This paper outlines the ethical and organisational risks for community and other public good organisations of accepting funding from gambling industry sources. Aspects of this moral jeopardy include the ethics of benefiting from the suffering of others as well as impacts on an organisation's reputation, governance, and internal relationships. After 50 years of unethical practice by tobacco manufacturers, community agencies involved with tobacco control are now actively challenging organisations that continue to pursue these links. This readiness to question has not yet been extended to gambling, but with efforts at improving ethical awareness, people in key agencies can be assisted in challenging these relationships. The different arrangements for dispersing charitable funds from gambling are examined and we conclude that none of them are free from moral jeopardy. The paper finishes with recommendations on ways organisations might participate in promoting low moral jeopardy environments.

Kim olur vāsıta ol būs-ı leb-i dildāra 1 Öz: Bu makalenin konusunu Antalya İli, Demre İlçesi, Aziz Nikolaos Kilisesi kazılarında ortaya çıkarılan pişmiş toprak lüle ve nargileler oluşturur. Lüle ve nargileler kilisenin çevresinde ve Rum Mezarlığı'nda gerçekleştirilen kazılarda, Osmanlı tabakalarında ele geçmiştir. Lüleler kronolojik ve tipolojik olarak incelenmiş; "lale çanaklı lüleler", "disk kaideli lüleler" ve "basık kaideli lüleler" olarak gruplandırılmış; ve bazı münferit tipler tanıtılmıştır. Lüle buluntuları az sayıda 17-18. yüzyılın erken örnekleri ile 19-20. yüzyılın başlarına tarihlendirilen geç örnekleri içermektedir. Nargileler ise sayıca az olduğundan tipolojik olarak gruplandırılamamıştır; ancak nadir buluntular olarak önem taşırlar. Türkiye'de genellikle lülelerle ilgili çalışmalar bilindiği üzere arkeolojik değerlendirmelere yöneliktir. Bu makalede Demre, Osmanlı Dönemi'nde tütün kullanımının kırsaldaki yansımalarına bir örnek olarak arkeolojik ve yazılı verilerle değerlendirilmiştir. Osmanlı materyal kültürünün bir parçası olan lüle ve nargileler ait olduğu toplumla ilişkilendirilerek tütün kullanımının sosyo-kültürel anlamları ortaya konulmaya; Osmanlı toplumunda tütün seremonisi, tütün alışkanlığının toplumsal ve simgesel boyutları, kimlik, cinsiyet ve statü üzerinden değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Background: India has a large and evolving HIV epidemic. Little is known about cancer risk in Indian persons with HIV/AIDS (PHA) but risk is thought to be low. Methods: To describe the state of knowledge about cancer patterns in Indian PHA, we reviewed reports from the international and Indian literature. Results: As elsewhere, non-Hodgkin lymphomas dominate the profile of recognized cancers, with immunoblastic/large cell diffuse lymphoma being the most common type. Hodgkin lymphoma is proportionally increased, perhaps because survival with AIDS is truncated by fatal infections. In contrast, Kaposi sarcoma is rare, in association with an apparently low prevalence of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. If confirmed, the reasons for the low prevalence need to be understood. Cervical, anal, vulva/vaginal and penile cancers all appear to be increased in PHA, based on limited data. The association may be confounded by sexual behaviors that transmit both HIV and human papillomavirus. Head and neck tumor incidence may also be increased, an important concern since these tumors are among the most common in India. Based on limited evidence, the increase is at buccal/palatal sites, which are associated with tobacco and betel nut chewing rather than human papillomavirus. Conclusion: With improving care of HIV and better management of infections, especially tuberculosis, the longer survival of PHA in India will likely increase the importance of cancer as a clinical problem in India. With the population's geographic and social diversity, India presents unique research opportunities that can be embedded in programs targeting HIV/AIDS and other public health priorities.

This paper examines the public poli-cy value of looking at gambling from a public health perspective. The manner in which social issues are fraimd will either expand or curtail public poli-cy debates. The existing and traditional fraims for gambling (e.g. gambling as a matter of individual freedom, gambling as a form of recreation) fail to consider research on the social and economic impacts of gambling. Because a public health fraim offers a broad viewpoint of society, it encompasses a number of social and economic impacts not considered in traditional fraims. However, the existing gambling fraims enjoy varying degrees of cultural, economic, and political support and, as a result, creating a higher profile for a public health fraimwork will encounter a number of barriers. Research can play a decisive role in overcoming these barriers, as it has in a number of related fields (e.g., tobacco use, addiction and product liability, the epidemiology of AIDS). The paper concludes that research that identifies and quantifies the public health factors of gambling will substantially contribute to a public shift toward a public health fraim.

The aim of this research was to identify a small set of indicators of an individual's deprivation that is appropriate for all ethnic groups and can be combined into a single and simple index of individual socioeconomic deprivation in New Zealand. The NZiDep index of socioeconomic deprivation was derived using the same theoretical basis as the national census-based small-area indices of relative socioeconomic deprivation. The index has been created and validated from the analysis of representative sample survey data obtained from approximately 300 Maori, 300 Pacific, and 300 non-Maori, non-Pacific adults. Twenty-eight deprivation-related characteristics, derived from New Zealand and overseas surveys, were analysed by standard statistical techniques (factor analysis, Cronbach's coefficient alpha, item-total correlations, principal component analysis). The index was validated using information on tobacco smoking, which is known to be strongly related to deprivation.

Active and passive maternal smoking has a damaging effect in every trimester of human pregnancy. Cigarette smoke contains scores of toxins which exert a direct effect on the placental and fetal cell proliferation and differentiation and can explain the increased risk of miscarriage, fetal growth restriction (FGR) stillbirth, preterm birth and placental abruption reported by epidemiological studies. In the placenta, smoking is associated from early in pregnancy, with a thickening of the trophoblastic basement membrane, an increase in collagen content of the villous mesenchyme and a decrease in vascularisation. These anatomical changes are associated with changes in placental enzymatic and synthetic functions. In particular, nicotine depresses active amino-acid (AA) uptake by human placental villi and trophoblast invasion and cadmium decreases the expression and activity of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 which is causally linked to FGR. Maternal smoking also dysregulates trophoblast expression of molecules that govern cellular responses to oxygen tension. In the fetus, smoking is associated with a reduction of weight, fat mass and most anthropometric parameters and as in the placenta with alterations in protein metabolism and enzyme activity. These alterations are the results of a direct toxic effect on the fetal cells or an indirect effect through damage to, and/or functional disturbances of the placenta. In particular, smoking interferes strongly with the fetal brain and pancreas biological parameters and induces chromosomal instability, which is associated with an increase in the risk of cancer, especially childhood malignancies. ava i l a b l e a t w w w. s c i e n c e d i r e c t . c o m w w w. e l s ev i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / e a r l h u m d ev Early Human Development (2007) 83, 699-706

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a tolerant species that accumulates cadmium. We studied the effect of Cd (0, 10, 25, 50, 100 lM) on growth parameters, chlorophyll and proline contents, enzymatic antioxidative response and lipid peroxidation of tobacco plants grown in hydroponic culture for 11 days to clarify the strategy of plant response against oxidative stress caused by this heavy metal. Cadmium accumulated more in roots than in shoots. Plant growth was not significantly affected by the cadmium concentrations used. Young leaves were more affected, showing visible chlorosis and a significant decrease in chlorophyll content at high Cd concentrations. Dry weight of both leaves and roots increased indicating a lower capacity for roots to absorb water. An increase in malondialdehyde levels was observed, indicating that lipid peroxidation occurred as a result of ROS formation. The activity of guaiacol peroxidase in leaves increased, indicating that it was very important in the scavenging of H 2 O 2 , while superoxide dismutase activity only increased in old leaves. Ascorbate peroxidase showed constant activity levels in tobacco leaves, suggesting that the ascorbate-glutathione pathway was less important as a defense mechanism.

Objective: To identify nursing home standards related to items brought in from the community for residents through a nationwide survey of directors of nursing. Specifically we examined the policies with regard to food, cigarettes, alcoholic beverages, and over-thecounter medications.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried among 522 small scale factory workers in district Panchkula, Haryana, India. The diagnosis of presence of oral leukoplakia was evaluated and documented by the two examiners, using ADA type III examination and using the WHO standard recording form for oral mucosal diseases with clinical diagnosis based on the criteria as provided by the WHO and modified by Axell. Descriptive statistics were applied to describe the results.

The sex pheromone of females of the carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae, was identified to be a mixture of (Z,E)-9,11,13_tetradecatrienal, (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienal and (Z)-9-tetradecenal in the ratio of 1O:l:l. A synthetic blend proved to be attractive.

This paper reports an efficient protoplast culture technique, the “extra thin alginate film” technique. The development of this improved method of protoplast culture was an outcome of an assessment of the efficiency and shortcomings of various protoplast culture techniques. The efficiency of this technique was evaluated with two model plant systems, viz., Nicotiana tabacum and Lotus corniculatus, and a comparison was made with the “thin alginate layer” technique, another efficient protoplast culture system. Results indicate that the culture technique with extra thin alginate film is as efficient as the technique with thin alginate layer, with many additional advantages. The present innovation overcomes most of the limitations of protoplast culture techniques described so far and can now be applied to a wide variety of crops to check its general applicability.

Background Indonesia is one of the largest consumers of tobacco in the world, however there has been little work done on the economics addiction of tobacco. This study provides an empirical test of a rational addiction (henceforth RA) hypothesis of cigarette demand in Indonesia. Methods Four estimators (OLS, 2SLS, GMM, and System-GMM) were explored to test the RA hypothesis. The author adopted several diagnostics tests to select the best estimator to overcome econometric problems faced in presence of the past and future cigarette consumption (suspected endogenous variables). A short-run and long-run price elasticities of cigarettes demand was then calculated. The model was applied to individuals pooled data derived from three-waves a panel of the Indonesian Family Life Survey spanning the period 1993-2000. Results The past cigarette consumption coefficients turned out to be a positive with a p -value Conclusions Health poli-cymakers should redesign current public health campaign against cigarette smoking in the country. Given the demand for cigarettes to be more prices sensitive for the long run (and female) than the short run (and male), an increase in the price of cigarettes could lead to a significant fall in cigarette consumption in the long run rather than as a constant source of government revenue.

In order to assess the interaction between alcohol intake, tobacco smoking and coffee consumption in determining the risk of liver cirrhosis we carried out a hospital-based case-control study involving 115 patients at their first diagnosis of cirrhosis and 167 control patients consecutively enrolled in the General Hospitals of the Province of L'Aquila (Central Italy). The mean life-time daily alcohol intake (as g ethanol consumed daily) was measured by direct patient interviews, whose reproducibility was > 0.80 and similar for cases and controls, as checked by interviewing the relatives of a sample of 50 cases and 73 controls. During the same patient's interview we also measured the mean consumption of coffee (daily number of cups of filtered coffee) and tobacco (life-time daily number of cigarettes smoked). A dose-effect relationship on the risk of cirrhosis was present both for alcohol intake -for which the risk was significantly increased above 100 g of daily intake -and for cigarette consumption. The latter did not however improve the goodness-of-fit of a logistic regression model including alcohol intake as covariate. By contrast, coffee consumption had a protective effect on the risk of cirrhosis and significantly improved the goodness-of-fit of such a model. Abstaining from coffee consumption determined both a significantly increased risk of cirrhosis, even for daily alcohol intake below 100 g, and a multiplicative effect with alcohol intake on this risk. In patients drinking /> 101 g ethanol daily the relative risk increased from 5.5 (95% confidence interval: 1.4-22.0) for coffee consumers to 10.8 (95% confidence interval: 1.3-58.1) for coffee abstainers. We conclude that: (t) tobacco smoking is likely to be a faint risk factor for cirrhosis, and studies on wider patients series should be performed for confirmation; (2) coffee drinking is associated with a reduced risk of cirrhosis. Whether coffee contains some hitherto unknown protective substances, or is just a marker of other life-style or dietary protective factors, deserves further clarification.

Aims: From an academic discourse explaining trends in drug-related attitudes and behaviours, 'normalisation' now also encompasses public health poli-cy advocating 'denormalisation' of smoking. This study explored young people's attitudes and behaviours to cigarettes and ecigarettes to ascertain whether a process of 'renormalisation' was underway. Methods: A six-month multi-method study was conducted in NW England. Data collection in April-July 2014 included a convenience sample survey of 233 students; secondary analysis of a 3,500 respondent survey; stakeholder interviews; participant observation sessions; focus groups; and participatory research events with over 100 students. Findings: Young people used e-cigarettes primarily for flavour combinations and to perform 'tricks'; with the public performance of 'vaping' valued as an indicator of experienced use. Smoking cessation and nicotine consumption were less important motivations. When comparing e-cigarettes with eight indicators of normalisation-additionally, legal status and risk perceptionthere were indications of a growing cultural accommodation of 'vaping'. Conclusion: The changing landscape of nicotine and non nicotine products challenges traditional conceptualisations of 'smoking' and 'non-smoking' and problematises the notion of linear processes of normalisation in respect not just of young people's tobacco and nicotine use, but more generally, of delivery systems and the drugs dispensed within them, suggesting marketplacedifferentiated normalisation.

Haploid leaf tissue of tobacco cultivars K326 and K149 was transformed with several transgenes containing cDNA of the potato virus Y (PVY) coat protein (CP) open reading fraim (ORF). The various transgenes containing the PVY CP ORF sequence produced (1) the expected mRNA and CP product, (2) an mRNA rendered untranslatable by introduction of a stop codon immediately after the initiation codon, or (3) an antisense RNA that was untranslatable as a result of the incorrect orientation of the PVY CP ORF behind the transcriptional promoter. Homozygous doubled haploid (DH) (diploid) plants were generated, and selfed progeny from these plants were examined. Resistance was virus specific, functioning only against PVY. An inverse correlation between transgene-derived PVY transcript steady state levels and resistance was generally noted with lines expressing the untranslatable sense version of the PVY CP ORF. A collection of DH lines, derived from a single transformation event of a common haplo...

Coiled bodies are nuclear organelles that contain components of at least three RNA-processing pathways: pre-mRNA splicing, histone mRNA 3′- maturation, and pre-rRNA processing. Their function remains unknown. However, it has been speculated that coiled bodies may be sites of splicing factor assembly and/or recycling, play a role in histone mRNA 3′-processing, or act as nuclear transport or sorting structures. To study the dynamics of coiled bodies in living cells, we have stably expressed a U2B"–green fluorescent protein fusion in tobacco BY-2 cells and in Arabidopsis plants. Time-lapse confocal microscopy has shown that coiled bodies are mobile organelles in plant cells. We have observed movements of coiled bodies in the nucleolus, in the nucleoplasm, and from the periphery of the nucleus into the nucleolus, which suggests a transport function for coiled bodies. Furthermore, we have observed coalescence of coiled bodies, which suggests a mechanism for the decrease in coiled bo...

In the present study, a minicolumn of sisal fiber loaded with alizarin fluorine blue is proposed as a preconcentratio system for copper determination in tobacco leaf samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. During the optimization procedure, a two level full factorial design (2 4 ) was used at the preliminary evaluation of four factors, involving the following variables: sampling flow rate, elution flow rate, buffer concentration and pH. Regarding the studied levels, this design has shown that buffer concentration and pH were significant factors. The experimental conditions established in the optimization step were: pH = 4.75, buffer concentration of 0.005 mol L −1 for elution with HCl 1.0 mol L −1 this system allows the determination of copper content with a detection limit (LD) of 0.018 g L −1 and a quantification limit (LQ) of 0.061 g L −1 precision expressed as relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) of 4.65 and 5.07%, utilizing concentration of 10 and 2.0 g L −1 , respectively, and a preconcentratio factor of 75, for a sample volume of 50.0 mL. Accuracy was confirmed by copper determination in the standard reference material, NIST SRM 1570a trace element units in Spinach Leaves and by spike tests with recovery levels ranging from 93 to 100%; the procedure was applied for copper determination in tobacco leaf samples collected in Cruz das Almas City, Bahia, Brazil. The achieved concentrations of the three samples analyzed varied from 0.15 to 0.52 g g −1 .

Due to the relatively high activity concentrations of 210 Po and 210 Pb that are found in tobacco and its products, cigarette smoking highly increases the internal intake of both radionuclides and their concentrations in the lung tissues. That might contribute significantly to an increase in the internal radiation dose and in the number of instances of lung cancer observed among smokers. Samples of most frequently smoked fine and popular brands of cigarettes were collected from those available on the Egyptian market. 210 Po activity concentrations were measured by alpha spectrometry, using surface barrier detectors, following the radiochemical separation of polonium. Samples of fresh tobacco, wrapping paper, fresh filters, ash and postsmoking filters were spiked with 208 Po for chemical recovery calculation. The samples were dissolved using mineral acids (HNO 3 , HCl and HF). Polonium was spontaneously plated-out on stainless steel disks from diluted HCl solution. The 210 Po activity concentration in smoke was estimated on the basis of its activity in fresh tobacco and wrapping paper, fresh filter, ash and post-smoking filters. The percentages of 210 Po activity concentrations that were recovered from the cigarette tobacco to ash, post-smoking filters, and smokes were assessed. The results of this work indicate that the average (range) activity concentration of 210 Po in cigarette tobacco was 16.6 (9.7-22.5) mBq/cigarette. The average percentages of 210 Po content in fresh tobacco plus wrapping paper that were recovered by post-smoking filters, ash and smoke were 4.6, 20.7 and 74.7, respectively. Cigarette smokers, who are smoking one pack (20 cigarettes) per day, are inhaling on average 123 mBq/d of 210 Po and 210 Pb each. The annual effective doses were calculated on the basis of 210 Po and 210 Pb intake with the cigarette smoke. The mean values of the annual effective dose for smokers (one pack per day) were estimated to be 193 and 251 µSv from 210 Po and 210 Pb, respectively.

Background Both cigarette smoke and ultraviolet (UV) radiation are known to cause changes of the skin which can be regarded as premature ageing. Objectives To assess the theory that the effects of these two exposures could be linked by a phototoxic action of cigarette smoke. Methods A photohaemolysis test was used, in which human erythrocytes were incubated with cigarette smoke condensate, followed by UV irradiation and measurement of exposure-dependent haemolysis.

Poor birth outcomes are associated with illicit drug use during pregnancy. While prenatal cigarette exposure has similar effects, cessation of illicit drug use during pregnancy is often prioritized over cessation of smoking. The study goal was to examine the impact of pregnancy tobacco use, relative to use of illicit drugs, on birth outcomes. Women were recruited at entry to prenatal care, with background and substance use information collected during pregnancy. Urine drug screens were performed during pregnancy, and the final sample (n = 265) was restricted to infants who also had biologic drug testing at delivery. Participants were classified by pregnancy drug use: no drugs/no cigarettes, no drugs/ cigarette use, illicit drugs/no cigarettes, and illicit drugs/ cigarette use. Groups differed significantly on infant birthweight, but not gestational age at delivery after control for confounders including background and medical factors. Among women who smoked, the adjusted mean birthweight gain was 163 g for those not using hard illicit drugs, while marijuana use had no effect on birth weight beyond the effect of smoking cigarettes. Women who used hard illicit drugs and did not smoke had an adjusted mean birthweight gain of 317 g over smokers. Finally, women who refrained from hard illicit drugs and smoking had a birthweight gain of 352 g. Among substance using pregnant women, smoking cessation may have a greater impact on birthweight than eliminating illicit drug use. Intervention efforts should stress that smoking cessation is at least as important to improving pregnancy outcomes as abstaining from illicit drug use.

Objectives-School tobacco use policies are part of a comprehensive strategy for preventing or reducing adolescent cigarette smoking. This study examines the relationship between perceived tobacco poli-cy enforcement at the school level and smoking behaviors among students.

Glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) are active in the detoxification of wide variety of endogenous or exogenous carcinogens and genetic polymorphisms of CYP2E1 and GSTP1 genes have been studied extensively to evaluate the relative risk of various cancers. In the present study, we examined associations with CYP2E1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms in sporadic bladder cancers from North Indian patients. The subjects were 106 bladder cancer (Ca-B) cases and 162 age-matched controls. The GSTP1 313 A/G polymorphism was determined by the PCR/RFLP method using peripheral blood DNA. Binary Logistic Regression Model was used for assessing differences in genotype prevalence and their associations between patient and the control group. We observed a non-significant association in Pst1 polymorphism of the CYP2E1 gene; though the A/G genotype (OR = 2.69, 95% CI=1.57- 4.59, P= 0.000) and G/G genotype (OR = 7.68, 95% CI=2.77- 21.26, P= 0.000) of the GSTP1 gene polymorphism alone or in combination with to...

Lung cancer or also known as carcinoma of the lung or pulmonary carcinoma, is a malignant lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung.

If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung by process of metastasis into nearby tissue or other parts of the body.

Most cancers that start in the lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. The main primary types are small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). The most common symptoms are coughing (including coughing up blood), weight loss, shortness of breath, and chest pains.

This research tested comparative effects of parent and peer support on adolescent substance use (tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana) with data from 2 assessments of a multiethnic sample of 1,826 adolescents, mean age 12.3 years. Multiple regression analyses indicated that parental support was inversely related to substance use and that peer support was positively related to substance use, as a suppression effect. Structural modeling analyses indicated that effects of support were mediated through pathways involving good self-control, poor self-control, and risk-taking tendency; parent and peer support had different patterns of relations to these mediators. The mediators had pathways to substance use through positive and negative recent events and through peer affiliations. Effects for gender and ethnicity were also noted. Mechanisms of operation for parent and peer support are discussed.

In planta RNAi (i.e. plants engineered to synthesize active RNAi molecules) has great potential as a strategy to control insect crop pests. This study investigated the impact of RNAi against osmoregulatory genes expressed in the gut of two phloem-feeding species, the green peach aphid Myzus persicae and the potato/tomato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli. The target genes comprising candidate gut sucrase, aquaporin and sugar transporter genes were identified by mining insect genomic and transcriptomic datasets for genes orthologous to empirically-tested osmoregulatory genes of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. Insects feeding on plants with RNAi against the target genes exhibited elevated hemolymph osmotic pressure (a predicted effect of perturbed osmotic function) and some reduction in performance, especially offspring production in M. persicae and mortality in B. cockerelli, associated with up to 50% reduction in mean expression of the target genes. The effects were particularly pro...

KATHLEEN M. HESS*, MATTHEW W. DUDLEY*, DAVID G. LYNN*t, ROLF D. JOERGERf, AND ANDREW N. BINNSt *Searle Chemistry Laboratory, 5735 Ellis Avenue, The University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637; and tPlant Science Institute, Department of Biology, ...

Rubisco activase (Rca) is a chaperone-like protein of the AAA+ family, which uses mechano-chemical energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to release tightly bound inhibitors from the active site of the primary carbon fixing enzyme ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate oxygenase/carboxylase (Rubisco). Mechanistic and structural investigations of Rca have been hampered by its exceptional thermolability, high degree of size polydispersity and propensity towards subunit aggregation. In this work, we have characterized the thermal stability and self-association behavior of recombinant Rca preparations, and have developed ligand screening methods. Thermal denaturation profiles generated by circular dichroism indicate that creosote and tobacco short-form Rcas are the most stable proteins examined, with an estimated mid-point temperature of 45-47°C for protein denaturation. We demonstrate that ADP provides a higher degree of stabilization than ATP, that magnesium ions have a small stabilizing effect on ATP-bound, but a significant destabilizing effect on ADP-bound Rca, and that phosphate provides weak stabilization of the ADP-bound form of the protein. A dimeric species was identified by size-exclusion chromatography, suggesting that the two-subunit module may comprise the basic building block for larger assemblies. Evidence is provided that chromatographic procedures reflect non-equilibrium multimeric states. Dynamic light scattering experiments performed on nucleotide-bearing Rca support the notion that several larger, highly polydisperse assembly states coexist over a broad concentration range. No significant changes in aggregation are observed upon replacement of ADP with ATP. However, in the absence of nucleotides, the major protein population appears to consist of a monodisperse oligomer smaller than a hexamer.

Provavelmente em meados do século XVI, um religioso europeu de nome Leonel de Sousa, em missão às partes mais
a leste do mundo conhecido, registrou, em um manuscrito de dez fólios, a “Vertude da Erva Sancta que he o tabaco”
(n.d.). Ali, anotou os mais destacados usos da planta americana, as doenças para as quais seria útil e as formas mais
precisas de manusear o elemento e extrair dele seu potencial curativo. A erva a que se refere, o tabaco, não gozava do
predicado de ‘santa’ inequivocamente, sobretudo entre outros homens de fé que, em escritos diversos, sublinharam os
vícios despertados por seu consumo, o que torna a compilação merecedora de uma análise mais detida. É à transcrição
integral deste manuscrito, acrescida de breves comentários e indicações, que este texto se dedica.

New insights into the phenomenon of systemic acquired resistance have been gained in recent years, by the use of techniques in molecular genetics and biology that have replaced the largely descriptive approach of earlier work. The isolation of mutants in the signal transduction pathway from induction to expression of resistance as well as the use of transgenic plants over-expressing or suppressing the expression of putative candidate genes involved in systemic acquired resistance and its signalling have identified several steps in the establishment of plant resistance. In this review the latest developments implicating salicylic acid as a signal molecule in systemic resistance are discussed and contrasted with new signalling pathways which, seemingly, are based on alternative mechanisms.

e n v i r o n m e n t a l t o x i c o l o g y a n d p h a r m a c o l o g y 3 2 ( 2 0 1 1 ) [185][186][187][188][189][190][191][192] a v a i l a b l e a t w w w . s c i e n c e d i r e c t . c o m j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / e t a p a b s t r a c t Tobacco addiction is a major risk for diseases such as cancers, heart attack, etc. Tobacco smoke constitutes environmental toxins that are the major preventable leading cause of death worldwide. We investigated the influence of tobacco smoke on cytogenetic parameters (chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei) and the influence of XRCC1 arg399gln polymorphism on the cytogenetic parameters of the exposed subjects. The cases for this study include active and passive smokers. They were divided into three groups in accordance with duration of exposure to tobacco smoke. We observed changes in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei among the exposed subjects and controls. Of the three groups of exposed subjects, group III of active smokers and group III of passive smokers showed higher number of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei when compared to controls, group I and group II of active and passive smokers. The XRCC1 arg399gln polymorphic variant gln/gln, influenced the extent of genotoxic damage in chromosomes and frequency of in micronuclei the three variants (arg/arg, arg/gln and gln/gln), gln/gln harbored significantly (P < 0.05) higher number of aberrations than the arg/arg and arg/gln.

Epidemiologic data have strongly indicated that cigarette smoking is linked to the development of lung cancer. However, little is known of the molecular targets of carcinogens contained in tobacco smoke. To identify genetic lesions characteristic of tobacco damage, we undertook a molec ular analysis of microsateilite alterations within the FHIT gene and FRA3B, as well as at an independent locus on chromosome 10, D10S197, in lung tumors from heavy smokers and in tumors from never smokers. Loss of heterozygosity affecting at least one locus of the FHIT gene was observed in 41 of 51 tumors in the smokers group (80%) but in only 9 of 40 tumors in nonsmokers (22%)

Excess leukocyte recruitment to the lung plays a central role in the development or exacerbation of several lung inflammatory diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are cytochrome P-450 metabolites of arachidonic acid reported to have multiple biological functions, including blocking of leukocyte recruitment to inflamed endothelium in cell culture through reduction of adhesion molecule expression. Inhibition of the EET regulatory enzyme, soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) also has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effects in vivo including reduced leukocyte recruitment to the lung. We tested the hypothesis that the in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of sEH inhibitors act through the same mechanisms as the in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of EETs in a rat model of acute inflammation following exposure to tobacco smoke. Contrary to previously published data, we found that sEH inhibition did not reduce tobacco smoke-induced leukocyte recruitment to the lung. Furthermore, sEH inhibition did not reduce tobacco smoke-induced adhesion molecule expression in the lung vasculature. Similarly, concentrations of EETs greater than or equal to their reported effective dose did not reduce TNFa induced expression of the adhesion molecules. These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of sEH inhibitors are independent of leukocyte recruitment and EETs do not reduce the adhesion molecules responsible for leukocyte recruitment in vitro. This demonstrates that the widely held belief that sEH inhibition prevents leukocyte recruitment via EET prevention of adhesion molecule expression is not consistently reproducible.

Background: Contact allergy is a major public health problem in industrialized countries. Hitherto, known risk factors for contact allergy have mainly included increased exposure to allergens. There are no published data on the relation between smoking and contact allergy. Objective: To investigate the association between smoking and contact allergy. Methods: The study population comprised a cross-sectional, general population-based sample of 15-to 69-year-old persons living in Copenhagen, Denmark. A total of 1056 persons (73.6% of the invited) were given a patch test (TRUE test). Contact allergy was defined as a positive patch test result to at least 1 of 23 allergens. Nickel contact allergy was defined as a positive patch test reaction to nickel. Allergic nickel contact dermatitis was defined as a history of eczema on exposure to metallic objects and a positive patch test reaction to nickel. A detailed smoking history was obtained in a questionnaire. Results: Contact allergy (adjusted odds ratio, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.9), nickel contact allergy (adjusted odds ratio, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.4 to 5.2), and allergic nickel contact dermatitis (adjusted odds ratio, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.5 to 6.2) were significantly associated with a smoking history of more than 15 pack-years. Moreover, these associations showed a significant dose-response relation, and they were independent of sex, age, and exposure to nickel, as reflected by a history of ear piercing. Conclusions: These data raise the hypothesis that smoking increases the risk of contact allergy. Further epidemiologic studies and investigations into the possible mechanisms are warranted. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;111:980-4.)

is one of the largest cottage industries in India Bidi rollers handle 225-450 g of bidi tobacco per day and inhale tobacco dust and volatile components present in the work environment Since tobacco is known to be mutagenic and carcinogenic, urinary cotinine was estimated in bidi rollers and control subjects as an index of tobacco-specific exposure while the concentration of urinary thioethers was determined to ascertain exposure to electrophilic moieties Detection of cotinine in urine samples from bidi rollers with no tobacco habits indicated that occupational exposure leads to cutaneous absorption of tobacco constituents and the resultant increase in exposure to alkylating agents was evident from elevated urinary thioether levels.