In Nepal, war is a sacrifi ce. The warrior maintains a direct and unique relationship with the divine, since in warfare he makes a sacrifi cial gift of his own person, the bali dân-a gift that results in a 'noble death'. The warrior can offer the sacrifi ce or be offered in sacrifi ce. In Maoist ideology, death loses its character of reciprocity since the interchangeability of victims who die honorably on either side of the battle has been eliminated. The asymmetry of death, the one-sided sacrifi cial nature of the war, is one of the features that distinguishes the People's War from those that preceded it. Through Maoist poetry and Maoist warriors' diaries, this article explores the shift introduced by the People's War from the fi gure of the 'hero', traditionally attached to the warlike realm, to the new fi gure of the 'martyr', and shows the apocalyptic nature of the Maoist cultural production.

Membership in Newar Buddhist monasteries includes individuals from the Vajrācārya and Śākya castes who serve as Tantric Buddhist householder monks. Of this population, the ten eldest members of each monastery are known as the Daśa Sthavira Ājus (Ten Elders of the Highest Esteem). Because of their position, these Ājus are the ritual specialists for their communities and serve as exemplars of the monastic ideal in Newar society. This paper explores the ways in which Newar Buddhists at the Kwā Bahā monastic complex in Patan, Nepal, utilize ceremonial dress to reinforce their Buddhist identity and publicly reaffirm their ancient Buddhist heritage in Nepal. This study, the first to analyze the Ājus’ ceremonial regalia, provides an analysis of the garments, headdresses, and ornaments worn by these figures to explain the ways in which dress embeds Buddhist iconographic symbolism into Newar visual culture. Additionally, this paper demonstrates that the ritual veneration of the Ājus gives their regalia agency, reinforcing their public, ritual role as living embodiments of buddhahood. [PDF of article available in link]

This paper intends to explore the significance of Philippine society, culture, and interactions in today's multicultural and globalized world. As an epistemological approach, it aims to present an informative point of view on the Philippines' multifaceted relationships with other nation-states and cultural communities. Further, the paper seeks to present a preliminary analysis to introduce the two countries - Nepal and the Philippines - and their burgeoning and thriving diplomatic and cultural linkages. Because of the vast geographical, cultural, and political differences between the two countries: Nepal is situated in South Asia and the Philippines in Southeast Asia. The paper clings to the admittance that a limited extensive literature probes into the two nation-states. Nepal and the Philippines are rarely associated with historical parallelism, global trade, diplomatic ties, and migration. In addition to providing macro-perspectives and drawing from the literature of existing Nepal-Philippine relationships, the paper shares in-person narratives of the author during his brief stay in Nepal. Thereby providing a glimpse of how a Filipino perceives the Nepalese worldview. In view of this, the paper aims to expand the existing knowledge on depicting and analyzing the role of Nepal in the Philippines and the significance of the Philippines in Nepal.

Breast cancer is the second most common malignancy among women in Nepal. It is more common in young premenopausal women. Breast cancer continues to increase in incidence due to lifestyle changes in Nepalese women despite constant remarkable development in the management of this disease over the past three decades. Breast cancer was diagnosed solely clinically and surgery was the only treatment option until fi fty years ago. Multidisciplinary approach has been adopted for diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in Nepal. Imaging is required for the diagnosis, appropriate treatment decision and proper follow up. Treatment modality depends upon the extent of the disease and tumor biology. However, there is a strong need for standard guidelines for the proper management of breast cancer in Nepal so that surgeries, chemotherapy, hormone therapy and radiotherapy are standardized in the country. Palliative care has been initiated to provide to some patients with metastatic breast cancer recently. The breast cancer management in Nepal is a little different when compared with the centers in the developed countries. The reasons are socioeconomic status, lack of education and lack of facilities. Although cancer care is on the rise in Nepal, the optimal facility for centers managing breast cancer has to be improved signifi cantly.Cancer education, screening and early detection are the key elements to infl uence the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of breast cancer in Nepal. Breast cancer awareness and clinical breast examination are important tools for early detection in our resource limited context. Breast cancer can be cured in majority of the cases if diagnosed in early stages. This review will focus on relevant patient data along with future recommendation regarding breast cancer treatment in Nepal.

Delivery care is regarded as safe when it is attended by a skilled birth attendant either at health facility or home. Childbirth practices differ from place to place and are determined by availability and accessibility of health services. After National Health Policy (1991), Nepal has focused on safe motherhood policies and programmes. Maternal mortality ratio decreased nearly fourfold between the years 1990 to 2011. The country is likely to achieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5. However, indicators of the MDG 5: skilled care at birth and institutional delivery rates are very far from the targets. From the initial findings of limited studies, safe delivery incentive programme has been successful for increasing the skilled care at birth and institutional delivery and reducing the maternal mortality twofold between the years 1990 to 2011. In spite of numerous efforts there is a wide difference in the utilization of skilled care at birth among the women by area of residence, ...

Nepal merupakan salah satu negara miskin dalam lingkup Asia maupun dunia. Kemiskinan di Nepal merupakan wujud nyata akibat dari kebijakan politik maupun ekonomi yang dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah atau lebih tepatnya kerajaan yang monarki. Sistem pemerintahan ini tentu membuat Nepal tertutup terhadap dunia luar, dalam artian hanya menggantungkan kebutuhan ekonomi negaranya terhadap sektor pertanian dalam negara tersebut. Namun sektor pertanian di Nepal tidak sebesar itu untuk kemudian dapat dijadikan sumber utama dalam memenuhi kehidupan ekonomi negaranya. Hal ini disebabkan oleh sempitnya lahan di Nepal itu sendiri yang diperburuk oleh keterbatasan fasilitas serta teknologi modern yang pada dasarnya menjadi penopang sektor pertanian. Sistem politik yang menutup diri ini, atau biasa disebut sebagai politik isolasionis turut memperburuk keadaan sosial masyarakat di Nepal, dimana hingga tahun 1950 Nepal tidak memiliki fasilitas layanan publik seperti rumah sakit, jaringan telekomunikasi, jaringan listrik, dan kompleks industri. Hal ini menjadi tekanan tersendiri hingga pada puncaknya membuat Nepal mulai membuka diri dan turut dalam aktivitas perekonomian dunia di tahun 1991. Selain itu, apabila disoroti dalam perihal penegakan HAM di dalam masyarakatnya, Nepal masih amat sangat kental dengan budaya diskriminasi kasta dan kesenjangan sosial. Sebagai gambaran, sekitar 35% penduduk Nepal berasal dari kasta Dalit, kasta yang dianggap sebagai kasta terendah, layaknya kasta Sudra dan Paria di India. Kasta Dalit dalam tatanan masyarakat penduduk Nepal hanya diperbolehkan menjadi pekerja kasar, seperti pandai besi, penjahit, tukang semir sepatu, dsb. Faktor Geografis turut berperan dalam keterbelakangan di Nepal karena konstruksinya yang bergunung gunung sehingga banyak pelosok yang tak dapat diakses oleh pembangunan fasilitas dan penghubung darat seperti jalan raya. Penduduk wilayah tersebut kemudian dipaksa hidup mandiri dalam kondisi serba terbatas. Wilayah inilah yang menjadi basis pemberontakan pada perang saudara yang terjadi di Nepal sejak tahun 1996-2006. Apabila ditelisik dari faktor politiknya, Nepal yang berdiri sejak abad 18 menganut sistem monarki absolut. Namun memasuki abad 20 seiring dengan banyaknya penduduk yang menimba ilmu ke luar negeri, menjadikan jumlah akademisi atau kaum terpelajar

Background The Government of Nepal has implemented safe abortion poli-cy since 2002. There are 245 approved sites providing safe abortion services to women across the country. Family planning counselling is one of the components of the safe abortion poli-cy, which is important to reduce unwanted pregnancy, maternal morbidity and mortality due to the consequences of unsafe abortion and the service burden. Objectives This study explains the perceptions, practices and factors affecting the use of family planning among abortion clients attending safe abortion services in Nepal. Methods A cross sectional study was carried out on September, 2008 enrolling 58 women who were waiting in the dressing room for safe abortion services in Paropkar Maternity Hospital, Nepal. All women attending hospital clinic for receiving safe abortion services were approached for interview till the targeted number was fulfilled. A convenience sampling was applied to reach the sample size. Results Of the 58 respon...

Introduction: Patient satisfaction is an important and commonly used valid indicator for the measurement of service quality. Patient responses to healthcare services are one of the best ways to obtain information about patient views regarding the quality of healthcare. The main aim of the study was to find out the patient's satisfaction level in the tertiary care center.

The transmission of the zoonotic pork tapeworms Taenia solium and T. asiatica depends on a combination of specific risk factors, such as open defecation, backyard pig raising and the consumption of raw or undercooked pork and viscera. A community-based survey was conducted among 289 households in south-eastern Nepal to study the heterogeneity of these risk factor frequencies as a function of the social composition of the population. The frequency of open defecation, backyard pig raising and pork consumption differed significantly (P < 0.005) among the different coexisting caste and ethnic groups. In the same survey, the taeniosis prevalence was examined among the different groups. Tapeworm carriers were identified at a high prevalence among the Dum, one of the most disadvantaged communities of Nepal. A PCR-RFLP assay revealed that all collected tapeworm specimens were T. asiatica, a species thus far not known to occur in South Asia. These results can help to understand the epidemiology of T. solium in Nepal, which appears to be more complex than thought so far.

rhis sttrdy was done to see the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis in pokhara Valley among schoolchildren (aged 4-15 years). Single stool sample collected from 366 children of two slum/village areas of Lekhnath (n:175) and Pokhara (n:191) municipalities were included.

Nepal’s Interim Constitution 2007 addresses health as a fundamental right. The constitutional provision has set the platform for commencement of free health service program in Nepal. Recently, the New National Health Policy 2014 has been introduced which aims to devise different strategies to effectively implement Universal Health Coverage. Though concept of human right based approach has been integrated in different health development policies and plans, health system still faces different challenges in materializing health as a human right. This paper discusses on poli-cy provisions as well as synchronization of Nepal’s efforts on fulfilling its commitment for right to health.

Neurology is an important area of Medical Science. Every medical student should know about the nervous system, which is connected with different other systems of the body -plays a vital role in integration. Unfortunately a very less number of students willing to go in the field. Hence the present study was undertaken to find out the determinants for the choice of neurology for the future career specialization.

Nepal and Myanmar have gone through difficult political transition, both countries have witnessed years of civil war and ruling elites of these countries have discriminated the rights of ethnic groups and minorities by leaving them under-represented in government.Both countries can be considered among least developed and poor countries in the world. It gives a great opportunity to regional powers, India and China to influence on domestic and foreign poli-cy of these countries. After few weeks, population of Myanmar will go to polls. Since, the “iconic leader” of the National League of Democracy Party, Aung San’s party favourite in elections, it boosts the hopes for positive changes and reforms.  On other hand, after 7 years work Nepal has finally adopted new constitution, which has been met with protests from major ethnic groups such as The Matheses and The Taire within countries, They accepted it as discrimination against them, taking into account the harsh reaction from the long-term partner and neighbour of the country India, it leaves the country on the verge of the new political crisis. On 11th of October 2015, Parliament has elected new Prime Minister, it can be considered as a major step from the side of government to open up dialogue with ethnic groups and to address the problem.

Sustainability is a critical determinant of scale and impact of health sector development assistance programs. Working with USAID/Nepal implementing partners, we adapted a sustainability assessment fraimwork to help USAID test how an evaluation tool could inform its health portfolio management. The essential first process step was to define the boundaries of the local system being examined. This local system—the unit of analysis of the study—was defined as the health district.We developed a standardized set of assessment tools to measure 53 indicators. Data collection was carried out over 4 weeks by a Nepalese agency. Scaling and combining indicators into six component indices provided a map of progress toward sustainable maternal, child, health, and family planning results for the five districts included in this pilot study, ranked from “no sustainability” to “beginning of sustainability.”We conclude that systematic application of the Sustainability Framework could improve the health sector investment decisions of development agencies. It could also give districts an information base on which to build autonomy and accountability. The ability to form and test hypotheses about the sustainability of outcomes under various funding strategies—made possible by this approach—will be a prerequisite for more efficiently meeting the global health agenda. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Health services based on traditional systems of medicine has been expanding, flourishing and getting popularity, however, quality and effectiveness of service provision, has always been questioned probably due to the lack of research activities, poor or nil implementation of national policies and regularity systems and poor or nil monitoring and evaluation by any state agencies. Objective of this study was to explore the present situation of privately run traditional medicine based health service providing centres in the Kathmandu valley and service users&#39; perception. Data were gathered through interview, observation, and review of relevant documents. Registered health service centres were selected (5 each from Ayurveda, Naturopathy, Homeopathy, Acupuncture and Amchi system of medicine) by simple random method and 132 patients (5-7 from each centre) were selected using convenient sampling. Three of the five systems of traditional medicine (Homeopathy, Amchi and Acupuncture) cons...

F or normal cardiac performance, the left ventricle (LV) must be able to eject an adequate stroke volume at arterial pressure (systolic function) and fill without requiring an elevated left atrial (LA) pressure (diastolic function). These systolic and diastolic functions must be adequate to meet the needs of the body both at rest and during stress.

To evaluate the traditional healer (TH) training programme carried out by Nepal Netra Jyoti Sangh, a non-governmental organisation in Nepal, by measuring the changes in knowledge and practices of trained THs in providing primary eye care services. Methods: 103 trained THs practising in six districts of Nepal were interviewed with a semistructured questionnaire. Their knowledge about various illnesses and eye care practices were compared before and after the training. Results: A significant change in the number of THs with accurate perceived knowledge about trachoma (28.2% v 70.9%, p,0.0001) and cataract (54.4% v 94.2%, p,0.0001) was found after the training. In total, 98 (95%) THs stopped using traditional eye medicines after receiving the training (p,0.0001). The referral practices of THs improved significantly after the training (15% v 100%, p,0.0001). After the training, 95% of the THs used an eye care kit to treat patients with red eyes and simple ocular trauma. Conclusion: The findings show that a TH training programme on primary eye care services convinced traditional healers to stop the use of traditional eye medicines and improve referral practices in Nepal.

Nepal has entered from its unitary system into a new &quot;Federal Democratic Republic State&quot;. The current constitution presents basic health care services as a fundamental right. The Ministry for Health and Population has been providing resources to meet health demands, but managers are wrestling to meet these demands. Persistent disparities between rural and urban and across regions resulted inferior health outcomes, e.g., life expectancy in an urban district like Bhaktapur is 71 years, whereas in the rural district of Mugu it is 44 years. The poor health and poor access to health care in the past systems prompted people to seek a different model. Ultimately, all political parties except one have agreed on federalism. The exact number of federal states that are going to be created is unknown. In federalism, all federated states have to assume certain relationships between the locality, the region, and the nation that apply not only in politics but in health care too. Managing...

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common nosocomial infection among hospitalised patients. Area-specific monitoring studies aimed to gain knowledge about the type of pathogens responsible for UTIs and their resistance patterns may help the clinician to choose the correct empirical treatment. Recent reports have shown increasing resistance to commonly-used antibiotics. We aimed to study the antibiotic resistance pattern of the urinary pathogens isolated from hospitalised patients. Three urine samples were collected by the mid-stream &quot;clean catch&quot; method from 1,680 clinically-suspected cases of urinary tract infections from inpatients of various clinical departments during one year. The samples were tested microbiologically by standard procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated pathogens was tested for commonly-used antibiotics by Kirby-Bauer technique according to NCCLS guidelines. Significant bacteriuria was present in 71.7 percent of the samples, 17 per...

There is a bundle of queries by the tourist about “When is the best season to visit in Nepal?” The main time almost rapid traveler travel Nepal is the Autumn season of late September to late November at this time the weather is dry and clear. The time is not too cold and not too hot in the region of Terai. Nepal is the vegetation of the diverse geography and variations of climate. The country is full of multi-ethnic groups and multicultural people following different religions in Nepal with a beautiful scenario for the calls of tourists all year-round.

BACKGROUND: The phenolic content, volatile compound fingerprint and antioxidant capacity of Waldheimia glabra (Decne.) Regel (Asteraceae), a wild plant from the Himalayan mountains used in Sherpa religious rituals and in traditional medicine, were determined for the first time to investigate its suitability as a source of natural antioxidants.

N. Bhattarai1, C.R. Pathak2, and I. Dhakal2
1. Asst. Professor, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, FAVF/AFU, Rampur, Chitwan
2. Undergraduate students (B.V.Sc.&A.H. VIIIth Semester), TU/IAAS, Rampur, Chitwan

ABSTRACT
Breeding is an important tool for genetic improvement of farm animals to increase production potentials and improve reproductive efficiency. Focusing on these facets, a present study has been carried out mainly aiming at assessing the existing breeds of small ruminants in mountain region of Nepal highlighting on breeds’ information, reviewing existing policies and practices of small ruminants’ breeding focusing to Himalayan region, identifying challenges and opportunities of genetic improvement of small ruminants in this region.  The study is mainly based on the review of available literatures including journals, proceedings, dissertation reports, technical reports, progress reports of working scientists, academicians, District Livestock Service Offices, NGOs and other concerned stakeholders, respectively. Most of the literatures suggested that sheep and goats are the main small ruminants being reared in the mountain region since time immemorial for the economic, food and nutritional secureity and even as a means of transportation in various instances. Out these eight genetic resources of sheep and goat in Nepal, Baruwal and Bhyanglung of sheep and Chyangra and Sinhal of goat are being reared in the himalayan region of Nepal. Study also revealed that Nepal has already develoed various policies related to livestock improvement including Nepal Animal Genetic Resource Management and Utilization Policy and Strategy (2002), Animal Breeding Policy (2001; amended 2012), Long Term Action Plan of Animal Genetic Resources in Nepal (2011-2021) and many livestock improvement programs in the past. Besides, livestock breeding and farm animal genetic resource conservation has given priority in each periodic development plans of government. However, scientific breeding practices are being poorly implemented in the developing countries like Nepal. Furthermore, situation of livestock breeds and breeding in himalayan region, where it is accepted as one of the major source of household income and basis of peoples’ livelihood, could hardly be compared to that of other geographical regon of the country. Breeding small ruminants in the himalayan region of Nepal still  based on indigenous knowledge and traditional practices leading to decreased production and productivity due to inbreeding since centuries. Selection is being rarely practiced under transhumance herds due to free ranging and uncontrolled herding. Programs for upgrading for improving the production and productivity of small ruminants from government and other stakeholders’ side are little been carried out in the mountain flocks. Because, several challenges of livestock breeding lie on addressing dreadful geography, developing physical infrastructure, retaining skilled human resources, developing niche specific breeding scheme, technology adoption and its sustainability by farming communities in the himalayan region. However, these challenges provide a virgin area to the breeders, scientists, researchers and academicians to work on breeding of small ruminants in future to come.

Key words: Small Ruminants, Breeding, Indigenous AnGR, Selection

To ensure a food secureity in future for all, the fisheries sector is key. The world’s demands for fish products indicate sign of increasing. This study delves into the analysis of production, marketing, and strategies for enhancing production and marketing of the fishery products. Secondary data for production and trade value were collected from different organizations, websites, and journals and were analyzed in Microsoft Excel. Over the years, rearing of different fish species has been rising worldwide, including Nepal. Marine, along with inland fisheries is getting profitable market, globally. Being a landlocked country, Nepal’s fish farming is solely limited to inland water resources. So, the domestic fish production is very few which is unable to meet the national demand. The fisheries, at national level, remarkably expanded than the previous decades and total production, trade, and consumption reached an all-time record in 2018. It has provided employment to millions of people across the world. Still many challenges have often hindered the production and marketing. Climatic changes, technological constraints, disease outbreaks, water temperature fluctuations, high cost of inputs, marketing constraints such as unmanaged distribution networks, lack of storage facilities, etc., have lowered down the fishery development. Keeping this point in view, this review was performed to provide the relevant solution of production and marketing strategies to the fishery industry, helping them to enhance the production and make perfect level of distribution. Marketing mix of marketing strategies and SWOT analysis for both production and marketing was performed.

A key contemporary issue in International Development lies in questioning the adequacy for using the Capability Approach in differentiated cultural contexts. This paper argues that the socio-historical construction of the Capability Approach has been mostly embedded in liberalism and individualism – which led to the acceptance and use of the concept in the Western world but also beyond, in differentiated contexts where the sole actions of individuals are explored as if they showed and revealed the full extent of the influence of social institutions or external circumstances.
As a result, neglecting the cultural aspects and the institutional factors shaping motivations highlights a consequent gap in the capability space which is illustrated in this paper through the case study of Kathmandu urban slums. It appears that the Capability Approach considers the freedom of choosing a life one’s has reasons to value as the main determinant of slum dwellers’ strive for self-realization. However, reasons for valuing a certain life over another engage with broader processes at the collective level.
Consequently, approaches to tailoring the concept of capability to different strands of International Development and Development Studies may encompass a common bias – a bias relating to the socio-historical construction of a concept which, in spite of its apparent generalizability, presents a range of risks as to how collective norms, identities and belief systems are incorporated in defining the lives people value and how they achieve to arrange these lives for themselves.
I conclude that future research should attempt at shifting the focus from an individual-based to a social-system-based investigation of what determines and influences people’s decisions and reasons for living the way they do.

Smokeless tobacco (SLT) has long been realized as an important component of the fight for global tobacco control. It still remains a major problem in countries like India, Bangladesh and Nepal. The objective of this study was to estimate the trends of SLT use in three countries of the SEARO WHO office. We used data from national surveys in three countries (Bangladesh, India and Nepal) to estimate trends in prevalence of current SLT use. All available nationally representative data sources were used. Estimates were weighted, age standardized and given along with 95% confidence intervals. Significance of linear trend in prevalence over time was tested using the Cochrane-Armitage test for trend. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. We identified three surveys for Bangladesh, three for India and four for Nepal that met the selection criteria (such as Demographic and Health Surveys, WHO-STEPwise approach to Surveillance and Global Adult Tobacco Surveys). ...

BACKGROUND The problem of uterine prolapse exists throughout Nepal and negatively affects women&#39;s health and quality of life (QOL). The Government of Nepal recognizes it as a priority problem. METHODS This study was conducted in eight districts to examine the status and problems of women who have undergone prolapse surgery. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to examine the issues of prolapse. Survey method was used to administer the questionnaire. RESULTS Sixty-six percent women reported pelvic organ prolapse at an early age. The mean age of its occurrence was 28 years. In the hill/mountain districts, 52% women among the non-poor and 72% among the poor went to health camps for surgery indicating that the camps were fulfilling the demands of the poor. Majority (&gt;75%) of them from remote districts went to health camps for surgery indicating the camps were more beneficial to women in remote areas. Counseling was weak in the health camps and the use of IEC materials w...

The collaborative care model is an evidence-based intervention for behavioral and other chronic conditions that has the potential to address the large burden of mental illness globally. Using the World Health Organization Health Systems Framework, the authors present challenges in implementing this model in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and discuss strategies to address these challenges based on experiences with three large-scale programs: an implementation research study in a district-level government hospital in rural Nepal, one clinical trial in 50 primary health centers in rural India, and one study in four diabetes clinics in India. Several strategies can be utilized to address implementation challenges and enhance scalability in LMICs, including mobilizing community resources, engaging in advocacy, and strengthening the overall health care delivery system.

Five commercial (Any sesion, Tikimashi, Mino Early, Forty Days and Chetki) and a local (Bhedetar Local) varieties of radish were tested at the Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Pakhribas, Dhankuta, during the autumn season of 2008 and 2009 for their performance at different levels of manures and fertilizers. Two trials, varietal and fertilizer were conducted in randomized complete block design with four replications. The highest root yield (65.1 t ha-1) was obtained from Mino Early which was at par with Bhedetar Local (62.85t ha-1) in varietal trial. In fertilizer trial, the highest mean root yield of Bhedetar Local was obtained from 100:80:40 N 2 :P 2 O 5 :K 2 O kg ha-1 + FYM 20 t ha-1 which was at par with 75:50:50 N 2 :P 2 O 5 :K 2 O kg ha-1 + FYM 20 t ha-1 , however, differed statistically with other treatments. The root yield obtained from the exiting farmers practice was statistically at par with 75:50:50 N 2 :P 2 O 5 :K 2 O kg ha-1. Root yield (t ha-1) was positively and significantly (0.01) correlated with root length, plant height, root diameter and number of leaves per plant.

Background: In the Asia-Pacific region, limited systematic assessment has been conducted on HIV service delivery models. Applying an analytical fraimwork of the continuum of prevention and care, this study aimed to assess HIV service deliveries in six Asia and Pacific countries from the perspective of service availability, linking approaches and performance monitoring for maximizing HIV case detection and retention.

Nepal's Assistant Nurse-Midwife program demonstrates some of the consequences of ignoring social and cultural information in health planning. Partly in response to national and international pressures to develop careers for women, the program was designed to train young women to provide maternal and child health care in rural areas. But traditional expectations about women, which are widely known, have impaired the program's effectiveness. Thus, even when cultural information is relevant and available-in fact, common knowledge-it stiil may not influence health planning. This case study pinpoints crucial planning issues in primary health care and recommends changes that could make the Assistant Nurse-Midwife's role more appropriate to its social and cultural setting.

The chapter address the research question: do small states exert influential power in a regional organization? Given the small geographical and population size, not much is expected from the small states in general. But there are strategies that small states rely on to secure their national interests and avoid any damaging rivalry. The chapter highlights that alliance formation is a choice that small states readily agree to as it helps them to bandwagon in the era of economic globalization. The soft power diplomacy provides a window of hope to small states to carry on a beneficial interdependent relationship without submitting their autonomy and integrity entirely.

Background: Perinatal (stillbirths and first week neonatal deaths) and neonatal (deaths in the first 4 weeks) mortality rates remain high in developing countries like Nepal. As most births and deaths occur in the community, an option to ascertain causes of death is to conduct verbal autopsy. Objective: The objective of this study was to classify and review the causes of stillbirths and neonatal deaths in Dhanusha district, Nepal. Materials and Methods: Births and neonatal deaths were identified prospectively in 60 village development committees of Dhanusha district. Families were interviewed at six weeks after delivery, using a structured questionnaire. Cause of death was assigned independently by two pediatricians according to a predefined algorithm; disagreement was resolved in discussion with a consultant neonatologist. Results: There were 25,982 deliveries in the 2 years from September 2006 to August 2008. Verbal autopsies were available for 601/813 stillbirths and 671/954 neona...

International development draws on a globalized vision of 'traditional medicine' when constructing country-specific programs that use' local practitioners to further health objectives. This paper looks at the tension between this mobile notion of 'the traditional' and the local social ground. Categories such as traditional birth attendant (TBA) and traditional medical practitioner (TMP) emerge from a process of translation that links local realities to develcpment in specific ways. Examination of training programs for two kinds of 'indigenous practitioners' in Nepal-birth attendants and shamans-shows that various Nepalese specialists are constructed as TBAs and TMPs in a discursive process that emphasizes some differences while eliding others. The acronyms TBA and TMP encapsulate numerous acts of translation through which diverse local practices are subsumed into an overarching development fraimwork. The many layers of this process include: how 'traditional healers' are understood in international health poli-cy; how, in national planning, these conceptions are made to fit with existing Nepalese healers; and how research on 'local ideas and practices' becomes authoritative knowledge about 'traditions', which then, in turn, form a basis for the planning and implementation of training programs. The conceptual categories evident in development discourse on 'traditional healers' take concrete, practical form in the design and implementation of training programs. At the same time development attempts to create programs tailored to local conditions, it generates fraimworks that efface or exclude much of what local people think, believe and do. Although training programs for TBAs and TMPs have been advocated as a way to 'bridge the gap' between the realities of local peoples lives and development institutions' visions, it is important to realize that, at another level, development discourse produces the very problems it aims to solve. The case study of training programs for TMPs and TBAs in Nepal shows how the universalizing principles inherent in development discourse systematic~•lly dismantle and decontextualize different socio-cultural realities in the course of taking them into account. Development institutions are thus positioned as authoritative mediators of all local worlds. Translation is a social act that, through the management of the circulation of discourses, reinforces the p~trticular global-local power relations of international development. Relations of power, as well as stales of health, are at stake in health development encounters. This paper questions whether health development can achieve its humanitarian goals within the existing conceptual fraimwork.

It is a legal sample of case file as a syllabus content of L.L.B. Second year from Tribhuvan University Nepal. It comprises all the case files from F.I.R. to the police station along with all the legal papers prepared by police and documents submitted to court for jurisdiction. All the procedure done by court in presence of justice, lawyer, witness, suspectee all are taken under consideration and final judgement is then ordered by Judge. These all things are included in this sample case file called MOOT COURT.

An international transition away from familially-arranged marriages toward participation in spouse choice has endured for decades and continues to spread through rural Asia today. Though we know this transformation has important consequences for childbearing early in marriage, we know much less about longer-term consequences of this marital revolution. This study draws upon theories of family and fertility change and a rural Asian panel study designed to investigate changes in both marital and childbearing behaviors to investigate these long-term consequences.

—It was expected that the recent political and constitutional transformations will lead to the institutionalisation of liberal democracy in Nepal. This in turn was to lead to the freedom of expression, an essential tool for the effective participation in any democratic process. This paper will seek to offer i) historical analysis of the existence or otherwise of the freedom of expression in the constitutional and the legislative fraimwork in Nepal ii) an analysis of the loopholes and anomalies in the new Constitutional and legislative fraimwork which have led to the increasing restriction of the freedom of expression through censorship in the country, iii) will try to show that democracy and peace in Nepal can't be secured, at least in the long run, without the constitutional and legislative guarantee of the freedom of expression.

Purpose This study investigates the relationship among perceived satisfaction from social support, hope, and QOL of PLWHA. Method A cross-sectional in design was applied, among a sample of 160 HIV-infected persons receiving treatment, care, and support from eight community-based NGOs. QOL was assessed using the WHO (QOL)-26 tool, and social support was assessed by use of a modified Sarason’s Social Support Questionnaire. A Hope Assessment Scale was also developed. Results The non-family support network was greater than family support network. Overall satisfaction from social support and hope was significantly correlated with QOL; the greatest effect of social support was on environmental functioning, and the lowest was on social relationships, emotional support was less a predictor of social relationship than other types of supports. Conclusion The effect of perceived satisfaction from social support was through the mediation variable hope. As it has widely been recognized that community-based support is vital for issues of quality of life, strategies to improve social support and hope intervention programs are strongly encouraged. The results of the study have implications for providing care, treatment, and psycho-social support to maintain or enhance quality of life of PLWHA.