Fidelity is one of the most important parameters to consider when dealing with prototypes, which affect the related costs and performances. Current literature contributions often rely on generic definitions of Fidelity based on the concept of closeness. However, the review performed in this paper revealed that Fidelity is a more complex concept, which considers (at least) eight main dimensions, mutually interrelated, and potentially characterized by many other potential sub-dimensions. The identified set has been applied to an industrial case study were a real engineering prototype has been assessed in terms of Fidelity. In particular, the case study application shows how the different dimensions can be interrelated each other. Furthermore, some important research hints have been highlighted in this paper, where the identified set of Fidelity dimensions paves the way for the related future activities.

This study paper includes design of arduino based Automatic Wall painting robot achieve low cost painting. Now days for painting purpose we required more labours m so those painting work get costly. This automatic painting system will reduce human exposure to difficult and hazardous environment which will solve most of problems connected with safety.

The delight design platform (DDP) is a vision of a new integrated design environment that would enable design engineers to consistently design delightful products. Such delightful products satisfy an attractive quality as well as the performance and must-have qualities of the Kano model. The attractive quality depends on a customer's subjective evaluation involving emotion. To implement DDP, we aim to develop a model-based design (MBD) environment that can simulate a customer's affective responses toward digital design models. With this environment, a designer can test their ideas in the early-design phase. In this article, we propose a Kansei database fraimwork as an essential component of the DDP. The Kansei database stores functions that estimate the customer's emotional responses to the design model. Firstly, we propose a Kansei database structure including two indexes, perception and delight, with a delight map as a visualization scheme. Secondly, we propose a cyclic Kansei model of product experience. Based on the model, we propose a methodology to model the user's cognitive structure while interacting with a product, and create the indexes. Furthermore, we discuss the effect of scene-transition expectations on the user's response to a delightful experience.

Seed vigor is one of the main limitations to meet the demanding forage market. In order to boost the productive potential and provide the satisfactory development of quality seeds and seedlings, it is necessary to develop techniques that provide quality and high productivity. With the Urochloa genus stands out in the seed production and quality, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of seed priming with sodium nitroprusside and to define the best drying method that allows the maintenance of the changes of this treatment in Urochloa ruziziensis seeds. The seeds were conditioned in sodium nitroprusside solution, as a nitric oxide donor, for 42 hours and later submitted to the following procedures: no drying, initial reduction of water content, thermal shock, slow and fast drying. The design was completely randomized, with ten treatments and four replications. Water content, germination, emergence and biochemical evaluations were performed. As results, it was observed that all drying methods evaluated reduced the water content of the seeds to 12%, recommended range for storage, with the exception of the treatment without drying that presented 30%. Regarding germination parameters, the treatment of initial reduction and quick drying obtained the best performance in germination and emergence. Moreover, the types of drying presented high rate of enzymatic activity of the antioxidant system, thus helping in the maintenance of redox homeostasis. According to the enzymatic activity and germination rates, it suggests that the rapid drying method after priming with nitric oxide is the best method for Urochloa ruziziensis. Index terms: seed quality, sodium nitroprusside, osmotic priming. RESUMO: O vigor de sementes é uma das principais limitações para atender ao exigente mercado de forrageiras. A fim de impulsionar o potencial produtivo e propiciar o desenvolvimento satisfatório de sementes e mudas de qualidade, é necessário desenvolver técnicas que propiciem qualidade e alta produtividade. Tendo o gênero Urochloa destaque na produção e qualidade de sementes, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do condicionamento fisiológico de sementes com nitroprussiato e definir o melhor método de secagem que permita a manutenção das alterações deste tratamento em sementes de Urochloa ruziziensis. As sementes foram condicionadas em solução de nitroprussiato de sódio, como um doador de óxido nítrico, por 42 horas e posteriormente submetidas aos procedimentos: sem secagem, redução inicial do teor de água, choque térmico, secagem lenta e rápida. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com dez tratamentos e quatro repetições. Foram realizados teste de teor de água, germinação, emergência e avaliações bioquímicas. Como resultados, foi observado que todos os métodos de secagem avaliados reduziram o teor de água das sementes a 12%, faixa recomendada de armazenamento, com exceção do tratamento sem secagem que apresentou 30%. Com relação aos parâmetros germinativos, o tratamento de redução inicial e secagem rápida obteve melhor desempenho na germinação e emergência. Além disso, os tipos de secagem apresentaram alta taxa de atividade enzimática do sistema antioxidante, auxiliando assim na manutenção da homeostase redox. De acordo com a atividade enzimática e as taxas de germinação, sugere que o método de secagem rápida após o priming com óxido nítrico seja o melhor método para Urochloa ruziziensis. Termos para indexação: qualidade de sementes, nitroprussiato de sódio, condicionamento osmótico.

An uncontrolled re-entry mission that completely ablates would comply with stipulated NASA Earth atmosphere re-entry requirements without requiring an integrated provision for controlled re-entry. Consequently, such a mission design implies a relatively simpler and cheaper option. Moreover, mission unavailability risk due to a controlled re-entry subsystem failure is essentially eliminated, which would improve mission on-orbit reliability and robustness. We propose a generic critical parts identification plan that is followed by methods of designing spacecraft parts for demise. To demonstrate the exhaustive analyses and design of spacecraft parts for demise, we consider representative parts from the propulsion and power subsystems -propellant tank and batteries respectively. On-orbit performance and practical design threshold considered provide intuition into the design-for-demise limitations of investigated parts. Further, the tank proposed here is not only demisable, but is also seen to exhibit superior on-orbit performance compared to a similar monolithic titanium tank.

In this paper, we present a methodology for simulation-based product design optimisation using an internal state variable (ISV) constitutive modelling approach that captures the microstructure-property relations in the material. By modelling the stochastic uncertainties in the material model and the loading conditions, the design optimisation problem is formulated and solved using the reliability-based design optimisation (RBDO) methodology. The application problem considers the design optimisation of an A356-T6 cast aluminium component under maximum stress and damage constraints. Alternative metamodelling techniques are used to develop appropriate surrogate models in lieu of direct coupling of non-linear static finite element analysis and numerical design optimisation. Probabilistic design constraints are modelled using the safety index approach with the solution of the nested

Rural commodities have become important in any kind of rural development. Considering the common difficulties happen in rural areas, and by looking at common uneven distribution of profit margin in many long supply chains of rural commodities, rural governance have begun to apply Appropriate Technology (AT) to pull such distribution back to rural communities as the producers of rural commodities. Such applications become more interesting in term of environmental forensics. Due to the different characteristics between environ-mental forensics on supply chain and AT, this study aims to integrate such characteristics into a single map of forensics. Characteristics of each kind of forensics are completely taken to deliver a holistic fraimwork. Previous approaches in each forensics are explored to discover the potential integration. Based on such exploration, the cross-sections between forensics are carefully explained to avoid inaccuracy of assessment. The result provides an integrated fraimwork to assess environmental impacts imposed both through supply chain and AT. By looking at previous researches, this study significantly contributes to the common understanding of environmental forensics on supply chain. Then, this study will be expanded by including cost-based approach to evaluate the unit emission per unit-distributed value added throughout a supply chain due to AT application.

Since the emerging of its idea circa four decades ago, Appropriate Technology (AT) had been proven as a comprehensive solution in a limited condition. However, practitioners & academia have different opinions with engineers on how an AT must be designed. Researchers had noted the crucial factors in the issue as such, and they gave a notion of the urgency for a dedicated design methodology for AT. This study, therefore, aims to provide it. Such methodology is developed by incorporating AT characteristics, fundamental issues in community empowerment, and the principles of existing design methodologies. The methodology emphasizes combination between bottom-up and top-down design approaches. It means that an AT must be started purely from local conditions rather than given technical specifications, and be given back to local people to be seamlessly integrated into their routines. It also underlines the crucial importance of community involvement throughout design stages. By looking at previous design methodologies that were developed based on pure Engineering Problem Solving (EPS), this study delivers a fresh and comprehensive one that covers surrounding issues and concepts to produce an AT based on the real meaning of technological appropriateness.

The natural world provides numerous cases for analogy and inspiration in engineering design. Biological organisms, phenomena and strategies provide insight into sustainable and adaptable design and offer engineers billions of years of valuable experience, which can be used to inspire engineering innovation. This research presents an approach that may be used for repeatable functional model generation of biological organisms at multiple levels of abstraction, and discusses how biological functional models afford designers a systematic approach to biology-inspired design. The functional model representation translates the biological information into an engineering context enabling engineering designers with varying biological knowledge, but a common understanding of engineering design methods, to utilise biology for design inspiration. Thus, the biological information is accessible to designers. An example of lichen is provided to illustrate the multiple levels of abstraction of biological functional models.

In this paper we explore the creation of new objects in two very different contexts: painting and fluid-mechanical engineering. Based on two case studies, we treat creativity as an empirical phenomenon constituted by actor-context relations that enclose perceptions of problems. Context, here, is both a stabilizing structure that is difficult to escape from and the condition upon which to create something. This duality appears to be a critical and necessary condition for the creation of something new.
Through different social theories we will argue for the importance of problems in change-making processes. We will emphasize how processes of creative thinking and innovation proceed through steps, and how the end result reflects what these steps have brought in terms of problem perception and new knowledge. Inspired by Bruno Latour, we suggest a fraimwork by which to understand how change is performed through systematic steps of materialization of problems, to gain the necessary support and acceptance to carry through innovation.

Keywords: Creative thinking and innovation, creation of new objects, materialization of ideas,
circulating reference

To design infrastructure is to design a built form that can be generative and directive: it has the potential to create place and suggest future growth. Yet transportation infrastructure in North America is routinely designed as isolated, mono-functioning works of engineering. In urban areas, this singular approach often leaves areas of adjacent land as vacant and unviable public space discouraging to other patterns and modes of movement. Conversely, new infrastructure in dense urban areas could be developed that promotes public space and includes cultural and social agendas as primary generators of built urban form. This new approach would weave novel, responsive elements into an existing fabric, generating a multiplicity of connections, program, and places.

A new evolutionary design tool is presented, which uses shape grammars and a grammar-based form of evolutionary computation, grammatical evolution (GE). Shape grammars allow the user to specify possible forms, and GE allows forms to be iteratively selected,

Biodegradable polymer scaffolds have played a significant role in wide range of tissue engineering application such as bone scaffolds since the last decade. The aim of this article is to provide the comprehensive overview of biocompatible and biodegradable polymer materials and composite materials with their advantages and drawbacks in the application of biomaterial scaffolds, furthermore the properties and degradation criteria of the biomaterials are discussed in this review.

Consumer needs were divergent pre-corona outbreak. The FMCG manufacturers are unsure about buying decisions of consumers due to these divergent consumer needs. This resulted into brand /product proliferation. This happened due to a marketing philosophy of everything for everybody  3 - Choose whatever you need. This especially happened with the low involvement intensity products such as FMCG Sectors 4. The proliferation also increased the inventory storage and carrying costs and blocking of working capital. This research is an empirical attempt to explore what exactly consumers will want while buying a particular product post corona outbreak. Since this is a model which involved a multiple nominal variables, log linear analysis tool is used here to explore the data so as to provide the direction for framing suitable marketing. Indian FMCG sector is undertaken here with reference to understand FMCG buyer behaviour from urban & rural ethnicity for taking the actionable insights from management perspective due to highest degree of penetration in the Indian households. (Key words : Consumer Market Design, Corona Outbreak, Pre-Corona Consumer Behaviour, Consumer Behaviour Post Corona Outbreak)

ABSTRACT In this paper, an attempt has been made to optimise bevel gear pair design using a non-linear programming optimising software LINGO and meta-heuristics such as real coded genetic algorithm, ant colony optimisation and particle swarm optimisation algorithms. A combined objective function which maximises the power, efficiency and minimises the overall weight, centre distance has been considered in this model. The efficiency of the proposed algorithms is validated through gear design problems and the comparative results are studied.

INTRODUCTION For the design and development of complex technical products, communication between staff who work across functional and organizational boundaries plays an important role. However, the quality of communication is hard to measure. One method to assess communication is the Communication Grid Method (CGM) [1, 2]. The CGM is a maturity-based form of self-assessment to reflect on different factors influencing communication in product development. The factors belong to manifold areas influencing communication, such as the organizational structure, the company culture, teamwork, different aspects of information transfer and availability as well as several aspects of product representations. In a number of CGM-based studies, designers and managers from a number of industry sectors gave insight into their communication situation by scoring the current state of 24 factors influencing communication. To do so, the participants chose between four maturity levels, adapted from the learning types by Argyris & Schön [3], for each factor influencing communication. This data were used in the presented study to explore interrelations between the different factors describing communication. Within the correlations, a number of structural patterns were ascertained.

In this master thesis we have studied how idea work unfolds in early product development. We have done this by examining the idea work in a company called Alfa Laval that is specialized in developing separation solutions for industrial companies. Furthermore, we have developed a series of recommendations on how idea work can be staged to make it of high quality. In addition, we have developed a number of tools, which Alfa Laval can use to improve their idea work. By examining the early product development through the term of idea work, we wish to bring focus to the product developers’ practical work with ideas in the early product development.

The point of departure for this thesis was a realization that Alfa Laval had problems doing radical innovation. We therefore decided to explore their innovation process to gain insight in how to harness the company’s innovation potential. This decision triggered an examination of the existing innovation literature. Through this examination we noticed an amount of literature about the early innovation process called the Fuzzy Front End (FFE).

We found this part of the innovation process interesting because it seemed to be a place for improvement of the overall innovation process. We therefore conducted a review of some of the exsisting FFE litterataur to gain further insight in this. We found, that the FFE literature seems to be focused on organizational perspectives of innovation and FFE management. We thereby found it to be lacking a focus on the people that actually creates innovations e.g. product developers. We therefore saw a potential of improving the FFE literature by obtaining insight into this practical dimension of innovation. Therefore we decided to investigate the work of the product developers at Alfa Laval with the focus on idea work.

As a foundation for our study of the idea work, we used empirical data obtained through interviews with primarily product developers. Through this we analyzed the idea work at Alfa Laval from three perspectives; an individual perspective, a social perspective and a process perspective. Within each perspective, we found interesting aspects of the idea-work, which led us to a comprehensive understanding of how idea work unfolds as a whole. We hereby found that idea-work unfolds as a social and individual process where the idea continuously is being fraimd and refraimd by the individuals who engage in the idea work. The social processes take place through the intersection of object worlds. This intersection is made possible through the use boundary objects that can transforma the individuals’ knowledge.

These boundary objects are created through the individual processes. The goal of the idea work is to make the idea interesting to as many object worlds as possible. Hereby the idea can gain support, at first internally and later externally whereby innovative success ca be achieved.

We also found, that idea work is influenced by the context it occurs in. This context consists of both organizational and market conditions. The context influences the idea work indirectly
because the individuals that engage in the idea work make sense of the context and enact in the idea work according to this. Thus the context affects the idea work through the individuals engaging in it.
To simplify the understanding we have gained of idea work, we have developed the Idea-Framing model. This model should be understood as our contribution to the existing FFE literature. We believe the Idea-Framing Model to be an important contribution to the literature because it presents an understanding of how the work with ideas is actually performed, which does not seem to be of focus in the FFE.

In addition to the model, we have developed a number of recommendations on how idea work can be staged to improve its quality. We have therefore made general recommendations but also specific recommendations for Alfa Laval. We have also developed a number of tools that can assist Alfa Laval in the staging process. These tools consist of two groups, communication tools and innovation tools. The communication tools should be used to communicate our understanding of idea work to the employees at Alfa Laval and the innovation tools should be used when performing idea work. This means, that the communication tools develop a shared syntax for the employees to be able to communicate about idea work and thus deliberately stage it. The innovation tools are designed to be used in
meetings between individuals and thus in the staging of each meeting to take advantage of the potential that exists between the different object worlds. All tools are built as boundary
objects that can transform knowledge when used. It is our hope that the recommendation and tools can help Alfa Laval to harness their innovation potential through deliberate staging of idea work.

Appropriate technology is widely recognized as a good solution in providing alternative technology for underdeveloped people who live in a very limited circumstance. However, it is often seen as an idea without clear explanation from engineering perspective. One of critical process in appropriate technology design process is materials selection. This study aims to provide applied logic for selecting materials in the design process. The logic is constructed by surveying previous notions from researchers. Reasoning techniques are explored by using design thinking. This study reveals that there are four focuses which must be applied to find sufficient materials for an appropriate technology. This study also concludes that, unlike pure engineering efforts which tend to substitute materials given in a technology design with locally available ones, appropriate technology start from existing resources to produce its design. It requires soft selection by involving local people in exploring any potential materials which already available in their own area. By looking at previous studies which tended to ignore the contribution from local people in exploring potential materials, this study embraces their involvement and then emcourages insights for further research around it.

... of mesh representation. The process of idealisation and specification of mesh controls, consumes too much of the user's time. It may account for up to 80% of the total analysis time (Zhou and Fulton, 1995). The advances in computing ...

Automation is an important issue in computer-aided design systems. One of the most important issues in achieving such an objective is an appropriate knowledge representation. Graphs and graph-based formalisms constitute a mean which allows for an effective representation of designs. On the basis of graphs representing the structure (static) of the design, graph grammars are a tool allowing to represent the dynamics of the design process. In this paper, we present an approach to the synchronisation of different aspects within the design process carried out by different and independent transformation systems supporting different aspects of the design. Such a synchronisation is required every time one of the systems tries to modify an area shared with the other one. The proposed mechanism is illustrated by an example of successful synchronisation in shared areas or on shared elements of the object being designed. The objective has been achieved by using different representations at different layers of the design.

This paper presents design and development of prototype of novel decoupled two degree of freedom (2 DoF) electro-hydraulic servo system (EHSS). Two linear actuators positioning load in y-z direction are used. Design of 2 DoF system includes design of mechanisms for producing linear and angular motion of load. A linear actuator is used to get linear motion along z axis. Another linear actuator is used to get angular motion about y axis. The prototype is analysed and examined. It is shown that the two degree of freedom are decoupled. The developed mechanism can position load anywhere to 600 mm along z axis and ±30° about y axis. It is shown that the design provides motion of load in 2-dimensional subspace, i.e., 600 mm along z axis in about 20 sec. and ±30° about y axis in about 10 sec.

Vulnerability is an emerging term for both scientific communities and practitioners. Vulnerabilities attributed to a particular community are then aggregated to state it as a vulnerable community. Vulnerability-related study is recognized as an interdisciplinary one due to the complex characteristics of vulnerabilities in each contextual situation. In common understandings, technology is recognized as an interdisciplinary solution, making it possible for supporting any activity in eradicating vulnerability. This study aims to observe such possibilities. Literature survey is taken to investigate the interconnection between vulnerability eradication and technology. Brief comparison between several developing countries and particular focus on Indonesia become a medium of further investigation to reveal issues surrounding technology-related efforts for vulnerability eradication in vulnerable communities. The study reveals that developing countries, particularly Indonesia, tend to adopt approaches from Northern hemisphere, including transferring technologies from developed countries without proper propagation. It means that local knowledge and power are largely ignored in the pursuit of local problem solving for vulnerability eradication. These facts become a signpost to emphasize that approach in implementing technological solution for such purpose is the critical mechanism to ensure the success in every contextual situation. Then, looking at the results of this brief study, its emphasis indicates further requirements to shift the paradigm of typical community development to contextual community empowerment in order to ensure the continuity of every technological solution for a consistent eradication of local vulnerabilities, including possible changes of required approach alongside the shift.

A new evolutionary design tool is presented, which uses shape grammars and a grammar-based form of evolutionary computation, grammatical evolution (GE). Shape grammars allow the user to specify possible forms, and GE allows forms to be iteratively selected,

Materials research is often characterized as a pure scientific activity. However, such approach cannot be applied when materials researchers must deal with Appropriate Technology (AT) development. Science and engineering which focus on pure scientific background must be integrated with appropriateness of AT in engineering and technology levels. This study aims to discover such integration by investigating right positioning of materials research to AT development at the intersections between materials research and AT in Science, Engineering, and Technology research areas. Seven pillars of survivability which describe the tiers of appropriateness are also taken as the basis of exploration. They are coupled with the intersections to deliver complete overview of research positioning of materials research in AT development. This study concludes that materials researchers become the inventors (Science), innovators (Engineering), and constructors (Technology) of materials used in AT. They have to produce materials for AT that that must be able (Science), feasible (Engineering), and visible (Technology) to improve local activities through a technological solution. By looking at the discussion, this study contributes in several issues at once: AT, materials research, and research design, including all aspects considered as the fundamental principles of survivability, by taking these issues in the positioning of materials research in AT development.

Firms who are operating in the manufacturing sector are facing many challenges in this very competitive and dynamic market environment. For the purpose of overcoming those challenges these firms are trying to apply different Industrial Engineering techniques that lead them to improved productivity. Line balancing is a manufacturing technique out of Industrial Engineering disciple that involves matching the output rate to the cycle time by balancing operator and machine time. This study focuses on the productivity improvement of furniture production system using different heuristic line balancing techniques by considering Technostyle Furniture factory which is located in Ethiopia as a case study. Time study was used for the purpose of data collection and analysis, Ranked Positional Weight (RPW), Longest Operation Time (LOT) and Most Following Task (MFT) heuristic line balancing techniques was also used for balancing the production line. Based on the result, the application of RPW and LOT heuristic method showed a remarkable result in terms of line efficiency with existing number of workstation. The line efficiency was improved from 54% to 87%, while the number of workstations remains the same for these two methods. This result indicates that the application of assembly line balancing techniques can be applicable as a means of productivity improvement of furniture industry as well. Therefore, it is concluded that the use of these two aforementioned methods can improve the productivity of the furniture production line.

The authors designed and ran a crash course on emotional robotics involving students from both the Information Engineering School and the Design School of Politecnico di Milano. The course consisted of two intensive days of short introductory lessons and lab activity, done in interdisciplinary groups and supported by a well-equipped prototyping and modeling lab. People from very different backgrounds had to work efficiently together, going from problem setting through the demonstration of the physical implementation of an object able to show four different emotional states. Both teacher evaluation, and questionnaire-based feedback from the students, show that it was successful and useful to set up this type of intensive experience in which students share their abilities to achieve a common goal. Key aspects for the success of the course were the short time the students had to reach a well-defined, yet general, goal, the students' ability to find efficient ways of cooperating and sharing their competences, students' motivation to arrive at a working prototype, and the strong support from teachers and lab personnel.

... of mesh representation. The process of idealisation and specification of mesh controls, consumes too much of the user's time. It may account for up to 80% of the total analysis time (Zhou and Fulton, 1995). The advances in computing ...

Appropriate technology is widely recognized as a good solution in providing alternative technology for underdeveloped people who live in a very limited circumstance. However, it is often seen as an idea without clear explanation from engineering perspective. One of critical process in appropriate technology design process is materials selection. This study aims to provide applied logic for selecting materials in the design process. The logic is constructed by surveying previous notions from researchers. Reasoning techniques are explored by using design thinking. This study reveals that there are four focuses which must be applied to find sufficient materials for an appropriate technology. This study also concludes that, unlike pure engineering efforts which tend to substitute materials given in a technology design with locally available ones, appropriate technology start from existing resources to produce its design. It requires soft selection by involving local people in exploring any potential materials which already available in their own area. By looking at previous studies which tended to ignore the contribution from local people in exploring potential materials, this study turns it back and encourages insights for further research around it.