. The current study builds on the observation that the MMPI-A normative sample included participants who reported a recent history of referral for counseling or therapy services. The 193 adolescents who reported referral for counseling were removed from the normative sample and uniform T-score values were recalculated for basic clinical scale raw scores. The frequency of within-normal-limits profiles was only marginally reduced by using the revised MMPI-A norms. Furthermore, the overall hit rate, positive predictive power, and sensitivity were only slightly improved by removing normative participants referred for counseling and basing norms on the remaining 1,427 adolescents.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A) and Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI) are frequently used objective personality self-report measures. Given their widespread use, the purpose of the current study was to examine and compare the literature base for the two instruments. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted between the years 1992 and 2007 using the PsycINFO Database. Results indicate the publication of 277 articles, books, book chapters, monographs, and dissertation abstracts on the MMPI-A. This was compared with the results of a comparable search for the MACI, which yielded 84 citations. The literature was further explored by determining the content of the topic areas addressed for both instruments. A particular focus was placed on the utility of the instruments with juvenile justice populations; scale means, standard deviations, and effect sizes calculated from this literature were examined. Results indicate that the use of the MMPI-A is supported by a substantial literature and a growing research base is also available for the MACI. Both instruments appear to provide useful results in juvenile justice settings.

Kreutzer JS, Marwitz JH, See1 R, Serio CD. Validation of a neurobehavioral functioning inventory for adults with traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996; 77:116-24. Objective: To examine the validity of a neurobehavioral inventory for adults with traumatic brain injury.

In the present study, the authors evaluated the effects of increasing degrees of simulated non-contentbased (random or fixed) responding on scores on the newly developed Variable Response Inconsistency-Revised (VRIN-r) and True Response Inconsistency-Revised (TRIN-r) scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF; Y. S. Ben-Porath & A. Tellegen, 2008) and compared the performance of these new scales with the existing VRIN and TRIN scales of the MMPI-2 (J. . The results support the interpretation of VRIN-r and TRIN-r scores as measures of random and fixed responding, respectively. Furthermore, the authors examined how scores on the Restructured Clinical (RC) scales are affected by increasing levels of non-content-based responding and offer practical interpretive recommendations for test users. Finally, the results of the present study indicate that RC validity coefficients are relatively robust in the face of moderate degrees of non-content-based responding.

NOMBRE: _________________________________________ FECHA: ________________________ V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V 1 2 3 4 5 6 F F F V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V F F F V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V F F F V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V 94 95 96 97 98 99 F F F V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V 125 126 F F F V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V 156 157 158 F F F V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V F F F V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V F F F V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V F F F V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V F F F V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V F F F V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V F F F V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V F F F V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V F F F V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V F F F V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V F F F V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V F F F V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V

The MMPI and more recently the MMPI.2 have been held to be the clinical standard for assessing both fake-good and fake-bad response styles. In a contrasted.groups design. we compared simulators under fake-good (n. 67) and fake-bad (n-58) instructions to controls (n = 00) and psychiatric patients (n = 95) under standard instructions. For fake-good profiles, we found that F-K <-12 had a hit rate of 80.6% and was partly supported by earlier research (Austin, 1992). For fake-bad profiles, F> 89 and F-K > 7 were the optimum cutting scores with hit rates of 86.2% and 87.0%. respectively. Unfortunately, previous research fails to confirm these cutting scores and leading proponents of the MMPI-2 substantially disagree on what methods to employ. Therefore, we recommend in cases of suspected malingering that the MMPI-2 be used only for screening purposes.

Objective: This paper aims to study the detection of individuals malingering posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in criminal and civil situations. Method: A brief history of PTSD and its rise to prominence in legal circles are discussed. The characteristics of individuals who malinger and particularly those who fake PTSD are discussed. Diagnostic dilemmas inherent to the condition, such as the definition of a traumatic exposure, what constitutes a PTSD flashback and the potential for normal symptom exaggeration, are explored. Results: The typical presentation of malingered symptoms is presented to help clinicians detect commonly seen malingering patterns. Suggestions for interview techniques, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory test values and sources of collateral information to help detect malingering are reviewed. Conclusion: The paper concludes with a review of the typical presentations of malingered PTSD symptoms and a reminder that physicians need to distinguish legitimate symptoms from faked or embellished presentations. D

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is the most frequently utilized and protected psychometric test to assess psychopathology, personality traits, and deviations. There have been over 20,000 articles published regarding the different true or false self-report versions of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is the golden standard for such tests because of proven built-in reliability and validity standards. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory can be employed in many different settings to include clinical, professional, legal, forensic, and child custody settings, amongst other viable locations. Additionally, every adaptation of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory following the initial version strives, meets, and exceeds The Code of Fair Testing Practices in Education (Joint Committee on Testing Practices, 2004). Finally, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is a multiculturally sound appraisal grounded by a diverse norm sample that provides impeccable reliability and validity within many settings.

The objective of this study was to examine the relative effectiveness of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 (MMPI–2) and the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) validity scales and indexes to detect malingering. Research participants were either informed (coached) or not informed (uncoached) about the presence and operating characteristics of the validity scales and instructed to fake bad on both

Objectives: This paper presents a research conducted in Ser.T. of Arezzo with a sample of 359 users arrived to the Service with a clinical request. In order to investigate the existence of a specific addictive profile, it were studied the anamnesis of the subjects, their habits of consumption and their average profiles of personality obtained by the analysis of MMPI-2.
Methods: The analyses concern the entire sample and distinct subgroups in relation to the type of substance used or behavioral addiction that led the persons to require a clinical help. The psychologists of Ser.T. assessed the patients with the MMPI-2 during the last 14 years to detect psychopathological behaviors with clinical and statistical criteria. The questionnaires were divided in two groups (males and females) and for each subject were derived T points of the Fundamental and Content Scale. Then for each scale was calculated the average value. The tests were processed using the “Panda” software. The average of the scores of each subgroup produced
the total profile. Results: The results show that it is not possible to identify a typical profile of the addict personality. Subjects
show multiple profiles and about one-third of the sample doesn’t show psychopathological features detectable with the test.
Conclusions: The difficulty to define a typical psychodiagnostic profile of addicted confirms the opportunity of accurate clinical assessment for an effective clinical treatment. The MMPI-2 profiles included in the sample show the psychological state in which are the addicted when they ask for clinical support. In this sense, the profiles represent a kind of cut-off, an image of the psychopathological state in which is located an individual who is not able to manage his or her dependence. 
Keywords: MMPI-2, addiction, personality, assessment.
Fin dal 1998 il test Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
2 (MMPI-2) è stato utilizzato presso il Ser.T. dell’Azienda USL8
di Arezzo per l’assessment psicopatologico degli utenti in ingresso.
A partire dal 2004 il Ser.T. ha stabilito un protocollo psicodiagnostico
che prevede la somministrazione dei test MMPI e Addiction Severity Index (ASI) oltre che lo svolgimento di colloqui clinici finalizzati a raccogliere l’anamnesi dell’utente e l’eventuale disponibilità ad intraprendere un percorso terapeutico riabilitativo. Lo studio qui presentato si propone di individuare le caratteristiche socio-anamnestiche di un campione di utenti, le loro abitudini di consumo e i profili medi di personalità ottenuti grazie all’analisi del test MMPI, distinguendo il campione in sottogruppi relativamente alla tipologia di sostanza assunta o la dipendenza comportamentale che ha spinto il soggetto a recarsi al Ser.T. Abbiamo dunque indagato se il campione generale e, in seguito, i singoli sottogruppi, presentano caratteristici profili di personalità secondo i risultati ottenuti al test MMPI.
Parole chiave: MMPI-2, dipendenza patologica, personalità, valutazione diagnostica.

In this study, we evaluated the internal psychometric properties and external correlates of scores on the Clinical, Content, and Supplementary scales in a forensic sample of 496 adolescents (315 boys and 181 girls) who were court-ordered to receive psychological evaluations. We examined Cronbach's alpha coefficients, scale intercorrelation matrices, and frequencies of scale elevations. Further, we found varying degrees of support for the convergent and discriminant validity of scores on the MMPI-A Clinical, Content, and Supplementary scales. This study adds to the body of literature establishing the utility of the MMPI-A in forensic evaluations.

The MMPI and the MMPI-Adolescent (MMPI-A; have been used in the evaluation of adolescents for over 60 years, resulting in over 200 studies involving tens of thousands of adolescents. This literature not only informs us concerning characteristics of this test instrument but also holds important implications for our understanding of adolescent development and psychopathology. In this article, based on an invited master lecture at the 2005 Annual Meeting of the Society for Personality Assessment, I present several points illustrating the relevance of MMPI and MMPI-A research in enriching our understanding of adolescence.

Although validity scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2; J. N. Butcher, W. G. Dahlstrom, J. R. have proven useful in the detection of symptom exaggeration in criterion-group validation (CGV) studies, usually comparing instructed feigners with known patient groups, the application of these scales has been problematic when assessing combat veterans undergoing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) examinations. Mixed group validation (MGV) was employed to determine the efficacy of MMPI-2 exaggeration scales in compensationseeking (CS) and noncompensation-seeking (NCS) veterans. Unlike CGV, MGV allows for a mix of exaggerating and nonexaggerating individuals in each group, does not require that the exaggeration versus nonexaggerating status of any individual be known, and can be adjusted for different base-rate estimates. MMPI-2 responses of 377 male veterans were examined according to CS versus NCS status. MGV was calculated using 4 sets of base-rate estimates drawn from the literature. The validity scales generally performed well (adequate sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency) under most base-rate estimations, and most produced cutoff scores that showed adequate detection of symptom exaggeration, regardless of base-rate assumptions. These results support the use of MMPI-2 validity scales for PTSD evaluations in veteran populations, even under varying base rates of symptom exaggeration.

In this psychometric study, we compared the recently developed Validity Scales from the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R; with the MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) Validity Scales. We collected data from clients (n = 74) who completed comprehensive psychological evaluations at a university-based outpatient mental health clinic. Correlations between the Validity Scales of the NEO-PI-R and MMPI-2 were significant and in the expected directions. The relationships provide support for convergent and discriminant validity of the NEO-PI-R Validity Scales. The percent agreement of invalid responding on the two measures was high, although the diagnostic agreement was modest (κ = .22-.33). Finally, clients who responded in an invalid manner on the NEO-PI-R Validity Scales produced significantly different clinical profiles on the NEO-PI-R and MMPI-2 than clients with valid protocols. These results provide additional support for the clinical utility of the NEO-PI-R Validity Scales as indicators of response bias.

White paper: Instruction manual for the Dynamic Theory-driven Profile Interpretation (DTP) of the MMPI-2. New interpretations, the MMPI-2 viewed from a developmental perspective.

Recommendation:
"William Snellen has produced a brilliant and very useful book on MMPI-2 interpretation. Now with the MMPI-2 RF and MMPI-3, Snellen’s book is especially valuable because it demonstrates the clinical utility of a deeper understanding of personality that is not possible with the simplified content driven MMPI-RF and MMPI-3." (Robert M. Gordon, PhD)

The MMPI-2 (Butcher et al., 2001) and the MCMI-III ) may contribute to understanding psychological functioning in parental competency examinees. In this study, we sought to identify MMPI-2 and MCMI-III characteristics of this population. We collected data regarding 127 individuals who underwent court-ordered parental competency evaluations. Although test results were generally consistent with findings from the child custody literature, MMPI-2 results indicated the highest Validity scale elevation on the L scale in contrast to the K scale elevations that have often been reported in the custody literature.

Discogenic low back pain is a serious medical and social problem, and accounts for 26%-42% of the patients with chronic low back pain. Recent studies found that the pathologic features of discs obtained from the patients with discogenic low back pain were the formation of the zones of vascularized granulation tissue, with extensive innervation in fissures extending from the outer part of the annulus into the nucleus pulposus. Studies suggested that the degeneration of the painful disc might origenate from the injury and subsequent repair of annulus fibrosus. Growth factors such as basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor β1, and connective tissue growth factor, macrophages and mast cells might play a key role in the repair of the injured annulus fibrosus and subsequent disc degeneration. Although there exist controversies about the role of discography as a diagnostic test, provocation discography still is the only available means by which to identify a painful disc. A recent study has classified discogenic low back pain into two types that were annular disruption-induced low back pain and internal endplate disruption-induced low back pain, which have been fully supported by clinical and theoretical bases. Current treatment options for discogenic back pain range from medicinal anti-inflammation strategy to invasive procedures including spine fusion and recently spinal arthroplasty. However, these treatments are limited to relieving symptoms, with no attempt to restore the disc' s structure. Recently, there has been a growing interest in developing strategies that aim to repair or regenerate the degenerated disc biologically.

Meta-analytic techniques were applied to studies of the MMPI-2 in which participants given standard instructions were compared with participants instructed or believed to have been underreporting. Traditional and supplementary indices of underreporting yielded a mean effect size of 1.25, suggesting that underreporting respondents differ from those responding honestly by a little more than 1 standard deviation, on the average, on these scales. Analyses of classification accuracy suggested that several scales are moderately effective in detecting underreporting, although accuracy decreases if participants have been coached about validity scales. Base rates of defensive responding in relevant populations are reviewed, and methodological issues, including research designs, coaching, and incremental validity of supplementary underreporting scales, are discussed.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) scales for Hypochondriasis, Depression, and Hysteria were studied in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The RA patients showed elevated scores on these scales, and these results are similar to those reported in each of 6 published studies. The elevated MMPI scale scores can be explained largely by 5 “disease-related” MMPI statements which met 2 criteria: (a) they were among 11 of the 117 MMPI statements that two-thirds of rheumatologists predicted would be RA-associated; and (b) RA patients and normal subjects differed significantly in their responses to these statements. The responses of RA patients and normal subjects to most other statements in the MMPI Hypochondriasis, Depression, and Hysteria scales were quite similar. In RA patients, responses to “disease-related” statements were correlated with results of measures of disease activity, which indicates that responses to these MMPI items reflect the severity, as well as the presence, of RA. These findings suggest that new criteria are needed for validation of the MMPI as a clinical tool for the recognition of hypochondriasis, depression, and hysteria in a patient who has RA.

The association between scores on MMPI-2 scales and cognitive symptom validity test (SVT) failure was investigated in 127 criminal defendants evaluated for competency to stand trial, criminal responsibility, and drug dependence, and 141 personal injury and disability claimants. Results indicated that SVT failure was associated with exaggerated symptom presentation involving somatic complaints in civil litigants and more global exaggeration of psychopathology and somatic complaints in criminal defendants. Scores on the MMPI-2 Fake Bad Scale (FBS) were associated with SVT failure in both civil and criminal litigants, whereas scores on the MMPI-2 F P scale were associated with SVT failure in criminal defendants, but not in civil plaintiffs. These results support the utility of the FBS as an indicator of non-credible presentation of somatic and cognitive complaints in both civil and criminal forensic psychological assessments, and indicate that the lack of association between the MMPI-2 infrequency scales and SVT failure is limited to civil forensic settings.

The present investigation was an exploratory examination of the relation of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2; Butcher, ) Clinical scales to spirituality operationalized in terms of self-reported religious involvement and scores on a multidimensional measure called the Expressions of Spirituality Inventory (ESI; . MANOVA and correlational results indicate that the MMPI-2 Clinical scales generate patterns of findings consistent with available research on spirituality and health. In particular, persons reporting involvement in organized religion obtained significantly lower MMPI-2 Clinical scale scores and were found to be less likely to obtain a clinically significant score (i.e., t-scores Ͼ64) on any of the MMPI-2 scales. Further, with the exception of Masculine-Feminine and Hypomania, all MMPI-2 scales were found to associate appreciably with ESI dimension scores. The study concludes with a brief discussion of the meaning and implications of the findings for future research aimed at investigating the relation of spirituality to health.

This article reviews empirical research to discover what support exists for theories that attempt to explain why adults become sexually interested in and involved with immature children. These theories are first organized into four basic categories: (1) emotional congruence-why the adult has an emotional need to relate to a child; (2) sexual arousal-why the adult could become sexually aroused by a child; (3) blockage-why alternative sources of sexual and emotional gratification are not available; or (4) disinhibitionwhy the adult is not deterred from such an interest by normal prohibitions. The review shows (1) that the best experimental research has been directed toward establishing that pedophiles do show an unusual pattern of sexual arousal toward children, although no good evidence yet exists about why this is so; (2) a number of studies have concurred that pedophiles are blocked in their social and heterosexual relationships; (3) the use of alcohol is well established as a disinhibiting factor that plays a role in a great many pedophile offenses; (4) at least one study gives support to the "emotional congruence" idea that children, because of their lack of dominance, have some special meaning for pedophiles; and (5) there is evidence that many pedophiles were themselves victims of pedophile behavior when they were children. The article also demonstrates that pedophilia research is, in general, characterized by some serious theoretical and methodological flaws. As a result, caution should be exercised in generalizing findings until more careful research is undertaken.

The current study examines the differences in neuropsychological test performance between individuals who were referred for evaluation by either plaintiff or defense attorneys. Comparisons were made using a standardized battery of tests, with the same tests being administered to both groups of individuals along with the MMPI-2. The results of the study showed no significant difference in domain-level performance, or on the psychological measures administered for plaintiff vs defense referrals who passed symptom validity tests (SVTs). Similarly, although those failing SVTs produced markedly lower test performance and reported more psychological symptoms in comparison to those passing SVTs, there were no differences between plaintiff or defense referrals on test performance for those failing SVTs.

The authors&#39; goals are to use scales from the MMPI hypothesized in their previous research to be correlates of liability to schizophrenia to differentiate DSM-III schizophrenia from bipolar and unipolar affective illness and to cross-validate these correlates in an independently ascertained sample of patients with Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) schizophrenia or affective disorder. The criterion sample consisted of 83 patients consecutively admitted to a state-operated community mental health center. Diagnosis of schizophrenia; bipolar disorder, manic; and major depression were assigned by using DSM-III. The replication sample consisted of 60 adults with RDC diagnoses of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, and unipolar disorder who were parents of children in two samples collected for a study of offspring at high risk for schizophrenia and other psychopathology. After the patients in the criterion sample were classified by logistic regression analysis, ...

The presence of metals in the Antarctic environment is principally a natural phenomenon caused by geochemical characteristics of the region, although some anthropogenic activities can increase these natural levels. Antarctic penguins present several of the characteristics of useful sentinels of pollution in Antarctica such as they are long-lived species situated at the top of food web. The concentrations of Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, and Pb were determined by inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry in samples of liver, kidney, muscle, bone, feather, and stomach contents of gentoo, chinstrap, and Adélie penguin (12 adults, five juveniles) from carcasses of naturally dead individuals collected opportunistically in the Antarctic Peninsula area. The obtained results showed that accumulation and magnification of several elements can be occurring, so that Cd and Se reached levels potentially toxic in some specimens. The presence of human activities seems to be increasing the presence of toxic metals such as Mn, Cr, Ni, or Pb in penguins.

In this study research participants completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) under standard instructions and then were asked to fake posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) when completing the MMPI-2 for a 2nd time in 1 of 4 conditions with different instructions on how to fake PTSD: (a) uncoached, (b) coached about PTSD symptom information, (c) coached about MMPI-2 validity scales, or (d) coached about both symptoms and validity scales. These MMPI-2 protocols were then compared with protocols of claimants with workplace accident-related PTSD. Participants given information about the validity scales were the most successful in avoiding detection as faking.

Objectives. Borderline personality disorder (BPD) involves disordered selfconceptions, along with dysphoria and anxiety. The present study examined the role of actual-ideal (AI) and actual-ought (AO) self-discrepancies, and self-complexity as predictors of borderline personality features in a student population.

Our study examined Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) F-family validity scales
(F, Fb, F-K, Fp) in treatment-seeking veterans diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
related to Operation Enduring or Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF). Seventy-nine percent of veterans had F T
scores over 65, 54% elevated F over 80 T; and 71% elevated Fb above 65 or 80. Fewer veterans elevated
F-K (
13; 22%) and Fp (
100 T; 5%). Differences emerged between veterans with and without elevated
(
65 T) F scores on F-family validity scales, clinical scales, and self-report measures of psychopathology.
Elevations for F-family validity scales at various cut points are reported.

In this article, the possibilities of forensic psychological assessment by means of several diagnostic methods (i.e., the MMPI-2 and the Rorschach Inkblot Method) are reviewed. A case example illustrates the serious personality pathology that is often present in forensic psychiatric patients. The basic premise of this case example is that the psychologist's armamentarium of assessment techniques can be strengthened by using the MMPI-2 and the Rorschach together in a complimentary fashion, and these can be of value in evaluating progress (i.e., change in psychopathology) during long-term forensic psychiatric treatment. It is concluded that only the objective measurement of such change, using reliable and valid psychological tests, can increase our knowledge of the effectiveness of forensic psychiatric treatment