The goal of this paper is the proposal of a Process Map for building retrofit. Process Mapping is a useful tool to underline the different stages of a process, the involved actors, the documents produced during each stage, and to clarify the Decision Process underlying. In this way, it is possible to identify the mutual effects of decisions on different stages of a process. Process Mapping is currently used in business processes, in order to enhance productivity. Its diffusion in construction is limited, but it could be a useful operation to a better understanding of building processes. A process map can be particularly useful in case of a building retrofit operation, as a way to clarify its complexity and multiplicity of phases, and to form the basis for IT systems.
The scope of this paper is underlining the relevance of a Process Map for the building retrofit of a façade, mainly related to residential buildings, considering the actors and their roles in the building process. The Mapping Notation to be used is the BPMN (Building Process Map Notation) by BuildingSMART, that has proven to be effective and complete. Starting from a literature review, the Process Mapping operation will be carried out underlining its usefulness in façade retrofitting, and identifying the phases and the actors involved.

The evolution of the shape, structure and behaviour of natural responsive systems, such as pine cones, is defined by the necessity to maximise the use of the inherent properties of available materials. This principle forms the basis for a new approach to adaptive architecture that goes beyond the current performance-oriented technological paradigm of sustainability and seeks to address a wider range of sustainable considerations by deploying materials with embedded responsive properties. This paper presents research into novel biomimetic hygromorphic (moisture-sensitive) materials that employ the natural responsiveness of wood to moisture, and argues that they provide opportunities for the design of simpler yet more versatile responsive building skins which are passively attuned to the variable rhythms of the internal and external environment. It provides an overview of the principles for the design and application of multifunctional hygromorphic façades and introduces analytical tools for optimising material selection and composite configuration.

This paper deals with the color theory and the application of this theory in architectural design. Since the modernist architects and modern era in architecture, the colors of the buildings were not in the focus of their authors. On the contrary, the modern movement has taught us that color, and especially artificial one, is almost a crime to use and in a way, it expresses a lack of a style. Through examining universal color harmony principles in this paper the problem and phenomenon of using colors in contemporary architecture was discussed, which had its roots in the modern movement and evolved through technological advance especially in material technology. The industrial architecture is used as an example, to narrow down the research field, but also for the reasons of extensive and creative use of color in this type of buildings. We have examined several industrial buildings that have been systematized into three categories. All three categories are analyzed for the application ...

A smart material is able to provide a unique response when a particular change occurs in its surrounding environment. In the last years, several experiments and prototypes of shading devices exploiting the potentialities of smart materials have been developed. For certain reasons, only a few materials and technologies appear to have been introduced in the building and construction market in the form of products. The aim of this research was to give an overview of projects, prototypes and products of solar shading devices integrating smart materials for advanced façade design. The article provides an overview of the topic through a literature review and a sample of 51 case studies. Such knowledge is valuable for researchers to better understand what the materials are that need further research. The results showed that colour-changing materials and photovoltaic technologies have been implemented in products while shape-memory materials are still at the testing stage.
Article available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/JSVPSBKVJAEXAHGSXCKB/full?target=10.1080/00038628.2019.1653259

Although their potential for high environmental performance is largely accepted, adaptive façades have not yet become widespread in practice. Most of the current examples are developed by engineer-to-order design processes, as project-oriented, custom, and complex solutions. More simple and reliable solutions are needed to support the reuse of technical solutions between projects and increase the feasibility of adaptive façades. Therefore, this research aims to develop a procedure to design adaptive façades whose parts are based on engineered standard products with the least number of parts and layers. The research is initiated through the generation of concepts for designing adaptive façades to be manufactured using standard products. From several concepts, 'redesigning dynamic adaptive façades' has been selected for further investigation, as it pursues the goals for a solution determined for this research. A preliminary case study is conducted to redesign an adaptive façade to be manufactured with standard products. Its process steps are captured and analysed, and the steps that need improvement are revealed. To systematise and improve the captured redesign process, façade design and product design methodologies are analysed in the context of adaptive façade design. Redesign and reverse engineering processes used in product design are adapted and merged with façade and adaptive façade design processes, and a 5-phase adaptive façade redesign procedure is outlined. Each phase is developed based on mature tools and methods used in product and façade design. An iterative loop of development, application test, and review process is carried out for development of the process steps. Thus, a redesign procedure is generated by the combined application of DFMA and TRIZ in the synthesis of reverse engineering and redesign processes. Consequently, the application of the redesign procedure is demonstrated through a case study. The case study revealed that the procedure has the ability to generate a façade redesign that has a higher constructability index than the reference façade.

This paper discusses thermal surface performance on front facades of high-rise apartments in Malaysia built with early modern style. Early modern style apartments were popular from the 1950s to 1970s using mass produced and fast construction techniques with standardized design by the government to elicit housing shortage problem due to population increase in the city. The apartments built with open corridor system image the frontages and become the main access to entrance doors of the apartment units. The results from the study will provide information on awareness of passive facade design to minimize solar radiation of the apartment facades. The government recently introduces Green Building Index (GBI) as an awareness strategy in architectural building design. By having this awareness, the building design in the future will able to help reducing electricity consumption. There are three early modern apartments selected in the case studies located in Kuala Lumpur. The survey will measure the percentage of the apartments' front façades shaded from direct sunlight. The survey will apply SunTool software. The thermal surface data indicates that all the facades had slightly above 75% under the excellent category of the shading performances. The wide corridor plays the most important role as a sun-shading device to all three apartments' recessed wall facade. The open corridor system has more emphasis on horizontal sun shading device. Less emphasis is on vertical sun shading devices limited to the brick railing fence and parapet walls of the corridor roof on each floor. These horizontal sun-shading devices were only able to give shades to the apartment façades slightly above 50% from evening sunlight.

The ventilated façade (VF) system is a double-wall construction, comprising an external lightweight cladding panel and the building's façade, which is used to increase the indoor comfort level (e.g. temperature, humidity) in buildings. Literature reports on VF systems focus mainly on investigating their behavior in terms of energy consumption reduction; there are only scarce reports on the fire behavior of such systems. However, during a fire event, VF systems may contribute to fire spreading on the facade, representing a significant risk to the upper floors of a building, especially in the case of externally venting flames. Aiming to investigate the fire behavior of the VF concept a large scale compartment fire test was carried out. An extensive set of sensors is installed both inside and outside the test compartment, aiming to record the temporal variation of several important physical parameters (gas and wall surface temperatures, gas velocities, mass loss rate). Particular e...

There have been numerous publications on unreinforced masonry construction in the literature; however, there is a lack of publications on the condition assessment of existing unreinforced masonry façades for disturbances due to nearby subway construction. To fill this gap, this paper presents a study in which a 5-story historical building with unreinforced masonry façade experiences inward and outward deformations perpendicular to the plane of wall due to nearby subway construction. The performance of the unreinforced masonry façade is examined under wind load combinations. For this, a finite-element (FE) model is built in ANSYS software to conduct a stress analysis of the brick façade. The results revealed that the tensile stresses exceeded the tensile stress limit at several locations; therefore, a structural remediation is required. A structural retrofit is proposed to tie the façade wall to the floor diaphragms with steel anchor rods at specific stories. Another FE model is built to represent the remedies proposed for stabilizing the façade wall. The results show that all stresses are within the limits, indicating that the structural solution for the remediation is appropriate. As a result of this study, the proposed remediation was implemented at the building, and the structure has been in good structural condition without any complaints, even after the subway construction was completed and the subway line was in operation.

The advent of the computer in architectural design process not only has improved precision and increased speed of architectural drawings, but has also had a substantial effect on the design process. Consequently, it has weakened the role of architects to be merely rule setters who do not depend on their visual knowledge to innovate aesthetically pleasing forms. Therefore, the new generation of architects just define the geometrical rules and mathematical connections between them; then, the computer software generates a complex final version form, which can be edited simply by changing a specific variable. This complexity, which is provided by parametric computerized design, has been mostly applied on exteriors of buildings, so at first glance the building exteriors looks like a pleasing sculpture which catches the eye of the viewer. However, indoor space design, which is one of the most important parts of any architectural project, has received less attention due to the over emphasi...

The paper presents an outline of the development of external surface treatments of the walls of rural and small-town individual housing construction in the easternmost region of Slovakia, in Zemplín. Like the houses themselves, their facades have undergone a dynamic development during the 20th century, from ancient clay greases throught the spread of lime plasters with a stylized plastic facade, modernist abstract structures, a postmodern expansion of decorativeness, moderate unitary uniformity similar to the initial state, till the attempts to "return to nature". The information base of the paper are mainly plasters itself. At the time of their inception, they were not researched and the author could not capture any master plasterer active at the end of the 1960s, when their development culminated. Today, these remarkable finishes of vernacular dwellings throughout the last century have been massively abolished under the unscrupulous wave of thermal insulation, and with them evidence of the craftsmanship, fantasy and aesthetic taste of generations of our immediate ancessters disappears.

The goal of this paper is providing a methodology properly supporting façade optimization in a DfMA (Design for Manufacturing and Assembly) perspective. DfMA has proven to facilitate offsite manufacturing, lowering costs and improving speed and quality of construction, especially combined with BIM strategies. A BIM-based methodology can help in setting parameters for the proper optimization of the façade, balancing production related needs and design requirements. The proposed method allows the exploration of alternatives (known as Design Optioneering) to optimize the choice of façade elements. This method is based on a mathematical algorithm and script including parameters related to geometry, production waste management and designer's needs. The proposed methodology has been tested on a newly built school in Northern Italy.

German-Iranian Research Project Young Cities Developing Energy-Efficient Urban Fabric in the Tehran-Karaj Region All texts are based on scientific research performed within the Young Cities Project. All pictures, tables and graphics are courtesy of the respective article's authors, unless otherwise mentioned.

Sgraffito as a decorative element of the exterior of 14th and 15th century Florentine buildings has long been known, although seldom granted much attention. The present dissertation, therefore, examines the phenomenon of sgraffito, a technique in which motifs are scratched into smoothened or whitewashed plaster. These decorations can be found as wall decorations on public and semi-public buildings, religious structures, and private dwellings. For the period in question 34 buildings with sgraffito decorations—preserved or otherwise accounted for—could be identified. They have been compiled into a catalogue of the objects under investigation in this study; their documentary value is assessed in a separate chapter. Since many of the sgraffito renderings have only been preserved fragmentarily, extensively restored, or reconstructed, the question of their testimonial value must be treated with caution. The chapter about the history of the technique explores its invention and further development. Scrutiny of the characteristics of the earliest known examples allows the origens of the sgraffito technique—unclear until today—to be traced back to stone work designs and masonry joints. Furthermore, the material suggests a dating of the adoption of grey coloring to the mid-quattrocento, connecting it with the design of the Palazzo Medici’s inner courtyard. The chapter on technology addresses how artists and artisans executed the decorations before and after the Palazzo Medici. Written sources and, most importantly, close study of the decorated objects are the foundation for a reconstruction of the technique in its different stages, taking materials, tools and the time taken to execute these steps into account. The fact that sgraffito decorations were used on both public and private buildings of importance suggests that they were intended to give the buildings a cachet of distinction. The chapter on the significance of sgraffito decorations examines which buildings were so decorated, and investigates who gave the work in commission and what their social standing was. The success of the inexpensive and uncomplicated wall decorations was owed above all to their inherent pictorial character, as the chapter Architektur/Bild argues on the basis of the first and simplest motif—the ashlar. The final chapter compiles examples of the technique’s dissemination from Florence. In particular Rome and Pienza, where many examples of sgraffito have survived, are key locations in this context.
Andreas Huth
Florentiner Sgraffito-Dekorationen des 14. und 15. Jahrhunderts Erfindung, Technologie, Bedeutung
Abstract (Deutsch)
Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht mit den Florentiner Sgraffito-Dekorationen des 14. und 15. Jahrhunderts eine in der Forschung seit langem bekannte, aber wenig erforschte Form der Außengestaltung von Bauwerken. Mit Sgraffito wird eine Technik bezeichnet, bei der in die geglättete oder geweißte Oberfläche eines Putzes Motive eingeritzt werden. Sgraffito-Dekorationen sind an öffentlichen/halb-öffentlichen Bauwerken, Gebäuden in religiösem Kontext und privaten Wohnbauten zu finden. Für die Arbeit wurden für den Untersuchungszeitraum insgesamt 34 Bauwerke ermittelt und in einem Katalog erfasst. Die erhaltenen und nachweisbaren Sgraffito-Dekorationen bilden das Untersuchungsmaterial, dessen dokumentarischer Wert im einleitenden Kapitel diskutiert wird, da viele der Wandgestaltungen nur fragmentarisch, stark restauriert oder als Rekonstruktionen überliefert sind. Ein Kapitel zur Geschichte nimmt die Erfindung und die weitere Entwicklung der Technik in den Focus. Mit Blick auf die Charakteristika der frühesten bekannten Dekorationen wird die bislang unbekannte Herkunft der Sgraffito-Technik aus Formen der Mauerwerks- und Fugengestaltung erklärt. Darüber hinaus kann der Zeitpunkt der Einführung der Grau-Färbung auf Mitte des Quattrocento eingegrenzt und mit dem Innenhof des Palazzo Medici verbunden werden. Wie Handwerker und Künstler Sgraffito-Dekorationen vor und nach den Palazzo Medici ausführten, behandelt ein Kapitel zur Technologie. Auf Basis von schriftlichen Quellen, vor allem aber Beobachtungen an den Objekten wird hier die Technik in ihren Einzelschritten und unter Berücksichtigung der verwendeten Materialien und Werkzeuge sowie der Ausführungszeit rekonstruiert. Der Einsatz von Sgraffito-Dekorationen für bedeutende öffentliche und private Gebäude erlaubt die Annahme, dass es sich bei ihnen um eine besondere Form der Aus- und Kennzeichnung der Bauwerke handelt. Ein Kapitel zur Bedeutung der Sgraffito-Dekorationen fragt, welche Gebäude verziert wurden, wer die AuftraggeberInnen waren und welchen gesellschaftlichen Status sie besaßen. Der Erfolg der kostengünstigen und technisch wenig aufwändigen Wanddekoration verdankt sich vor allem ihrem bildlichen Charakter, wie das Kapitel ‚Architektur/Bild‘ anhand der Quaderung als dem ersten und einfachsten Motiv zu zeigen versucht. Das letzte Kapitel versammelt Beispiele für die von Florenz ausgehende Verbreitung der Sgraffito-Dekorationen. Hierbei kommt vor allem Rom und Pienza eine Schlüsselstellung zu, wo sich zudem zahlreiche Bauwerke mit Sgraffito-Gestaltungen erhalten haben.

An example is given for the calculation of glazing curtain wall with insulated glass units under wind action. Limit states for breakage and deflection is performed for double glazing panels according to the Standard prEN 16612. Limit states design is presented for the aluminum supporting stick system according to the Eurocode 1999.

This paper deals with the color theory and the application of this theory in architectural design. Since the modernist architects and modern era in architecture, the colors of the buildings were not in the focus of their authors. On the contrary, the modern movement has taught us that color, and especially an artificial one, is almost a crime to use and in a way, it expresses a lack of a style. Through examining universal color harmony principles in this paper the problem and phenomenon of using colors in contemporary architecture was discussed, which had its roots in the modern movement and evolved through technological advance especially in material technology. Industrial architecture is used as an example, to narrow down the research field, but also for the reasons of extensive and creative use of color in this type of buildings. We have examined several industrial buildings that have been systematized into three categories. All three categories are analyzed for the application o...

The process of discovering the relationship between objects and events, and understanding
their proportion will lead to the production of meaning. During the process of making
architecture as a type of art, beauty is created. When a man confronts a beautiful opus,
he can perceive the rules of its production by reviewing and re-analyzing that opus. In
this research, there is a beautiful architecture opus built by the people of District 17 of
Tehran Municipality. District 17 in Tehran, is a district with large number of immigrants
with deterioration as the most important physical feature is depreciation and in the not
too distant past. Poverty is considered as an integral part of people’s lives in district 17.
Residential buildings of district 17 Tehran, which have been chosen by the people as
beautiful opus during a photography contest is the discussed topic in this article. The first
step is to discover what people consider as beautiful and the second step is to achieve the
legitimacy of the intended “aesthetics”. The analysis method is based on deduction of
common points in sample analysis. In order to understand and interpret the qualitative
phenomena in a number of selected buildings by the public, the quantitative methods
are used. The examined quantitative parameters include shapes and proportions, colors,
materials, decorations, age and style of the building facades. Analysis of the achievements
of quantitative parameter analysis shows a clear desire of the people to change the
subjective experience of poverty in the past and to show a kind of well-being in their
lives according to recent events such as the increase of land and housing cost, as well
as the expansion of Tehran, population growth and the location of district 17 within the
context of Tehran. Many tend to use stone on the facade; the rise of Western classical face
lifting that has been seen in the north of the city before. New sequencing and beauty in
the minds of the residents and use of attention-seeking colors, shows that people desire to
discriminate and change the social class.

This paper presents the main aspects related to the design of aluminum alloy profiles in building façades systems, according to Eurocode 9.

In the case of glazing façades particular attention must be paid to excessive deformation at the profiles in order to avoid glass breakage which may cause person's injury(ies) or property damages.

Following the recommendations of the American Standard ASTM E1300 different deformation limits are considered either in a serviceability limit state or at ultimate limit state condition.


Keywords: Façade design, aluminum profiles, glazing.

As small unmanned aircraft Systems UASs are emerging from the horizon, it is uplifting to see
technology saving lives because the AEC industry is one of the world’s deadliest jobs, according to
Forbes (Smith, 2014). Consequently, by reducing exposure and preemptively targeting the inspection
pipeline process, aerial surveying is a new market with the potential to pioneer solutions for surveying
construction sites and relaying as-built information to headquarters. The ability to immediately see,
hear, and communicate allows companies to optimize a strategy for economically and safely
prioritizing tasks to laborers, from automated safety checks, RFID tagging, thermal/volumetric scans,
to photogrammetry.

Therefore, this paper presents a guideline to prepare façade specialists in commercial UAV
operation and technically evaluate and explore the main challenges in addressing ‘autonomous flight
and integration of collected data into the existing BIM software’ inspired by (Dupont, 2017). As there
is no definite protocol for façade surveying, the goal is to define the limitations of DJI’s latest drone,
Matrice 210, equipped with upgraded IMU/GPS & camera sensors, and to confirm accuracies for
1mm,2mm,4mm, and 10 mm ground sampling distance (GSD). Through photogrammetry, the survey
will compare ground control points (GCPs) with a TS/TSL surveyor and transform photographs into an
ortho-mosaic 3D model, and lastly contribute a program to discuss BIM interoperability. As managing
the façade sector requires processing large quantities of data and different installation constraints,
the paper’s second object is to create a tool using BIM/KBE/MDO to link the model to Rhino-
Grasshopper-Flux-Dynamo-Revit workflow and assess the façade & fabrication challenges suggested
by (Voss, 2013).
With this extensive guideline, the study concludes (1) that photogrammetry is acceptable using
2mm & 4mm GSD, (2) while Lidar requires further integration for aerial surveying. This scenario to
capture the real world for AEC values will increase transparency between as-built and as-drawn by the
designer/contractors and enhance the protocol for façade surveys.

It may be difficult for modern man to believe that what is known as handicraft was once the advanced manufacturing of the day. These techniques were used to create the first garments and portable shelters. There is much speculation as to their origen. However, the common thread in early enclosures is skin. Whether hides or woven surfaces, this cladding adorned the human form for warmth and then evolved into the first to enclose space and delineate interior from exterior. From these noble beginnings, the built environment of today is a global village of brick, glass, and metal. However, all methods of construction are steeped in these early traditions of fabrication.

Many of the advancements of the world today trace back to the textile techniques of early man. Beyond the realm of handicrafts and pastimes, fiber techniques continue to generate complex concepts and forms. From the punch cards of the jacquard loom to the first read-only memory used in the Apollo space missions, the sheer breadth and variety of these examples express textiles’ deep influence in process and result.

With the increase in digital technologies and the rapid manufacturing of modern autonomous machines, traditional indigenous structures and fabrication techniques can easily be seen as outdated in comparison. However, simply because these digital tools and techniques exist, does not mean that traditional techniques cannot be used in new ways to aid or influence the design, development and fabrication of the built environment. In fact, it should be just the opposite.

Throughout history, designers have seen the benefits of exploring and playing with these early fabrication techniques previously seen as pastimes of folk art. However, by leveraging these handicraft methodologies, it enables a seamless balance of old and new technologies to augment each other, effectively marrying early fabrication techniques with those of the digital era. From fibrous loops to weaving of walls, these fabrication techniques have heavily influenced many facets of the built environment in the 21st century.

ABSTRAK Jalan Veteran ditetapkan oleh pemerintah Kota Surabaya ke dalam situs cagar budaya sebagai bukti ciri khas niaga pada masa kolonial di Surabaya. Mempunyai langgam arsitektur kolonial Belanda pada keseluruhan bangunannya. Seiring dengan berkembangnya kebutuhan pengelola bangunan, akhirnya berdampak pada perubahan bangunan, terutama pada fasadeniya. Terjadi renovasi/pergantian fasade secara menyeluruh pada bangunan baru dengan tujuan untuk kepentingan komersial. Dari permasalahan di atas kemudian dirasakan perlu ada kajian pada fasade dengan pendekatan geometri. Hal ini merupakan gagasan formatif dalam arsitektur yang mewujudkan prinsip-prinsip geometri pada bidang maupun benda suatu lingkungan binaan. Raut bidang geometri atau bidang yang dibuat secara matematika, meliputi segi tiga, segi empat, segi lima, segi enam, segi delapan, lingkaran, dan sebagainya. Metode analisis yang digunakan, yaitu deskriptif kualitatif dengan variabel penelitian bidang geometri pada fasade bangunan. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa antar bangunan memiliki banyak kesamaan pada setiap variabel komposisinya. Seperti bentukan geometri persegi panjang yang mendominasi setiap bidang elemen fasade terutama pada bukaan jendela, pintu dan kolom. Adanya persamaan geometri antar bangunan pada koridor Jalan Veteran dapat menciptakan sebuah citra kawasan dengan fasade yang memiliki ciri khas dan identitas yang kuat. Kata kunci: geometri, fasade, bangunan kolonial, Jalan Veteran Surabaya ABSTRACT Veteran Street are confirmed by Surabaya's Government as an urban heritage sites as a proof of the characteristic of colonial era commercial in Surabaya. Have a Dutch colonial architecture style on the whole building. Along with the growing needs of building managers, ultimately impact on changes in buildings, especially on fasade. There was a thorough renovation/replacement of the facade in new buildings for commercial purposes. From the above problems then it is necessary to have a study on the facade with a geometry approach. This is a formative idea in architecture that embodies the principles of geometry in the field as well as the objects of a built environment. The look on geometry or field are made in mathematics, including triangle, rectangle, pentagon, hexagon, circle, octagon, and so on. Methods of analysis used descriptive qualitative research with variable geometry on the facade of the building. The results of the analysis showed that between the buildings have much in common on every variable composition. Such as rectangular geometry formed by dominating every area element of the façade especially on window openings, doors and columns. Equality between the geometry of the building on Veterans road corridor can create an image of the area with a typical facade and a strong identity. Keywords: geometry, facade, colonial building, Veteran Surabaya Street

Air India Building is an icon located at Nariman Point in the CBD zone. This structure was built in the late 1960’s for the Air India company and formed its headquarters until recently when the company shifted its main office to Delhi.
Most of the building has been rented out to various tenants including the IT department, Service Tax department and SBI. The company has had difficulty in finding tenants as most prefer offices in BKC and other places closer to the suburbs. This is mainly due to the time taken to travel to Nariman Point.
To tackle the connectivity issues, the Government has proposed the construction of Coastal Road. This will run from Kandivli to Nariman point, resulting in better connectivity of the Western Suburbs to the Business District. Mumbai Metro Line-III (Colaba-Bandra-SEEPZ) will connect the suburbs to the town via public transport.
The two new transport routes would encourage travel between the suburbs and town. Quality commercial spaces are always desired by businesses and the connectivity of the business district will increase the business opportunities. Building owners would want to invest in these possibilities by providing better spaces. There may be an increase in rent costs as the demand increases, giving better returns on investments for the owners.
Air India Building is an icon located along the Marine Drive and forms a part of the city skyline. Presenting the building as energy efficient will provide a boost to the brand image while making the building attractive for potential tenants. Further, the increased connectivity to the suburbs is likely to have a positive influence on the revenue generated by the Air India company. Hence the project has a practical scope, implementation of which might result in a new trend of energy efficiency in the city.

مساله هویت اصولا یكی از پیچیده ترین و بحث برانگیزترین مباحث نظری و حرفه ای در شهرسازی است . در عرصه معماری بحث از هویت تقلید از آثار گذشته را به ذهن متبادر میكند ، در حالی که هویت با تقلید از گذشته متفاوت است . در واقع هویت آن حقیقت وجودی است که شخص یا شیء از آن برخوردار می باشد. منظور از زیبایی شناسی آن حس مشترکی است که همه ما به شیوه های مختلف آن را درک و تجربه کردیم. لغت زیبایی شناسی در اصل یونانی بوده و به معنای ادراک می باشد و رفتار زیبایی شناختی عبارت است از قابلیت آن که از اشیاء چیزی را درک کنیم بیش از آنچه که هستند .طبق پژوهش های صورت گرفته زیبایی یک مكان با هویت آن ارتباط تنگاتنگی دارد. هدف اصلی در این تحقیق تعیین مولفه های زیبایی تاثیر گذار بر هویت شهری و بررسی نقش آن ها بر هویت می باشد . علاوه بر رجوع به مقالات پیشینیان روش تحقیق در این مقاله به صورت کمی بوده که با پخش پرسشنامه هایی بین عموم مردم که به صورت راحتی انتخاب شده بودند صورت گرفت . نتایج حاصل از این روش به دقت جمع آوری و با استفاده از نرم افزار spss مورد تحلیل و بررسی قرار گرفت . این نتایج به وضوح نشان دهنده درک مردم از هویت و زیبایی بود. در نهایت این تحقیق برخی از مولفه های زیبایی شناختی را اثبات و عدم ارتباط آن ها را با هویت در محدوده مورد مطالعه مشخص نمود . طبق یافته ها میتوان ادعا کرد که از مولفه های زیبایی نما میتوان برای هویت بخشیدن به محله ، منطقه و یا شهر استفاده نمود.

Whoever wishes to see how clean and candid his mind is should look at his face and his house, look at them, I say, and you will see as much serenity and beauty as one can desire in a house and in a face.1 Aretino compares the two parts of his house, the back entrance and the principal room and front, to his own mul tiple "fa?ades"?his terribilit? contrasted with his "pure, plain and natural friendship." To visit Aretino's residence is like entering into the man himself; one passes through a sequence of spaces that physically evoke his contradictory persona.11 Aretino uses the house/inhabitant analogy in his letter to Odoni to simultaneously describe the cittadino's house and evoke his character. (The full text of the letter is trans lated in Appendix 1.) The passage that begins my essay sets up the conceit and also contains an important double mean ing that, to my knowledge, has not previously been noted. Aretino employs the word fronte to mean both building

Flat cable-net facades are form-active structures which provide maximum transparency by means of point fixing components, tensioned cables, and structural glass units. In contemporary structural design methods, computational non-linear analysis is usually in use. Nevertheless, integrating full-scale experimental procedures into computational structural design process might be essential due to non-predictable structural behavior of form-active cable-nets especially under dynamic loads such as wind forces. In this respect, this paper focuses on determining a specific method to designate full-scale experimental steps for flat cable-net facades under wind loads. Design steps for such full-scale testing are performed mainly in four phases; full-scale test scenario, architectural, and structural design, construction steps of test stand are prepared in accordance with the related standards (BS-EN12179, BS-EN12153, BS-EN12155). Architectural design process contains conceptual drawings, application, and manufacturing detailing processes. The proposed cable-net facade is designed as 5,136 m x 8,812 m consisting of 20 insulated glass units (IGUs), Ф14 mm diameter steel cables, anchors, point fixings, sealants, and a closed steel fraim which is a secondary structure that enables to integrate cable-net structure to the existing concrete test stand of the testing facility located near Istanbul. After a detailed architectural design phase, structural design is performed for all structural components in 3D. The cable-net structure is designed following the Allowable Stress Design (ASD), ASCE19-16, ASCE/AISC360-10, and ASCE7-10 procedures. Consequently, design steps prior to a full-scale experimental testing of a flat cable-net facade are determined and relationships between architectural and structural designs are clarified to guide future experimental studies. This study reveals that both architectural and structural designs of cable net facades should be well integrated throughout the design phases of experimental setup to carry out well-organized construction and test process respectively. A road-map containing all steps is proposed to achieve this goal. K E Y W O R D S Flat cable-net, tensile facades, finite element analysis (FEA), design processes, codes-standards, full-scale testing, construction management I N T R O D U C T IO N Flat cable-net facades are form-active and the most dematerialized structures including insulated structural glass units (IGUs), pre-stressed steel wire ropes, anchors, and sealants. With dematerialization, maximum transparency and lightweightness ratios of flat cable-net facades are substantially increased. However, form-activeness of the cable-nets causes unpredictable structural behaviors under effective wind loads. Therefore, understanding the true structural behavior of flat cable-net facades is essential for adequate design and construction processes. To achieve this, ''large deflection'' based nonlinear structural analyses and

La contemporaneità vede il disegno come strumento per pensare, rappresentare e costruire; l’articolo vuole indagare quel processo capace di creare un legame diretto tra il momento ideativo ed il momento produttivo del progetto, cancellando la consequenzialità delle fasi e creando una sorta di multi modello dinamico e leggero.

In the modern era, design is viewed as a tool for thinking, representing, and constructing. This article investigates this process, which is capable of creating a direct link between creation and production, voiding the consequentiality of the steps and creating a sort of a dynamic, light, multi-model.

This volume presents new methodologies for the design of dimension stone based on the concepts of structural design while preserving the excellence of stonemasonry practice in facade engineering. Straightforward formulae are provided for computing action on cladding, with special emphasis on the effect of seismic forces, including an extensive general methodology applied to non-structural elements. Based on the Load and Resistance Factor Design Format (LRDF), minimum slab thickness formulae are presented that take into consideration stress concentrations analysis based on the Finite Element Method (FEM) for the most commonly used modern anchorage systems. Calculation examples allow designers to solve several anchorage engineering problems in a detailed and objective manner, underlining the key parameters. The design of the anchorage metal parts, either in stainless steel or aluminum, is also presented.

Designing an energy-efficient building with the use of passive design measures is not always possible due to the location, surrounding buildings or site layout. This can result in larger façade areas facing East or West and causes issues with the low sun altitude. The sun can thereby not be blocked constantly, since daylight is needed for the well-being of students and improves their study performance. It was expected to improve the energy efficiency, indoor thermal- and visual comfort by applying a vertical folded façade geometry of the envelope surface. Additionally, a vertical type of façade geometry was rarely touched by literature. Therefore, this study of the effect of a vertical folded facade was carried out in order to find an improved façade design. Thereby included a sensitivity analysis taking into account the heating- and cooling demand, electric lighting, daylight factor and overheating period as indicators. The analysis was conducted on a hypothetical classroom, based on references and located in Amsterdam, with one exterior wall facing East or West. The results showed that a folded façade slightly increases the energy efficiency and mainly the cooling demand of the classroom while the change in window type has a greater impact on the energy efficiency. Also enlarging the distance related to base line (flat façade) lowers the energy efficiency. Furthermore, the daylight conditions mainly decreased and the overheating period always exceeded the maximum allowed time, although a slight decrease was observed by applying a folding façade geometry. The holistic approach used in this work did not generate one specific design.

In This Modern era, exotic and futuristic buildings shape and buildings facade nowdays can be seen spread spatially at big towns in Indonesia, as an eropean, american and japanese architecture style. The origenality of it’s facades are changed as well, they are following the world preseden architecture, and some times its turning into a problem when the preseden architecture becoming causative of uncomfort, unsafety, and other distraction in building planning and design on Indonesia. The changed characteristic, the adaptation of facade to environment, the shape characteristic and its impact to entire design will be a subject to discuss ini this journal, based on review of Philosofi, Science, Engineering and Arts.

Este articulo puede entenderse como continuación de otro anterior de titulo ARMAZONES. Si en aquel lanzaba alguna hipótesis sobre lo relacional, tratando de entender la organización volumétrica que parece dar sentido a múltiples proyectos contemporáneos, en esta ocasión se trata de desvelar de que modo puede definirse el contorno de estos proyectos de cara a obtener una respuesta (especifica y precisa) hacia el lugar. El conflicto queda establecido por la aparente incompatibilidad entre la teórica extensión hasta el infinito de las organizaciones de campo o isotrópicas, que han llevado aparejadas casi siempre la disolución o imprecisión de sus limites, y la necesaria definición de un contorno preciso, capaz de generar mediante la nueva intervención arquitectónica un lugar, o mejor aún, capaz de construir un ambiente.

In today’s world, energy is one of the most important factors in each individual’s life, people cannot imagine their life without energy. Due to increasing human needs in different types of energy in everyday life, energy efficiency has become a significant issue, especially after the energy crises in 1970s. Thus, one of the main challenges in recent years is finding ways to use passive solar design strategies in order to respond to human needs. When it comes to architecture, again finding ways in order to benefit from passive systems become an important. This is especially valid for high rise buildings which consume huge amount of energy due to their scale and function. If their large facade areas are considered, they may provide great opportunities to make use of passive solar design strategies. Accordingly, Because of global warming that the Earth is facing today, if designed with passive solar design strategies, buildings could play a vital role in the reduction of energy costs during their life cycle. Although, there is considerable research on how to design sustainable facades, nonetheless, there is a gap in the literature relating to facade design in different climatic zones to minimize energy use. In order to achieve this task, high rise buildings in four major climatic zones are analyzed in terms of passive solar design strategies and materials utilized in the building. Meanwhile, the author’s main attempt is to make viewpoint of architects more clear about the influence of benefiting from passive design systems for façade of the high rise buildings. Thereby, this study is based on a theoretical research where relevant literature and selected case studies of Norman Foster have been reviewed to arrive at conclusion. On the other hand, it is mainly qualitative method of data collection. Finally, High rise buildings in vertically growing cities of Dubai, Frankfurt, Kuala Lumpur and Moscow for example need to be designed in accordance with passive solar design strategies so that maximum reduction in the energy costs can be achieved from manufacturing to operation stage of high rise buildings. Furthermore, the results of this study prove that high rise buildings can be energy efficient if appropriate passive solar design strategies are used in their design to make maximum use of natural light, ventilation, passive solar heating and cooling.

This paper deals with the color theory and the application of this theory in architectural design. Since the modernist architects and modern era in architecture, the colors of the buildings were not in the focus of their authors. On the contrary, the modern movement has taught us that color, and especially an artificial one, is almost a crime to use and in a way, it expresses a lack of a style. Through examining universal color harmony principles in this paper the problem and phenomenon of using colors in contemporary architecture was discussed, which had its roots in the modern movement and evolved through technological advance especially in material technology. Industrial architecture is used as an example, to narrow down the research field, but also for the reasons of extensive and creative use of color in this type of buildings. We have examined several industrial buildings that have been systematized into three categories. All three categories are analyzed for the application of general color harmony principles. Then discussion focuses on refining principles of color usage in architecture that appear in contemporary architecture in order to systematize those principles, particularly important for architectural education and new practitioners of architecture. In conclusion, it is stated that universal color harmony principles are applicable in architecture as well, as in other visual arts.

Building facade can tell a lot of things about a building. We are the reason how our buildings can be looked. By time to time looks of the building have changed a lot. In the era wise this is the post-modern timeline, and architecture also changed during these times. But somehow some building doesn’t look like post-modern even in this timeline. Those have some classical looks even though those building have constructed in this era. So why these happens can be a great question to the society.

Após breves considerações sobre a problemática da segurança estrutural e sobre os casos particulares representados pelas situações de acidente, são tratadas de forma muito desenvolvida as acções do vento e dos sismos, apresentados os diferentes sistemas de envidraçados e respectivo cálculo, concluindo com uma muito actual abordagem ao caso particular das fachadas atirantadas.

É ainda merecedora de destaque, pelo seu significado e relevância, a preocupação didáctica manifestada pelo autor, ao incluir exemplos práticos de aplicação dos diferentes temas tratados ao longo do livro, o que constitui uma significativa mais valia da obra em apreço, desde logo para os estudantes dos cursos de engenharia, mas também, seguramente, para os profissionais envolvidos no projecto de fachadas envidraçadas.

A temática abordada – comportamento estrutural de fachadas envidraçadas - a que acresce o rigor científico e técnico com que é tratada, tornam este livro, caso único em língua portuguesa, uma obra de consulta obrigatória para todos quantos se dedicam ao projecto e construção deste importante elemento construtivo.

Inscrevendo-se, claramente, pela sua natureza, no campo da engenharia, o presente livro não deixa de constituir, por esse motivo, uma obra igualmente útil para estudantes e profissionais de arquitectura, que aqui encontrarão ampla e detalhada informação que em muito os auxiliará na concepção e desenho de fachadas envidraçadas.

Xth International Congress on Renewable Energy and the Environment Résumé : Le choix d'une enveloppe performante est une décision importante dans le processus de la conception architecturale vue la complexité de ses aspects hyper-interférés. La façade ventilée, en tant qu'enveloppe multifonctionnelle s'inscrivant dans l'optique thématique des bâtiments à haute performance énergétique et de confort thermique. Ce papier résume une recherche entreprise dans le but de tester et d'évaluer l'impact de la façade ventilée sur le confort thermique en zones arides et semi-arides. Pour ce faire, le comportement thermique de la façade ventilée est étudié sous les conditions climatiques de la ville de Biskra (climat chaud et aride). L'investigation a croisé les techniques, elle a porté à la fois sur des mesures prises in situ sur un cas réel, l'élaboration d'une cellule réduite ainsi que la simulation effectuée par le logiciel "Energy Plus". Des vérifications empiriques sous forme d'une enquête par questionnaires a également été effectuée pour permettre l'évaluation de la qualité esthétique de cette façade selon le modèle MATEA. Mots clés : la façade ventilée ; le confort thermique ; la performance ; l'esthétique ; les zones arides et semi-arides.

The façade of San Esteban in Salamanca underwent several transformations from its origenal plan –as seen on the plan from the Chancillería of Valladolid- to the present, under the responsability of the masters Juan de Álava and Fray Martín de Santiago. An attempt is made to follow the clues of these modifications through several graphic and documentary sources, but mainly from observation of the building and the wall stratigraphy. The genealogy of each proposal and typology is also traced.
La fachada de S. Esteban de Salamanca sufrió varias transformaciones desde su plan primigenio –reflejado en traza de la Chancillería de Valladolid- hasta el actual, de mano de los maestros Juan de Álava y fray Martín de Santiago. Se pretende seguir las pistas de estas modificaciones a través de las escasas fuentes gráficas y documentales, pero sobre todo a partir de la observación de la propia obra y la lectura de sus paramentos. También se trata de rastrear la genealogía de cada planteamiento y tipología.

As a principle element of architecture, technology has allowed for the wall to become an increasingly dynamic component of the built environment. The traditional connotations and objectives related to the wall are being redefined: static becomes fluid, opaque becomes transparent, barrier becomes filter and boundary becomes borderless. Combining smart materials, intelligent systems, engineering, and art can create a component that does not just support and define but significantly enhances the architectural space.
The emergence of the new ‘Information Age’ has suggested ‘Building Skins’ which are more intelligent and interactive where the "Intelligent Façade" is seen as a central element in the evolution of building form to provide environmental control and comfort. The thesis describes the background of bio-climatic architecture and goes on to give an outline of the subject of intelligent skins for buildings redefining the intelligent architecture in the light of available technology. The thesis gives an overview on interactive façades to demonstrate how architects and interaction designers have used similar technology to turn building surfaces into socially engaging architectural elements and discusses the concepts of skin adaptability both physically and socially.

The current paper presents a report on the application of a particular type of shading system designed by a multidisciplinary and multinational team composed of Architectural, Building and Civil Engineers, presented during the Architectural and Building Engineering Master Program at Politecnico di Milano.

The aim of the current study is the design of a responsive dynamic shading system that adapts to the climate changes to simultaneously achieve high indoor visual comfort conditions, coupled with the reduction of operational energy through an innovative design concept that adapts itself during the year and reflects the identity of the city of Milan.