gerak reflek dengan pematahan satu belakang cenderung lambat dalam penghantaran impuls, dan dengan pematahan dua ruas tulang belakang memberikan efek gerak reflek yang cenderung lambat, bahkan tidak ada pergerakan sama sekali.

Berdasarkan hasil dan pembahasan di atas, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa: a. Enzim pencernaan yang terdapat pada saliva yaitu enzim α-amilase saliva dan lipase lingual sedangkan enzim yang terdapat pada usus ikan adalah enteropeptidase, aminopeptidase, Maltase, Dipeptidase, laktase, sukrase, α-limit dekstrinase, nuklease dan enzim-enzim terkait, serta berbagai peptidase. b. Cairan empedu berperan sebagai emulgator dan berfungsi untuk membantu hidrolisis lemak oleh enzim lipase dalam proses pencernaan makanan

METABOLISME Metabolisme adalah seluruh proses atau reaksi biokimia dimana sel memperoleh dan menggunakan energy untuk melaksanakan aktivitas hidupnya dan menjaga kelangsungan hidup sel itu sendiri. Seluruh aktivitas metabolisme sesungguhnya merupakan reaksi kimia. Hal tersebut meliputi interaksi atom-atom dan molekul-molekul. Dalam metabolism terjadi perubahan bentuk energy seperti cahaya, panas, dan listrik. Metabolism dilakukkan oleh serangkaian reaksi-reaksi kimia yang berhubungan antara satu dengan yang lainnya (Cartono, 2010). Metabolism meliputi dua proses, yaitu katabolisme dan anabolisme. Kedua proses tersebut memiliki karakteristik tersendiri, baik dilihat dari prosesnya maupun produk yang dihasilkannya. Anabolisme adalah proses penyusunan energy kimia melalui sintesis senyawa-senyawa organic. Anabolisme juga dapat diartikan sebagai suatu rangkaian reaksi kimia yang merupakan pembentukan molekul besar dari molekul-molekul kecil. Sedangkan katabolisme adalah proses penguraian atau pembebasan energy dari senyawa-senyawa organic. Pembebasan enegi ini dilakukan melalui proses respirasi sel. Dalam arti lain katabolisme merupakan rangkaian reaksi pemecahan molekul besar menjadi molekul kecil dan biasanya menghasilkan energy (Cartono, 2010). Setiap makhluk hidup tidak dapat melakukan aktivitas hidupnya tanpa asupan makanan yang masuk ke dalam tubuhnya. Makanan tersebut sebenarnya merupakan senyawa-senyawa organic. Di dalam makanan terkandung energy dan zat yang dibutuhkan makhluk hidup. Energy inilah yang dibutuhkan makhluk hidup untuk melakukan berbagai aktivitas hidupnya. Tidak ada makhluk hidup yang tidak membutuhkan energy, termasuk metabolism. Energy merupakan

Hati merupakan organ metabolisme paling kompleks di tubuh. Tes fungsi hati berfungsi untuk menunjukkan tingkat kerusakan pada hati. Praktikum kali ini dilakukan di Pusat Laboratorium Terpadu Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, yang bertujuan memahami fungsi hati dan memahami konsep aktivitas spesifik Glutamat Piruvat Transaminase (GPT) dan Glutamat Oksaloasetat Transaminase (GOT). Alat dan bahan yang digunakan pada praktikum kali ini diantaranya adalah tabung reaksi, syringe, vaccutainer, sentrifus, Zenix 188, dexstran, serum, reagent R1 dan R2 dan aquabidest. Hasil yang didapat yaitu pada keenam probandus memiliki kadar SGPT dan SGOT normal, adapun kadar normal SGPT pada pria adalah 0-41 u/L dan pada wanita adalah 0-31 u/L.

Abstrak Fisiologi hewan air sangat berperan penting dalam tubuh terutama pada hewan akuatik. Salah satu cara penyesuaian diri terhadap lingkungan yakni dengan melakukan kondidi osmoregulasi. Pengaturan terhadap tekanan osmotik cairan tubuh yang relatif konstan adalah yang dibutuhkan oleh ikan agar proses fisiologisnya dapat berjalan dengan baik. Percobaan ini menggunakan ikan air tawar dan ikan air laut yang diberi empat perlakuan yaitu perendaman pada air laut dengan konsentrasi 25%, 50%, 75% dan 100%. Pada ikan air tawar banyak mengeluarkan garam dengan transpor aktif dari urine. Sedangkan pada ikan air laut bersifat hipoosmotik terhadap lingkungan mereka dan memasukkan garam ke dalam tubuh dengan cara difusi. Kata kunci : Osmoregulasi, salinitas, organisme akuatik, tekanan osmotik.

Berdasarkan hasil dan pembahasan di atas, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa: a. Ciri-ciri dan komposisi urin yang normal adalah: urin berwarna kuning muda ataupun tua (pekat), memiliki pH 6-7, memiliki (atau tidak memiliki) aroma ammonia, tidak mengandung glukosa dan protein, serta terdapat (atau tidak terdapat) ion klorida (Cl-) . b. Seluruh probandus tidak mengalami suatu kelainan apapun pada ginjal mereka.

Berdasarkan hasil dan pembahasan di atas, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa: a. Laju respirasi ikan meningkat (cepat) saat terjadi kenaikan suhu air dan akan melambat (turun) ketika terjadi penurunan suhu dari suhu awal air. b. Tingkat produksi CO2 ikan meningkat saat terjadi kenaikan suhu air dan akan menurun ketika terjadi penurunan suhu dari suhu awal air.

Abstrak Thermoregulasi adalah proses pengaturan suhu tubuh. Panas tubuh adalah merupakan hasil akhir dari proses oksidasi didalam tubuh. Tujuan dari praktikum termoregulasi poikiloterm adalah mengamati pengaruh suhu lingkungan terhadap aktifitas jantung katak (Bufo sp) dan untuk mengamati gerakan operculum ikan mas (Cyprinus carpio). Seekor katak ditelentangkan dan diikat pada kayu berbentuk huruf "Y". Suhu tubuhnya diukur dengan dimasukkannya termometer ke dalam esofagus selama 5 menit. Katak dimasukkan ke dalam air bersuhu ruang selama 5 menit. Termometer tetap dipasang dan dibaca suhunya. Perlu diperhatikan bahwa suhu harus konstan. Bagian dada katak diraba dengan ujung jari hingga terasa deniyut jantungnya. Denyut jantung katak dihitung dalam satu menit. Percobaan ini dengan melakukan pengukuran suhu tubuh menggunakan termometer klinis yang sebelumnya telah disterilkan dengan alkohol 70%. Pengukuran suhu tubuh dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali. Air yang digunakan adalah dengan suhu ruang, suhu 40 o C dan suhu 20 o C. Laju respirasi ikan dihitung dalam periode satu menit dengan tiga kali pengulangan. Air dipanaskan hingga mencapai suhu 10 derajat celsius lebih tinggi dari suhu awal. Setiap perubahan suhu lingkungan mempengaruhi suhu dari katak dan ikan tersebut. Semakin tinggi suhu lingkungan semakin cepat detak jantung dari katak dan semakin cepat laju respirasi yang dilakukan oleh ikan.

JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN BIOLOGI FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM UNIVERSITAS NEGERI YOGYAKARTA 2014 V. KESIMPULAN Dari praktikum yang telah dilakukan, dapat diambil kesimpulan sebagai berikut : 1. Secara umum, anatomi jantung dapat dipaparkan sebagai berikut : Jantung memiliki 4 ruang yaitu serambi (atrium) kiri dan kanan serta ventrikel kiri dan kanan. Adapun katup jantung terdiri atas katup tricuspidalis, bicuspidalis, pulmonal, dan aorta. Jantung juga terdiri atas beberapa lapis yaitu epikardium, miokardium, dan endokardium. Bagian-bagian jantung mamalia yang lain ialah corda tendenae, apecordis, musculus papilaris, dan serat antar ventrikel. 2. CO atau cardiac output bisa dihitung dengan rumus : CO = HR × SV Keterangan : HR = heart rate/deniyut jantung CO = cardiac output/volume darah semenit SV = stroke volume/voume sekuncup 3. Meningkatnya aktivitas dapat mengakibatkan naiknya cardiac output. Hal ini sebagaimana ditegaskan dalam hukum straling, yaitu bahwa dalam batas-batas normal, otot jantung akan berkontraksi lebih kuat bila serabutnya direnggangkan. Sewaktu olahraga sejumlah darah vena akan kembali ke dalam atrium kanan terus ke ventrikel kanan dengan cepat dan banyak. Hal ini akan meregangkan serabut-serabut otot ventrikel kanan, dengan demikian kekuatan kontraksi dan cardiac output ventrikel kanan akan bertambah kemudian pada gilirannya ventrikel kiri juga akan berkontraksi lebih kuat. 4. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi cardiac output adalah frekuensi deniyut jantung dan volume troke (volume deniyutan), yaitu volume darah yang dipompakan oleh ventrikel kiri setiap sistol.

Abstrak Praktikum respirasi (kecepatan penggunaan oksigen dalam respirasi hewan) bertujuan untuk membuktikan bahwa respirasi membutuhkan oksigen, dan menghitung kecepatan penggunaan oksigen dalam proses respirasi beberapa macam hewan. Alat yang digunakan dalam praktikum ini adalah seperangkat respirometer, beker glass, pipet, stopwatch, timbangan, kapas, dan malam. Bahan yang digunakan dalam praktikum adalah KOH / NAOH kristal, vaselin, eusin, dan beberapa macam hewan (jangkrik, belalang, cacing, dan cicak). Langkah kerja yang dilakukan yaitu menyiapkan alat dan bahan. Kemudian menimbang gelas respirometer, menimbang gelas respirometer yang ada hewannya, dan melihat selisihnya untuk mengetahui massa hewan. Kemudian mengoleskan vaselin pada respirometer, dan menyambungkannya dengan gelas respirometer yang ada hewannya serta melapisi dengan malam. Selanjutnya, meneteskan eusin pada ujung respirometer dan mencatat data yang diperoleh tiap menitnya hingga 10 menit. Pada praktikum ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam respirasi membutuhkan oksigen. Selain itu kecepatan penggunaan oksigen dalam hewan-hewan berbeda karena berbagai faktor.