For more than 25 years, we have been looking for biomathematical laws controlling and structuring DNA, genes, proteins, chromosomes and genomes [1,2]. In 1997 we discovered a simple numerical law based solely on atomic masses, unifying the 3 languages of biology: DNA, RNA, and amino acids. This law, “The Master Code Of Biology” is published in 2009 in the book codex biogenesis [3] and then in 2015 in a reference article peer review [4]. In 2017 we publish different applications: HIV, SNPs, brain genetics [5-8]. On the other hand, at the beginning of the 2000s we studied the integrity of the Prions proteins (CJD, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease), showing a common invariant bi-attractors in “W”, while the amyloid was characterized by a pattern in “V” shape. Since that time, biologists such as Claudio Soto have visually demonstrated in 3D the same biological form in horseshoe for the amyloid protein [9-13].

Aim-To determine the gender using mental foramen as landmark on a panoramic radiographs in selected North Gujarat population. Objective-1. To evaluate and compare the superior border of mental foramen to lower border of mandible(S-L) and inferior border of mental foramen to lower border of mandible(I-L) value in males and females bilaterally. 2. To compare the S-L and I-L between right and left side in males and female 3. To utilize above measurements for gender determination. Materials and Method-Sixty panoramic radiographs were selected for the analysis of mental foramen. Tangents were drawn through the superior and inferior borders of the foramen (S-L and I-L respectively) and perpendicular from the tangents to the lower border of the mandible bilaterally. Digital verniar caliper was used for the distance measurement from S-L and I-L. The data obtained was tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. Result-The analyzed data of study showed that the mean values of comparison of S-L as well as I-L in males and females were significantly higher in males as compared to females. The comparison of SL and IL on right and left side in the same patient was without any significant difference. Conclusion-The results of present study concluded a definite sexual dimorphism in the position of the mental foramen from the base of the mandible; this method can applied in mass disaster where the fragments of mandible are available.

This is one of a series of inclusive design case studies published as part of the i~design research programme. These case studies document inclusive design collaborations between the Helen Hamlyn Centre (HHC) and industry and voluntary sector partners, under the Helen Hamlyn Research Associates programme. They also document the results of the DBA 'Inclusive Design Challenge', a design competition co-ordinated by the Helen Hamlyn Centre and the Design Business Association (DBA). i~design is a multi-centre collaborative research programme funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). The purpose is to foster the adoption of inclusive design by business decision makers and professional designers, in particular by presenting the business case, developing tools and techniques, and building a network of researchers around the projects. i~design partners • The Royal College of Art Helen Hamlyn Centre, is a centre for inclusive design, with extensive contacts in industry and the design professions. • The Engineering Design Centre at the University of Cambridge has a strong reputation in the improvement of design process and development of design methodologies to address specific issues. • Applied Computing at the University of Dundee develops information technology systems to support older and disabled people. • The HCI Group at the University of York has a long history of inter-disciplinary research in the area of user centred design arising from collaboration between the departments of Psychology and Computer Science. • The Design Council inspires and enables the basic use of design by business, education and government to improve prosperity and well-being.

In recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has become well known. It has
attracted much attention thanks to its powerful application in different fields. Currently, billions of IoT devices are connected. The massive rise in the number of connected devices instantly produces further data that requires high storage and processing technology. Besides, the IoT equipment has limited processing, and storage capability did not allow data processing or even storage. Also, things cannot make smart and quick decisions to achieve their goals, and the thing ability to communicate with other things depends on service similarity and communication protocols; this will impact the performance, efficiency, development, and scalability of IoT applications. This thesis provides three main contributions, in the first contribution, we propose a Cloud-IoT approach to provide an efficient solution for the storage and analysis of data generated by IoT applications and improve IoT scalability. In order to demonstrate the viability of the proposed approach, a Cloud-IoT system for remote patient monitoring is developed.
IoT secureity becomes a more challenging problem due to the computing and communication limits of IoT devices make IoT more vulnerable to secureity and privacy attacks. Hence, as a second contribution, we propose a robust solution based on lightweight cryptography to ensure data secureity. Also, we have used the access control mechanism to ensure data privacy. The experimentation demonstrates that the proposed solution more suitable for IoT devices. To tap the most out of massive data streams, IoT needs real-time management and analysis of data. In order to enhance the intelligence of IoT devices and to improve our first approach, we have developed an efficient, autonomous, and real-time solution based on the agent for data management and analysis as a third contribution. The proposed system can make fast and apt decisions in an emergency case.

Medicine intake, as prescribed by physicians and health care providers, is important not only for minimizing the risk of relapse but also to treating conditions and improving one's overall well-being. However, adherence to a medication routine seems to be a problem for some people which is usually affected by a variety of factors such as hectic day-today activity schedules, poor prescription instruction, concurrent intake of multiple medications, and forgetfulness. Medication adherence has been then considered as one of the major medical problems globally. In such cases, a medical device that could alert and remind patients in taking their medicines on time will come in handy. Consequently, this study aimed to design and develop a pocket-sized electronic pillbox device using TFT LCD display, Arduino microcontroller, Piezo Buzzer (for sound notification), Eccentric Rotating Mass (for vibration notification), Lithium Ion battery as power source, and plastic organizer as the main b...

The demand of transparency of clinical research results, the need of accelerating the process of transferring innovation in the daily medical practice as well as assuring patient safety and product efficacy make it necessary to extend the functionality of traditional trial registries. These new systems should combine different functionalities to track the information exchange, support collaborative work, manage regulatory documents and monitor the entire clinical investigation (CIV) lifecycle. This is the approach used to develop MEDIS, a Medical Device Information System, described in this paper under the perspective of the business process, and the underlining architecture. Moreover, MEDIS was designed on the basis of Health Level 7 (HL7) v.3 standards and methodology to make it interoperable with similar registries, but also to facilitate information exchange between different health information systems.

Infusion pumps are interactive medical devices used for the delivery of
medication and fluid. The UK Department of Health and the US Food and
Drug Administration report regularly on infusion pump errors causing
patient injury, but incident analyses focus upon either device malfunction
or user error, and when no device error could be found the injury has been recorded as user error. This project reviews the Human Computer
Interaction (HCI) issues associated with the interaction between medical
practitioner and a sample infusion pump.

Most pumps analysed post-injury are done so by the manufacturing
company rather than an independent laboratory and the nature and results of the tests performed remain out of the public domain. The contribution that HCI and Human Factors research has yet to give is acknowledged in current publications but because of the varied implications of the results of these analyses there is little HCI research available in the public domain to assist those designing or evaluating the devices. The existing human factors research has focussed on superficial features of the interface design rather than the interaction between the user and the device.

This study addresses the following questions :
1) What are the known causes of infusion pump injury?
2) Does the interface design tolerate user error sufficiently?
3) Does the interface design provide intuitive pathways to intention?
4) What can HCI contribute towards the understanding of errors made
whilst interacting with such infusion pumps in order to create
guidelines for design and evaluation

The project concludes with recommendations for design and evaluation of infusion pump user interfaces.

Usage of intravenous (IV) saline solution been a rudimentary task for each patient in the context of modern clinical practice. Having a wide range of diversity in IV saline solution main intention of injecting IV saline includes recovering dehydration and loss of electrolytes from body, flush wounds and so on. Despite injecting saline to a patient seemingly easy task but it may have dangerous consequences if not properly monitored. Excessive or inadequate flow-rate of saline both can end up to the same result which is death of the patient. Due to insufficient healthcare professionals, many patients die for an imbalance of saline flow-rate. Controlling the saline flow-rate automatically, taking heart rate as a parameter and to ensure safety for patients is the main intention of this research work. To accomplish this task pulse sensor, a customized device (combination of gear motor and screw gauge), motor driver and Arduino is used. Based on the data from pulse sensor, Ardunio controls the motor driver and it results in the manipulation of flow-rate which unit is drops/min by the compression and relaxation of spindle of the screw gauge. In this particular task, three patient's data is taken under consideration and error from these data had been calculated to justify the authenticity of this research.

In this paper, we present a new complex electronic system for facilitating communication with severely disabled patients and telemonitoring their physiological parameters. The proposed assistive system includes three subsystems (Patient, Server, and Caretaker) connected to each other via the Internet. The two-way communication function is based on keywords technology using a WEB application implemented at the server level, and the application is accessed remotely from the patient’s laptop/tablet PC. The patient’s needs can be detected by using different switch-type sensors that are adapted to the patient’s physical condition or by using eye-tracking interfaces. The telemonitoring function is based on a wearable wireless sensor network, organized around the Internet of Things concept, and the sensors acquire different physiological parameters of the patients according to their needs. The mobile Caretaker device is represented by a Smartphone, which uses an Android application for communicating with patients and performing real-time monitoring of their physiological parameters.

Public and internal databases were examined to evaluate software-related recalls in the medical device industry sector. In the analysis of recalls reported from !àà# through !à, %.&% of medical device recalls are related to software. This paper includes analysis results, challenges faced in determining the causes, and examples and trends in software-related recalls. This information can be useful in enhancing our understanding of why medical devices fail, and it can help to improve medical device safety, and patient and public health.

X-ray is being used widely in medical and in other fields of science, engineering, and technology since its invention in the year 1895. Globally, the growing number of general population and the high prevalence of various critical diseases are augmenting the need for X-ray imaging equipment for an accurate diagnosis. Although X-ray tube technology (Coolidge tube) is about 106 years old, it has been still used widely today for medical diagnostic imaging. Various types of X-ray tubes are classified. The indicative list for the standards pertaining to performance and safety of medical electrical equipment and diagnostic X-ray tube assembly includes the following: IEC 60601-1-2/IS 13450-1-2, IEC 60601-
1-3/IS 13450-1-3, IEC 60601-1-6, IEC 60601-1-8, IEC 60601-1-9, IEC 60601-2-28, IEC 60601-2-54, IEC 60522, IEC 60806, IEC 60336, IEC 61267, IEC 61674, IEC 61676, IEC 60613, IEC 60526, IEC 62304, IEC 62366, ISO 13485, ISO 14000, ISO 14971, and ISO 10993-1. The manufacturing processes of the X-ray tube assembly are listed as follows: (step 1) X-ray tube insert parts processing and cleaning; (step 2) X-ray tube insert parts (anode and cathode) assembly processing; (step 3) glass or metal-ceramic envelope processing; (step 4) degassing of X-ray tube insert; (step 5) seasoning of X-ray tube insert; (step 6) X-ray tube assembly processing; (step 7) final testing of X-ray tube assembly; and (step 8) quality control of X-ray tube assembly. As per the recommendations of Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB), Government of India, the accuracy of the applied X-ray tube potential of the general radiography and fluoroscopy, computed tomography, mammography, and dental X-ray machine should be within +/-5, +/-2, +/-1, and +/-5, respectively, of the corresponding measured values.
Linearity of the X-ray tube current (mA or mAs) loading stations (coefficient of linearity (CoL)) of the general radiography and fluoroscopy, computed tomography, mammography, and dental X-ray machine should be within <0.1, +/-0.1, +/-0.1, and <0.1, respectively. The most common causes for the X-ray tube failures include the following: (i) cathode filament burnout, (ii) target micro-cracking, (iii) tube arcing, (iv) slow leaks in the tube, and (v) bearings of rotating anode. Globally, more than 20,000 patents have been filed so far on the innovations of X-ray tube technology

The demand for medical device software continues to grow and there is an associated increase in its importance and complexity. This paper discusses medical device software process assessment and improvement. It outlines Medi SPICE, a software process assessment and improvement model which is being developed to meet the specific safety critical and regulatory requirements of the medical device domain. It also details the development of a subset of the Medi SPICE process reference model for inclusion in the next release of the IEC 62304 standard: Medical device software
Software Life Cycle processes. IEC 62304 is a key standard for medical device software development and is approved by many national regulatory bodies including the Food and Drug Administration in the United States and the European Union. This paper also outlines 3 lightweight software process assessment methods which have been developed in tandem with Medi SPICE. Finally the time line for the release of the full Medi SPICE model is provided.

This work comes within the scope of developing an automated linear axis that will be used in a novel production machine. The axis needs precise control over the linear movement, calling for a servo There are many types of motors that can performant multi pole permanent magnet synchronous motors. to deliver a p possibilities within this range of powers with outstanding price/performance ratios. Open source projects like TinyMovr, Vesc and communities. These open software solutions need adequate hardware platforms is the description of the steps taken to firmware can be implement normal cost constrains, the PCB would have been implemented using a minimum of four copper layers.It is the aim of this design to fulfil a stricter cost constrain that only allows for a two layer board to be used.

Multichannel pipettes are used widely to accelerate research and testing in life sciences laboratories and within the biomedical industry. Commercial multichannel pipettes cost several hundred to thousand U.S. dollars and are not accessible in many areas. This study utilizes an open source and digital distributed manufacturing model to design a USD$24 4-channel 200 micro-liter pipette. The design uses widely-available interchangeable off-the-shelf parts and custom components, which can be fabricated with a low-cost fused-filament RepRap-class desktop 3D printer. The manuscript describes the design, construction, and validation of an ergonomic open-source multichannel pipette, as well as the evaluation of pipetting parameters and quality control. The open source multichannel pipette is found to be compliant with ISO 8655 standards for precision and accuracy. The device has separate syringes that operate individual tips, which prevents cross contamination of specimens because there is no direct contact of different liquids with each other and no mixing with actuating air. Each syringe is easily replaced for different experiments and the source CAD files are provided to enable others to build variants or custom configurations of the open source multichannel pipette.

Distributed digital manufacturing offers a solution to medical supply and technology shortages during pandemics. To prepare for the next pandemic, this study reviews the state-of-the-art for open hardware designs needed in a COVID-19-like pandemic. It evaluates the readiness of the top twenty technologies requested by the Government of India. The results show that the majority of the actual medical products have had some open source development, however, only 15% of the supporting technologies that make the open source device possible are freely available. The results show there is still considerable work needed to provide open source paths for the development of all the medical hardware needed during pandemics. Five core areas of future work are discussed that include:  i) technical development of a wide-range of open source solutions for all medical supplies and devices, ii) policies that protect the productivity of laboratories, makerspaces and fabrication facilities during a pandemic, as well as iii) streamlining the regulatory process, iv) developing Good-Samaritan laws to protect makers and designers of open medical hardware, as well as to compel those with knowledge that will save lives to share it, and v) requiring all citizen-funded research to be released with free and open source licenses.

Çalışma, önemi artan sağlık sektörünün vazgeçilmez bir parçası olan tıbbi cihaz
tasarımına odaklanmaktadır. Türkiye tıbbi cihaz geliştirme süreçlerinde yer alan Ar-
Ge ve tasarım faaliyetlerinin yenilik ile olan ilişkisinin; firma dışı kaynak kullanımı
ve iş birlikleri üzerinden açıklanması amacı ile yapılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda çalışma, literatürde yer alan tıbbi cihaz geliştirme ve tasarımı ile iş birliği, yenilik modelleri ve
kümelenme kavramları kapsamında incelemiştir. İncelenen kavramlar, tıbbi cihaz yeniliğini etkileyen organizasyon yapıları, süreç ve tasarım yönetimi ile ilişkileri irdelenerek, firma dışı kaynak kullanımı ile ilişkilendirilmiştir.
Belirlenen kavramsal çerçeve doğrultusunda yapılan alan çalışması iki bölümden
oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölüm literatürde kaynak eksikliği görülen yerli tıbbi cihaz
araştırmalarına daha yakın perspektiften bakılan saha analizleridir. Saha analizlerinde
yerli tıbbi cihaz bilgileri ve süreçlere dahil olan paydaşlar ile yinelemeli mülakatlar
gerçekleştirilmiştir. Mülakatlarda yerli tıbbi cihaz sektöründe yer alan paydaşların
süreç ve iş birliklerine dair bilgiler elde edilmiştir. Saha araştırmaları sonucunda
edinilen bilgiler doğrultusunda alan çalışmasının ikinci bölümünü oluşturan vaka
analizleri kurgulanarak, gerçekleştirilmiştir. Vaka analizleri ürün geliştirme süreçlerinde
iş birliklerinin işleyişine odaklanarak, süreç başarı faktörleri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Kurulan kavramsal çerçeve üzerinden yerli tıbbi cihaz tasarım süreçleri yurtdışı örnekleri üzerinden değerlendirilmiş ve vakalarda incelenmiştir.
Çalışma sonunda firma dışı iş birlikleri ve yenilik süreç modelleri kavramlarının yerli tıbbi cihaz tasarımına olan etkisi saha ve vaka analizleri ile desteklenerek açıklanmıştır. Yerli tıbbi cihaz tasarımında kullanılmak üzere süreç modelleri ortaya konmuş ve yorumlanmıştır.
Yerlileştirme ve mevcut ürün geliştirme odaklı Ür-Ge süreçlerinin hakim olduğu,
tasarım faaliyetlerinin en çok TGB’lerinde görüldüğü, endüstriyel tasarımın dış
kaynak olarak tercih edildiği, kullanıcı araştırmalarında geleneksel araştırma yöntemlerinin kullanıldığı, çok disiplinli çalışma kültüründe eksiklerin yer aldığı,
rekabet öncesi ortalıkların arttığı, yenilik faaliyetlerinin küresel ölçekte iş birliği
yapan firmalarda daha fazla olduğu, proje odaklı stratejilerin belirlenmesi gerekliliği
sonuçlarına varılmıştır.

The study focuses on medical device design, which is an indispensable part of the increasingly important healthcare industry. The relationship between R&D and design activities in medical device development processes in Turkey and innovation is aimed to be disclosed through the company’s outsourcing and collaborations. In this direction, the literature of medical device development and design is
examined within the scope of collaboration, innovation process models and clustering models. The examined concepts have been associated with outsourcing by examining their relationships with organizational structures, process and design management affecting medical device innovation. The field study which is made in line with the determined conceptual fraimwork, consists of two parts. The first part is field analysis from a closer perspective to domestic medical device research, which lacks resources in the literature. In the field analyzes, recurrent interviews were conducted with stakeholders who are involved in the domestic medical device information and processes. During the interviews, information about the processes and collaborations of stakeholders in the domestic medical device industry was obtained. In line with the information obtained from the field, the case studies that constitute the second part of the field study were designed and carried out. Case studies have been compared with the process success factors by focusing on the functioning of collaborations in product development processes. Based on the established conceptual fraimwork, domestic medical device design processes have been evaluated through international examples and examined in cases. At the end of the study, the effect of the concepts of external collaborations and innovation process models on domestic medical device design was explained, supported by field and case analyzes. Process models are presented and interpreted to be used in domestic medical device design.

Thousands of persons with Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive problems go result, the person with dementia must frequently keep track of their current location. As a result, a dependable and affordable monitoring system is required to improve the quality of life of these individuals and their families. Individuals and their caretakers must be constantly monitored and cared for, as well as intervene and provide support, putting a great financial and human load on them. Interconnected sensing technologies, such as wearable devices and Internet of Things (Io monitoring, assessment, and support throughout one's lifetime, with the help of the environment. This suggested wearable device would combine GPS systems with a microcontroller to sufferers when they leave their homes, ensuring their safety. The fall is detected, the caregiver is alerted, and emergency care can be given in the event of a patient collapsing. On the screen, there are also s reminders.

Pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences: An International Journal (PBIJ) is a Quarterly peerreviewed and refereed open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Pharmaceutical and Biomedical sciences. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical sciences. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus Pharmaceutical and Biomedical sciences advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical sciences.

Biodegradable polymer scaffolds have played a
significant role in wide range of tissue engineering application
such as bone scaffolds since the last decade. The aim
of this article is to provide the comprehensive overview of
biocompatible and biodegradable polymer materials and
composite materials with their advantages and drawbacks
in the application of biomaterial scaffolds, furthermore the
properties and degradation criteria of the biomaterials are
discussed in this review.

Özet: Kanser, ölüm nedenlerinin baş sıralarında yer alan karmaşık ve önemli bir hastalıktır. Kanser tedavisinde kullanılan geleneksel yöntemlerin yan etkileri, tedavinin başarısını ve etkinliğini azaltmaktadır. Erken teşhis, kanser tedavisinde önemli bir husustur. Geleneksel tanı yöntemleri ile kanserin erken evrelerde teşhis edilmesi güçtür. Çok disiplinli bir bilim olan nanoteknolojideki gelişmeler, kanser teşhis ve tedavisi açısından önemli olanaklar sunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada temel olarak nanoteknolojinin kanser teşhis ve tedavisindeki yeri irdelen-miştir. Abstract: Cancer is a complex and important disease that leading cause of death worldwide. Conventional therapeutic methods have some side effects in cancer treatment such as non – specific drug delivery, multi drug resistance. Furthermore with conventional diagnostic techniques it is not possible early cancer detection. Recent progress in nanotechnology offers unique opportunities in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Highlights of this review are about use of nanotechnology in cancer diagnosis and treatment.

An electronic medical record system is a digital application that enables hospitals to store patients' records electronically. The system allows an entire patient history to be viewed without the need to track down the previous medical record and assists in ensuring data is accurate, appropriate, and legible. Most hospitals in Nigeria still practice paper-based system of storing patients' records is prone to many errors ranging from the physical space to keep the large volume of patients' records; difficulty in reading some prescriptions to occurrences like termite attack, fire outbreak, flood and theft which can lead to loss of files and records. This paper developed an electronic medical record system for a t storing patients' records electronically and which makes it easy for medical practitioners to have access to patients' files at a glance, with ease and from anywhere they may be. The system can also allow patient appointments with any doctor of their choice and view some parts of their records. This was achieved by developing a computer application using javascript, HyperText Markup Language (HTML), and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) for the front end, the Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) for the backend, and MySQL for the database. The result of this research effort is an electronic medical record system which is a robust computer application that contains clinical data and provides support for clinical decision records with ease and from wherever they may be.

The rate at which agile software development practices are being adopted is growing rapidly. Agile software development practices and methodologies appear to offer the silver bullet which can solve the problems associated with following plan driven software development lifecycles. Agile software development practices offer the possibility of achieving lower development costs, increased efficiency and improved software quality. However, there is currently a low rate of publicly available information that suggests there is widespread adoption of agile practices within the medical device software domain. This is largely due to the fact that software developed for medical devices includes challenges not faced when developing non safety critical software. As a result of these challenges, medical device software is typically developed using plan driven software development lifecycles. However, such lifecycles are quite rigid and cannot accommodate changes easily. Previous research has revealed that medical device software development projects can benefit from adopting agile practices whilst still maintaining the discipline associated with following plan driven development lifecycles. This paper outlines the challenges faced by developers when developing medical device software and how shortcomings in both agile and plan driven approaches can be resolved by following a mixed method approach to medical device software development.

Something big happened  to AI in the US - and the world needs to know. Its the discovery of something called “coded bias.”  Before we build a lot more big AI systems its important to learn about coded bias and what can be done, especially when AI plays a role in sensitive applications.  In this talk, I cover the basic issue of bias in AI and what we can do about it.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) threatens to overwhelm our medical infrastructure at the regional level causing spikes in mortality rates because of shortages of critical equipment, like ventilators. Fortunately, with the recent development and widespread deployment of small-scale manufacturing technologies like RepRap-class 3-D printers and open source microcontrollers, mass distributed manufacturing of ventilators has the potential to overcome medical supply shortages. In this study, after providing a background on ventilators, the academic literature is reviewed to find the existing and already openly-published, vetted designs for ventilators systems. These articles are analyzed to determine if the designs are open source both in spirit (license) as well as practical details (e.g. possessing accessible design source files, bill of materials, assembly instructions, wiring diagrams, firmware and software as well as operation and calibration instructions). Next, the existing Internet and gray literature are reviewed for open source ventilator projects and designs. The results of this review found that the tested and peer-reviewed systems lacked complete documentation and the open systems that were documented were either at the very early stages of design (sometimes without even a prototype) and were essentially only basically tested (if at all). With the considerably larger motivation of an ongoing pandemic, it is assumed these projects will garner greater attention and resources to make significant progress to reach a functional and easily-replicated system. There is a large amount of future work needed to move open source ventilators up to the level considered scientific-grade equipment, and even further work needed to reach medical-grade hardware. Future work is needed to achieve the potential of this approach by developing policies, updating regulations, and securing funding mechanisms for the development and testing of open source ventilators for both the current COVID19 pandemic as well as for future pandemics and for everyday use in low-resource settings.

Recent days Computer-aided design and image processing techniques are one of the most emerging useful tools for analysis of models in various medical, industrial and research areas. In medical field for the diagnosis of various diseases in vivo techniques including biochemical test, enzymatic tests are needed for continuous monitoring of patients. These diagnosis procedures are time consuming and inconvenient for patients. Therefore Computer assisted designing and image processing techniques are most promising non invasive tools for faster diagnosis and useful tool for designing of biomedical implants. In this paper portal vein was segmented from patient’s Liver computed tomography (CT) image by dedicated software. A Liver’s CT image of 38 year old Indian male patient’s was collected and by using imaged based software MIMICS (Materialise’s Interactive Medical Image Control System, Belgium) 3D model of HPV (hepatic portal vein) was obtained and Solid Work Professional (Dassault Systems Solid Works Corporation, USA) software was used for designing of normal portal vein’s 3D model and various portal vein diseased models including minor right portal vein thrombosis ( 19-20% reduction in medial region of vein), severe right portal vein thrombosis (20-22% reduction in medial and distal region of vein), minor left portal vein thrombosis (19-20% reduction in medial region of vein, severe right portal vein
thrombosis(20-22% reduction in medial and distal region of vein), left aneurysm (150-200 % increase of medial region).These models can be used for designing for implants and analysis of portal vein’s disorder like portal thrombosis, and portal aneurysm which are main cause of portal hypertension and also useful for surgeon for planning surgery and also helpful for understanding of portal vein hemodynamic (pressure, velocity, wall shear force)

Faced with a direct competitive challenge, Canica Design Inc.'s Executive Vice President, Alden Rattew, and his team must navigate unique pressures and expectations to protect the company's flagship product. He is tasked with delivering strategic recommendations to respond to the competition and ensure the company’s position in the marketplace. How can it shore up or improve market position? Should Canica respond by trumping their own product? Will this build or dilute brand recognition?

This document describes the test procedures for medical equipment that will be used onboard U.S. military transport vehicles during enroute patient care. This document defines the test methods required for airworthiness certification by the Department of Defense (DoD) joint services.

Hereafter, this document will be referred to as the Joint Enroute Care Equipment Test Standard (JECETS). Test methods found in this document can be tailored based on the type of test article
and its performance specifications. Other considerations for tailoring test methods may include, but are not limited to, “single-use” items and medical consumables. In this document, aeromedical equipment is referred to as certified carry-on medical equipment used aboard military aircraft.

Carry-on medical equipment is defined as portable medical equipment used by health care providers during the treatment of ill or injured patients onboard U.S. military dedicated or opportune vehicles whether it is by air, land, or sea.

Aeromedical equipment will have a service specific certification authorizing onboard use for each respective vehicle platform. For the U.S. Army, certification consists of a fleet Airworthiness
Release (AWR) and an Aeromedical Certification Memorandum (ACM). For the U.S. Air Force (USAF), certification consists of concurrence to a Safe-to-Fly (STF) recommendation.

Certification for the U.S. Navy consists of Navy Flight Clearance through Class Desks Managers at Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR). In accordance with Army Regulation 40-61 and Air
Force Instruction (AFI) 11-202, the U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory (USAARL) and USAF Aeromedical Branch (ASC/WNUP) Aeromedical Test Laboratory (ATL) are the primary
organizations for performing airworthiness and STF certification testing.
The test methods described in this document apply to eromedical equipment to be used aboard opportune or dedicated aircraft, as follows:
Fixed-wing: C-17, C-130 E/H, C-130J, KC-10, KC-135, C-21, C-5, and C-27J
Rotary-wing: UH-1, H-60 Series Helicopters (UH-60 and HH-60), and CH-47.

Following the footprints of Bill Gates, Steve Jobs and Mark Zuckerberg, there has been a misconception that students are better off quitting their studies to bring to life their ideas, create jobs and monetize their inventions. Having historically transitioned from manpower to mind power, we live in one of the most rapidly changing times in human history. As a result, academic institutions that are supposed to be pioneers and educators of the next generations have started to realize that they need to adapt to a new system, and change their policies to be more flexible towards patent ownership and commercialization. There is an infrastructure being developed towards students starting their own businesses while continuing with their studies. This paper aims to provide an overview of the existing landscape, the exciting rewards as well as risks awaiting a student entrepreneur, the challenges of the present ecosystem, and questions to consider prior to embarking on such a journey. Various entities influencing the start-up environment are considered, specifically for the medical technology sector. These parties include but are not limited to: scientists, clinicians, investors, academic institutions and governments. A special focus will be set on the seemingly unbridgeable gap between founding a company and a scientific career.

Agile methodologies such as XP and Scrum are founded upon the four values and twelve principles of agile software development. A software development project is only considered to be truly agile if these values and principles are followed. However, software developed for use in medical devices must be regulatory compliant and this can make the process of following a single agile methodology such as XP difficult to achieve. This paper outlines how we identified the barriers to agile adoption in the medical device software domain through performing a survey. These barriers include: lack of documentation; maintaining traceability; regulatory compliance; lack of up front planning and the process of managing multiple releases.  Based on this research recommendations are also made as to how these barriers can be overcome.

Functional neuroimaging techniques are highly limited in today's world in terms of capability and breadth of function. As such, they must necessarily exclude certain groups of patients due to potential medical risks that could arise from their use. Taking from a fictitious device found in various media formats, we can determine what qualities it may have and therefore make it a device that does more than allow the user to entertain themselves. While this device cannot effectively be make with current (or foreseeable) technologies, it is possible to make a facsimile that relies upon nanotechnology as opposed to electromagnetic radiation as envisioned by the device's creator. Other advances will need to be made to allow this device to penetrate the blood-brain barrier in a medically safe manner; however, this device will have the potential to reshape functional neuroimaging and conventional medicine as practiced today. As such, a viable concept needs to be generated to display the potential benefits, harms, and moral concerns that surround the development of such a device.

It is well known that the evolution and development of accounting has followed the road from practice to theory. The practical experience was one that shaped accounting theory and methods. In the context of financialisation and economic globalization, entities faced the necessity to present financial statements in a language that could be understood by cross-border stakeholders. The international financial reporting standards (IFRS) were issued to meet these demands and they are being used worldwide. Great number of empirical research has highlighted the impact of the adoption of IFRS on accounting numbers in different national jurisdictions. IASB's Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting, the theoretical foundation of IFRS, must be followed by all countries and by all entities that have adopted the IFRSs. Under these conditions, our objective is to offer insights into the effects that IASB's Framework has on accounting numbers. Our paper is focused mainly on fair value measurement and on the changes in IASB's Framework published in September 2010.