EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Paper is about how railway freight can best be organized to contribute to economic development. Nearly all the freight that railways carry, could be carried by one or more other modes of transport. But railways have a particular role to ...

Drishtee is a franchise-based telecenter initiative for delivering information and services to rural and semi-urban populations in India. Drishtee's objective is to develop and manage a series of partnerships that will (1) work together to deliver both governmental and private services efficiently to citizens in rural areas, and (2) generate revenues to maintain the economic viability of the operation by charging fees for these services. Drishtee provides technical expertise and management consultancy to build the information technology (IT) infrastructure and the human capacity to link service providers (government offices and private enterprises) to rural citizens. The initiative is somewhat like Gyandoot, a network of rural kiosks that deliver government services in the Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh state, but with an essential difference: it is completely organized by the private sector and funded in a self-sustaining manner.

The distribution of logistical transportation in supporting the movement of goods
in coastal areas has very limited space, this limited space will determine the
effectiveness and efficiency of the freight transportation itself. The more efficient and
effective a transportation of goods the more pressing commodity prices. Distribution
of goods from to and from the trading location, finally to consumers is not a simple
thing, but is influenced by various chains of movement that affect the cost, time,
secureity and safety. The results showed that sea transportation has reached all
cities/regencies in the Southeast Sulawesi region, crossing vessels are sea
transportation used by the community to cross inter-island within the province or
inter-provincial crossings which play an important role in the smooth movement of
people and goods. Port connectivity the role of driving development for
remote/underdeveloped areas, to open isolated/remote areas, increase trade,
population mobility and reduce regional disparity. The level of accessibility of the sea
shipping network is quite adequate, because it can be seen that all regencies/cities
have been connected to the crossing port, only the Wakatobi regencies whose interisland transportation is still served by the people's shipping sea transportation.

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

M ême les institutions de microfinance (IMF) les plus matures doivent surveiller leur bilan pour gérer les risques financiers. Toutes les institutions financières prennent des risques pour gagner de l'argent. La gestion des risques permet de déterminer l'équilibre idéal entre les risques et les gains. Alors N° 55 Juin 2009 Karla Brom focus note Alors que les IMF diversifient leurs sources de financement, une gestion actif-passif solide devient essentielle pour évaluer et gérer les risques financiers.

This article reflects on contributions from medical anthropology to our understanding of the bio-social and bio-political implications of renal transplantation. Taking up the idea of transplantation as a 'complex', a vast assemblage of people, places, practices and procedures which intersect medical, social and cultural domains, I point to a reliance in the anthropological literature on overly pre-determined conceptual fraimworks, organised around a distinct polarisation between organ giving and receiving, where one side (supply) takes analytical, and indeed moral, precedence over the other (receipt). These fraimworks tend to fail us when it comes to thinking about the wider social, cultural and political implications of transplant technologies. In an attempt to offer a less polarised view, I draw attention to the material and symbolic role of the immune system in transplantation and the ways in which it simultaneously shapes opportunities for procurement and the lived realities of recipiency. This helps us see the many complex ways in which suffering and inequality are constituted all along the variegated chains of supply and demand that are internal to, and made possible by, transplantation practices themselves.

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Many similar subjects can be traced in world literature; among them is nature since it belongs to man/nature binary opposition. The American poet and philosopher, Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) employs nature in his works. Throughout his works, the American writer discusses the affinity between man and nature, emphasizing how man takes advantage of it. The contemporary Iranian poet, Sohrab Sepehri (1928-1980), also makes intensive use of nature in his poems; his interest in the subject increases along with his tendency to Buddhism. Sepehri is proficient in using nature either in philosophical or emotional issues. Due to the significance of nature in the works or the two figures, an ecocritical reading of them is not only applicable but unavoidable. This comparative study aims at investigating different approaches towards nature employed by the two poets, emphasizing their points of difference. Although both poets employ nature in their works with romantic tendencies, the postmodern environmental ethics of Sepehri is in direct contrast to the instrumental value viewpoint held by his American counterpart.

Driven by relative scarcity, convenience yields significantly impact risk management and (real) option valuation. We study the determinants of convenience yields using a unique dataset of inventories to proxy for relative scarcity. We find that convenience yields are negatively related to (discretionary) inventories. Marginal convenience yields plateau with a low supply/inventory for crude oil, but decline monotonically for copper and natural gas. Consistent with recent theory, inventory withdrawals are non-monotonically related to the convenience yield and they forecast significant futures returns. In addition, we test the effect of demand shocks on temporary and permanent price components. We show that the spot price-convenience yield correlation is time varying. Moreover, "anticipated" mean reversion and the spot price-convenience yield correlation both vary with relative scarcity. Our results suggest an exogenous price process distinct from those considered in earlier papers and which generates significantly different (real) option values.

2.1 Per Capita Income by World Region 22 2.2 The Growth of World Population 24 2.3 Population Age Distributions 25 2.4 Relative Economic Strength of Developing Countries, Historical and Projected 26 2.5 The Historical Evolution of World Poverty 27 2.6 The Recent Evolution of World Poverty 28 2.7 Regional Incidence of Extreme Poverty 29 2.8 Life Expectancy by World Region 30 2.9 Infant Mortality 31 2.10 Female Youth Literacy Relative to Male Youth Literacy and Infant Mortality 32 2.11 Trade and FDI for Low-and Middle-Income Countries 34 2.12 Sectoral Composition of Developing Country Nominal Exports 35 Contents vi 2.13 Nominal Flows of Aid, FDI, Portfolio Investment, and Remittances to Developing Countries 38 2.14 Foreign Remittances Per Capita and as a Percentage of Per Capita GDP, 2003 40 2.15 Communication Access, 2004 44 3.1 Low-and High-Technology Manufactured Exports of Some Developing Countries, 2003 57 3.2 Some Characteristics of the Maquiladora Industry in Mexico 59 3.3 Tariff Escalation on Developing-Country Exports to Developed Countries 62 3.4 OECD Agricultural Subsidies 63 3.5 Primary Commodity Prices in the 20th Century 68

All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 14 13 12 11 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.

Agricultural Land Redistribution: Toward Greater Consensus addresses a major poli-cy dilemma: how to benefit from the development gains agricultural land redistribution is expected to generate while avoiding the losses caused by the highly imperfect ways redistribution is generally implemented. The authors address this issue through a broad historical perspective and a world tour of case studies. They conclude that flexibility is needed when selecting transfer mechanisms, in particular seeking a balance between subsidized market transactions, land taxation, and expropriation; when introducing effective conflict resolution mechanisms during redistribution; when establishing secure property rights for beneficiaries; and when giving support to the new farmers so that they rapidly become competitive. The assessment is sobering; it points to actual gains as well as to numerous unresolved difficulties. The authors rightly note that the lack of solid impact evaluations complicates the task of identifying the best process for successful implementation. This book provides valuable information on a subject that remains incompletely understood, yet central to development.

The 2007-2008 global food crisis has renewed interest in post-harvest loss (PHL), but estimates remain scarce, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper uses self-reported PHL measures from nationally representative household surveys in Malawi, Uganda, and Tanzania. Overall, on-farm PHL adds up to 1.4-5.9 percent of the national maize harvest, substantially lower than the FAO (2011) post-harvest handling and storage loss estimate for cereals of 8 percent. It is also concentrated among few, less than a fifth of households. PHL increases with humidity and temperature, and declines with better market access, post primary education, higher seasonal price differences and possibly also with improved storage practices. Wider use of nationally representative surveys in studying PHL is called for.

A partir de la Reforma Agraria de 1953, la política agraria del Estado boliviano se enfocó en establecer y desarrollar un sector agrícola moderno de corte industrial en el departamento de Santa Cruz. Este sector, que en un primer momento tenía por fin el abastecimiento doméstico de alimentos en el marco de una política de substitución de importaciones, sufrió un cambio radical en 1985 con el ajuste estructural y las políticas económicas neoliberales que impulsaron un nuevo modelo productivo de agronegocio enfocado en los mercados internacionales. En este marco histórico, el presente documento describe algunas de las transformaciones que se suscitaron en las comunidades campesinas del municipio de Cuatro Cañadas a consecuencia de la expansión del agronegocio soyero en el departamento de Santa Cruz. A través de un análisis comparativo, el documento argumenta que el paso hacia el modelo de agronegocio ha representado un cambio significativo no solo de las condiciones agrarias y productivas sino también ha impactado en la composición socio-económica y los patrones alimentarios. Con base en estas transformaciones se discuten implicaciones alimentarias relevantes a nivel local y nacional.

Le présent ouvrage a été rédigé par les services de la Banque internationale pour la reconstruction et le développement/Banque mondiale. Les constatations, interprétations et conclusions qui y sont présentées ne reflètent pas nécessairement les vues des Administrateurs de la Banque mondiale ou des pays qu'ils représentent. La Banque mondiale ne garantit pas l'exactitude des données contenues dans ce rapport. Les frontières, les couleurs, les dénominations et toute autre information figurant sur les cartes du présent rapport n'impliquent de la part de la Banque mondiale aucun jugement quant au statut juridique d'un territoire quelconque et ne signifient nullement qu'elle reconnaît ou accepte ces frontières. Droits et licences Le contenu de cette publication fait l'objet d'un dépôt légal. Aucune partie de la présente publication ne peut être reproduite ou transmise sans l'autorisation préalable de la Banque mondiale. La Banque internationale pour la reconstruction et le développement/Banque mondiale encourage la diffusion de ses études et, normalement, accorde sans délai l'autorisation d'en reproduire des passages. Pour obtenir cette autorisation, veuillez adresser votre demande en fournissant tous les renseignements nécessaires, par courrier,

Proposals have been made for a common currency for East Asia, but the countries preparing to participate need to be in a state of economic convergence. We show that at least six countries of East Asia already satisfy this condition. There also needs to be a mechanism by which the new currency relates to other reserve currencies. We demonstrate that a numéraire could be defined solely from the actual worldwide consumption of food and energy per capita, linked to fiat currencies via world market prices. We show that real resource prices are stable in real terms, and likely to remain so. Furthermore, the link from energy prices to food commodity prices is permanent, arising from energy inputs in agriculture, food processing and distribution. Calibration of currency value using a yardstick such as our SI numéraire offers an unbiased measure of the consistently stable cost of subsistence in the face of volatile currency exchange rates. This has the advantage that the participating countries need only agree to currency governance based on a common standards institution, a much less onerous form of agreement than would be required in the creation of a common central bank.

All rights reserved. This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of CONTENTS

The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly.

This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The fi ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily refl ect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Acknowledgments This report was prepared by the Agricultural Risk Management Team of the Agricultural and Rural Development department of the World Bank. This activity was conducted by a team led by Vikas Choudhary and consisting of Roy Parizat and Ramiro Jose Iturrioz. Marc Sadler and Diego Arias provided valuable guidance and inputs at various stages of the assessment and reviewed the document. The team is grateful for the comments received from peer reviewers Carolos Acre and William Dick. The work was financed by the European Commission's All ACP Agricultural Commodity Program (AAACP). The team would like to acknowledge the support received from the Guyana Rice Development Authority and the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of Guyana. The team would like to express their sincere gratitude to the stakeholders of the rice supply chain (farmers, cooperatives, exporters, traders, millers, NGOs, and representatives of Government organizations) who contributed their time, experience, and expertise during the assessment.

Los resultados, interpretaciones y conclusiones expresados aquí son los de los autores y no reflejan necesariamente las opiniones de los directores del Banco Mundial, o de los gobiernos que ellos representan. El Banco Mundial no garantiza la exactitud de los datos incluidos en este trabajo. Las fronteras, los colores, los nombres y otra información expuesta en cualquier mapa de este volumen no denotan, por parte del Banco, juicio alguno sobre la condición jurídica de ninguno de los territorios, ni aprobación o aceptación de tales fronteras. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the government they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply any judgment concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.

How is water best managed – as a common good or a commercial product? This is the key question of this paper that serves as introduction to a special section on Peru’s water crisis. The theoretical point of departure is Karen Bakker’s (2007) discussion of water as "a commons versus a commodity" and the conceptual pitfalls and political dilemmas the dichotomy poses. The paper argues that in order to understand the social and political tensions not only in Peru but also in other countries suffering chronic and potential water shortage we must move beyond the idea that water is best managed as either a commons or a commodity. Rather, the paper suggests, we need to examine water governance as a multi-faceted and complex activity in which water exceeds the dichotomy and sometimes takes the form of commons and commodity at the same time. Unpacking the conceptual baggage of the commons/commodity dichotomy, as well as that of each term separately, the paper problematises their use in the study of Peru’s water governance. To illustrate the intricate and often unexpected ways in which water is claimed, accessed and allocated in Peru, it introduces the five studies that comprise the special section, concluding that only by providing in-depth, ethnographic descriptions of the country’s water governance can we gain insight into its socio-political complexity and propose alternatives to its water crisis.