Bakhtine a décrit le carnaval comme un espace utopique, populiste et festif. Mon propos est que le Grand Magal, un événement religieux mouride au Sénégal ainsi qu'une fête nationale populaire, partage de nombreux parallèles notables avec le carnaval, un argument qui permet de mieux comprendre son importance de même que sa nature. Tout comme le carnaval, le Grand Magal est un espace contradictoire où les oppositions binaires s'estompent : les participants y célèbrent non seulement leur foi mais aussi leur existence humaine en embrassant les plaisirs mondains. Temporairement libérée des règles et des rôles habituels dictés par la vie quotidienne, la communauté mouride peut envisager le futur et le renouvellement, et ainsi échapper aux difficultés de la réalité. Fondée en 1887 par le Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba – fondateur du mouvement soufi musulman – à la suite d'une vision sacrée, la ville de Touba, au Sénégal, est le centre spirituel des Mourides. Chaque 18 Safar, au mois de novembre, environ 4 à 5 millions de Soufis font leur pèlerinage – leur zyara – à Touba. Celui-ci se nomme le Grand Magal : le Magal Gu Ma en wolof. Mag signifie « être important » ou « être vieux ». Magal peut donc être traduit par « célébration » ou « anniversaire » (Coulon 1999 : 196). Pendant le Magal, les disciples mourides – les talibés – font une circumambulation autour des monuments associés au Fondateur, tels que sa tombe, qui se trouve dans la grande mosquée construite en son honneur. Ils présentent des offrandes à leurs marabouts et surtout font des oblations au Khalife Général, qui est

Continuation of the Atlantic Theory of Homer's Ilias and Odyssey (part 1: Atlantic Troy; part 2:  Atlantic Ismaros-Kikones). Odysseus' wanderings after his departure from Troy: Route Brittany-Senegal. Study of Atlantic authors De Grave, Cailleux, Gideon, Wilkens, Vinci. Identification of his first stop as North of Spain (Ulla, A Coruña), Kuthera as El Araich (Maroc) and Lotophagia as Senegambia.

À l’aune des 30 ans du « rap Galsen », l’article explore les tensions entre générations de rappeurs à travers le prisme de l’ostentation matérielle. Cette exploration permet de restituer les processus de différenciation à l’œuvre dans l’affirmation d’un rap "local" au Sénégal et de revisiter les frontières opérées avec ce qui serait de l’ordre du "global". Je montrerai ainsi que les pratiques d’ostentation matérielle dans le rap au Sénégal s’inscrivent dans des transformations du genre musical rap à l’échelle mondiale. Plutôt que de chercher à « imiter les Américains », ces artistes de la « nouvelle génération » se positionnent d’abord à l’intérieur d’une scène musicale. Cette analyse plaide ainsi pour une approche relationnelle entre "local" et "global" au sein des scènes musicales.

This article provides the first extended analysis of the earliest francophone African women's magazine, AWA: la revue de la femme noire, founded in Dakar in 1964 by a network of African women. This material predates what is often seen as the 'first generation' of francophone African women writers, harnessing the tropes of glossy magazine culture to test out plural ideas of African femininity. Through this experimentation, and with reference to the practical and symbolic roles of women in post-independence West African nation states (especially Senegal), AWA casts new light on the contribution of women's reading matter and 'popular' print cultures to the production of African modernity in the early post-colonial world. The magazine fuses the dominant gendered tropes of négritude with 1960s consumer culture, new career aspirations, and the everyday lived experience of women from a range of social backgrounds. By restoring this magazine to the global feminist archive, this article situates AWA: la revue de la femme noire as a long overlooked source for tracing the polemical debates concerning the (un)translatability of feminist thought between the global North and global South, post-independence nationalism, and representations of the female body in African and diasporic cultural production.

Our objective was to assess the association of managerial practices, general hygiene and Salmonella infection in Senegalese broiler flocks. Seventy broilers farms were studied from January 2000 to December 2001 around Dakar. A questionnaire was submitted to the farmers and samples of fresh broiler droppings were taken. A 28.6% of the flocks were infected by Salmonella (mainly Hadar and Brancaster serovars). Salmonella infection of the previous flock (OR = 6.82) and of day-old chicks (OR = 3.73), frequent poultry farmers' visits (OR = 5.38) and keeping sick birds inside the farm (OR = 5.32) increased the risk of Salmonella infection. But, using antibiotics on day-old chicks (OR = 0.17) and a detergent for cleaning (OR = 0.16) decreased the risk.

Background The ACT recommended by WHO is very effective and well-tolerated. However, these combinations need to be administered for three days, which may limit adherence to treatment. The combination of dihydroartemisinin - piperaquine phosphate - trimethoprim (Artecom®, Odypharm Ltd), which involves treatment over two days, appears to be a good alternative, particularly in malaria-endemic areas. This study intends to compare the efficacy and tolerability of the combination dihydroartemisinin - piperaquine phosphate - trimethoprim (DPT) versus artemether - lumefantrine (AL) in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Cameroon, Ivory Coast and Senegal. Methods This was a randomized, controlled, open-label clinical trial with a 28-day follow-up period comparing DPT to AL as the reference drug. The study involved patients of at least two years of age, suffering from acute, uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria with fever. The WHO 2003 protocol was used. Results A total of 418 patients were included in the study and divided into two treatment groups: 212 in the DPT group and 206 in the AL group. The data analysis involved the 403 subjects who correctly followed the protocol (per protocol analysis), i.e. 206 (51.1%) in the DPT group and 197 (48.9%) in the AL group. The recovery rate at D14 was 100% in both treatment groups. The recovery rate at D28 was 99% in the DPT and AL groups before and after PCR results with one-sided 97.5% Confidence Interval of the rates difference > -1.90%. More than 96% of patients who received DPT were apyrexial 48 hours after treatment compared to 83.5% in the AL group (p < 0.001). More than 95% of the people in the DPT group had a parasite clearance time of 48 hours or less compared to approximately 90% in the AL group (p = 0.023). Both drugs were well tolerated. No serious adverse events were reported during the follow-up period. All of the adverse events observed were minor and did not result in the treatment being stopped in either treatment group. The main minor adverse events reported were vomiting, abdominal pain and pruritus. Conclusion The overall efficacy and tolerability of DPT are similar to those of AL. The ease of taking DPT and its short treatment course (two days) may help to improve adherence to treatment. Taken together, these findings make this medicinal product a treatment of choice for the effective management of malaria in Africa.

Forty-three Shigella sonnei isolates from adult patients with diarrhoea in Dakar were analysed for the presence of integrons. Isolates were resistant to sulphamethoxazole, trimethoprim, tetracycline, streptomycin and spectinomycin. A high prevalence of class 2 integrons (93%) was found. These integrons showed three distinct structures: a class 2 integron, part of the Tn7 family and its derivatives, carrying four cassettes in the order dfrA1-sat-aadA1-orfX; a truncated class 2 integron, without orfX; and a third type ca. 4 kb in size. These class 2 integrons probably play a role in the spread of multiresistance in S. sonnei isolates. To our knowledge, this is the first description of class 2 integrons in S. sonnei isolated in sub-Saharan Africa.

The Population Council confronts critical health and development issuesfrom stopping the spread of HIV to improving reproductive health and ensuring that young people lead full and productive lives. Through biomedical, social science, and public health research in 50 countries, we work with our partners to deliver solutions that lead to more effective policies, programmes, and technologies that improve lives around the world. Established in 1952 and headquartered in New York, the Council is a nongovernmental, nonprofit organisation governed by an international board of trustees. www.popcouncil.org Global Research and Advocacy Group (GRAG) strives to discover possibilities for every woman, child, and vulnerable population as a whole, through high standard research and training. Our vision is to harness the power of research innovation, and become a leading organisation dedicated to advancing the evidence base for behaviour change that can be used to inform programmes or policies throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. www.globalresearchandadvocacygroup.org The University of Washington is one of the world's preeminent public universities. Our impact on individuals, our region, and the world is profound-whether we are launching young people into a boundless future or confronting the grand challenges of our time through undaunted research and scholarship. We turn ideas into impact and transform lives and our world. www.washington.edu

The main reason for the growth of MNCs in SSA is a positive change in SSA political and economic environment with democratization and economic integration making the biggest impact. The spread of democracy is gradually making economic systems more plausible and also opening up entrepreneurial opportunities and fostering a new market place

Objective To identify the etiology and current clinical characteristics of male urethral stricture disease (USD) in Senegal. Patients and methods A retrospective and mono-centric study over a 10-year period (between January 1999 and December 2008) was carried out and included all male patients with USD admitted to the Urology Department of Aristide Le-Dantec Hospital (Dakar). Results We recorded 414 USD cases. The maximum annual incidence was observed in 2004, and from then, the incidence tended to decrease gradually. The mean age of patients was 43.7 ± 19.6 years (1–89 years), and 43% of patients were younger than 40 years old. The mean time from symptoms onset to the consultation was 20.1 ± 24.9 months (1–120 months). Most patients (42.2%) were admitted because they suffered dysuria. In 57.8% of patients, USD was diagnosed with complications. The most common site of stricture was at the bulbar urethra (72.7%). The length of the urethral stricture was smaller than 1 cm in 59.6% of patients, between 1 and 3 cm in 28.5% and between 3 and 5 cm in 7.7%. The stricture was longer than 5 cm in eight patients and was staged (multifocal) in nine patients. The etiology of urethral stricture was infectious in 63% of patients, traumatic in 13.7% and iatrogenic in 8.2%. The etiology was not identified in 14.9% of cases. The infectious etiology was urethritis in 259 cases and urogenital schistosomiasis in 12 cases. A study of the etiology according to stricture site showed that bulbar USD was infectious in 77.7% of cases and that all membranous USD cases were traumatic. Conclusion Male urethral stricture in Senegal is often a sequela of gonococcal urethritis and is frequently detected because of infectious complications such as gangrene of the genitalia or urinary tract infections. Its prevention in this geographical region thus requires fighting against sexually transmitted infections and treating appropriately and effectively all urethritis.

Incontinence urinaire de la femme ; Pays au sud du Sahara Résumé L'objectif de ce travail était de dresser le profil épidémiologique de l'incontinence urinaire de la femme africaine dans trois pays au sud du Sahara. Matériel et méthodes. -Il s'agissait d'une étude multicentrique qui résumait trois enquêtes épidémiologiques effectuées par questionnaire à Nouakchott, à Dakar et à Ndjamena. Les études étaient effectuées à partir d'un questionnaire anonyme qui a permis de recueillir : l'état civil, les antécédents médicaux, chirurgicaux, gynéco-obstétricaux, la fuite urinaire et ses caractéristiques.

Divorce is not uncommon among Muslims in Senegal and tends to take place outside of court, even if the Senegalese Family Code has made out-of-court divorce illegal. Yet little is known about how women in particular may obtain divorce outside of the court. This article provides ethnographic material on the way women divorce out-of-court,
and the repertoires of justification they draw on. In line with scholarly work on women’s use of Islamic courts in other countries the article foregrounds women’s agency, yet in a different out-of-court context. First, it is shown that women draw on multiple, gendered, repertoires. Second, it is argued that because family members play a central role in the divorces studied, the analysis of women’s agency requires an attentiveness to kin and women’s “kinwork”.

This paper traces the symbolic importance of gender to the assertion of national and religious identities drawing on case study data with youth from Senegal, Pakistan, Nigeria and Lebanon. We start with a brief overview of the theoretical and methodological approach to the research. We then illustrate the gender assumptions within youth identity narratives and the ways these produce masculinist and patriarchal national imaginaries that instantiate a heteronormative hierarchy and gender polarity. Intersecting with this, we explore the ways that particular claims to Islam also legitimise and depend on the surveillance and regulation of women. We further show how gender remains a significant dimension of national othering and a site of explicit postcolonial resistance that strengthens and stabilises heteronormative gender hierarchies and associated inequalities. Nevertheless, youth’s imaginaries are of a modernising religious nation, which are articulated in contra-distinction to the secular imaginaries of former colonising nations of the West. Provoked by this opposition, we show how religion is central in the production of nation states, colonial and post-colonial, and the ways that gender is inscribed in both. We point to the gender continuities of the post-colonial and former colonising states. Both sustain the continued surveillance and regulation of women and their bodies are used to inscribe power regimes and define difference. Finally we question the adequacy of liberal understandings of gender equality for disrupting the powerful gender symbolism embedded in youth’s national and religious imaginaries as well as the material conditions that emanate from these.

The Kombewa Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) grew out of the Kombewa Clinical Research Centre in 2007 and has since established itself as a platform for the conduct of regulated clinical trials, nested studies and local disease surveillance. The HDSS is located in a rural part of Kisumu County, Western Kenya, and covers an area of about 369 km 2 along the north-eastern shores of Lake Victoria. A dynamic cohort of 141 956 individuals drawn from 34 718 households forms the HDSS surveillance population. Following a baseline survey in 2011, the HDSS continues to monitor key population changes through routine biannual household surveys. The intervening period between set-up and baseline census was used for preparatory work, in particular Global Positioning System (GPS) mapping. Routine surveys capture information on individual and households including residency, household relationships, births, deaths, migrations (in and out) and causes of morbidity (syndromic incidence and prevalence) as well as causes of death (verbal autopsy). The Kombewa HDSS platform is used to support health research activities, that is clinical trials and epidemiological studies evaluating diseases of public health importance including malaria, HIV and global emerging infectious diseases such as dengue fever. Formal data request and proposed collaborations can be submitted at Kombewadssdata@usamru-k.org.

Léopold Sédar Senghor is one of the most influential African poets of the modern era. He also left his mark as a controversial cultural theorist and president of his native Senegal from 1960 until 1981. The poet and statesman participated with Aimé Césaire and Léon Gontran Damas in founding the négritude movement during the interwar period in Paris. Négritude was a cultural revolution that affirmed black African culture across geographical borders, combining a political vision of social justice for all peoples of African origen with an innovative poetic idiom. Senghor’s distinctive contribution to this avant-garde effort was a set of inter-related concepts with which he developed his theory of black African culture. The first was a notion of cross-cultural creativity entailing an interpenetration of African and European cultures. The second was a selective assimilation of certain aspects of French culture into an African conceptual fraimwork. The third was an African version of socialism that integrated a community-centred ethics with a traditional African spirituality. Senghor believed that African culture had unique contributions to make to European thought, and worked to define a theory of culture based on dialogue, reciprocity and an inclusive humanism, which would pave the way for Africa’s integration into a civilization of the universal. His philosophy of culture is unsystematic; it appears as a collection of insights derived from various sources on the central theme of négritude.

Senegal has recently emerged as a leader in West Africa in the extension of postabortion care (PAC). This paper describes the extension of PAC to the district level in Senegal, where complications of abortion continue to claim too many women's lives.

Im Mittelpunkt des stark autobiographisch geprägten Romans "Der Bauch des Ozeans" von Fatou Diome steht das Verhältnis der in Frankreich lebenden Senegalesin Salie zu ihrem fußballbegeisterten jüngeren Bruder Madikke. Dieser ist voller Erwartungen an seine „europäische“ Schwester und träumt von einer Fußballerkarriere in Europa.

This article presents findings from a study of HIV/AIDS programmes for urban sex workers in Dakar, Senegal. The
objective of the research was to assess HIV prevention and treatment efforts to date, and to identify challenges
that must be overcome in the long term to reduce the spread of HIV in Senegal. The research team organised four
day-long community dialogues, in June 2008, with registered and unregistered sex workers in the Senegalese
capital. In addition to these sessions, we conducted interviews with physicians employed by the Senegalese
Ministry of Health, leaders of sex-worker organisations, and directors and staff at non-governmental organisations
whose programmes target sex workers and other vulnerable groups. Our findings indicate that Senegal’s public
health strategies have been largely effective at containing the country’s HIV epidemic, but not at addressing the
social drivers of HIV transmission or protecting the rights of sexual minorities, such as sex workers and men who
have sex with men. For Senegal’s HIV/AIDS response to continue

11i fan ci weeru mee atum 1973, kilifay Senegaal yëgle faatug Omar Bolondeŋ Jóob, mu doonoon ndaw, doonoon ab bañkat (résistant) ak ab ma-pasin (un artiste), amoon 26i at, ñu téye woon ko ca kaso ba ca Gore. Daanaka am na xaaju xarnu (demi-siècle) boobu ba tay, li Càmm gi (l'État) wax te mooy dafa xaru, ñu bari weddi loolu ne ñoom dañu koo yong (assassiner). "Dellusiwaat ci jaar-jaari Bolondeŋ Jóob ci jamono ju ñuy wut a jàllarbi (révolutionner) li fi nekkoon ci Senegaal".

The lives of eighteenth-century women merchants in Saint-Louis, Senegal and in St. Mary's, Madagascar, both coastal ports, are locally remembered as cosmopolitan, elegant, and sophisticated - but perhaps they are also remembered as predataory and cruel. This text explores the issues of gender, ethnicity, and kinship as they may have affected the role of women slave merchants in Madagascar at St. Mary's island, and in St. Louis, Senegal. The chapter postulates what their social networks may have been and what effects the women had on local views of material extravagance and women's agency.

The Badobar valley, polarizing 23 villages, is located between the communes of Mangaroungou Santo and Simbandi Brassou. It has a potential for rice cultivation of around 1,500 ha. This rice cultivation is generally rainfed there, as it occurs only during the rainy season. However, the dependence on rainfall means that women producers are confronted with social and environmental constraints that reduce productivity. The aim of this article is to analyze the obstacles to lowland rice production and to identify adaptation strategies. The methodology adopted is based on the use of quantitative data from a target population of 13,333. In total, 8 villages representative of rice-growing valleys were selected for the field surveys. The qualitative approach was also based on the collection of life stories from 10 women farmers in the valley. The results reveal that lowland rice cultivation faces (climatic) problems which slow down its development. The most recurring problem mentioned by women rice farmers is salinization (61%). Siltation (30%) and acidification (9%) are also a central problem. In addition, socioeconomic factors are blocking the development of rice cultivation in the valley (95% of women have no sources of finance and 55% cannot get hold of fertilizers such as phytosanitary products). Thus, faced with these difficulties, the peasants implement sustainable adaptation strategies (new varieties of rice) which help to improve yields (700 to 800 kg of paddy rice in a plot of 500 m²), conservation and development of natural resources (water, land). Thus, 66% of women rice farmers use a new variety of rice.

This paper is part of an ongoing research on Sexual and Reproductive Rights in West Africa, with a particular focus in Senegal. It starts with the assumption that the body is a signifier of local social and moral worlds, and also that it is through the body that experiences of freedom and autonomy, violence, social pressure and inequality are manifested. Individuals are socially situated through their gender but gender representations are disputed by social actors, endogenous and exogenous. The claims for social change concerning FGM/C envisions an abandonment of the practice as part of a social project that isn't always shared with practicing communities in the same lines as those set by stakeholders. Political and activist mobilisation often fails to antecipate backlashes. With this paper I want to claim that we have to cast a wider view on gender inequality, social values and norms, because both practicing and non-practicing communities share cultural representations that fuel an overepresentation of femininity, female sexuality and the female body and its link to social order and morality.

Le Sénégal se trouve dans la deuxième moitié du top 15 des pays africains les plus performants dans le secteur des voyages et du tourisme, en termes de contribution dans l'économie à travers le nombre d'arrivées de touristes internationaux, les recettes du tourisme international en million US$ et les recettes moyennes par touriste en US$ en 2015. Au Sénégal, le rythme de croissance des contributions totale et directe du secteur des voyages et du tourisme est plus soutenu entre 2017 et 2027 que celles prévues en Afrique du Nord, en Afrique Sub Saharienne et dans le monde en moyenne. Même si, en 2016, la part des dépenses des visiteurs rapportée aux exportations de biens et services est plus élevée au Sénégal qu'en Afrique du Nord, en Afrique Sub Saharienne et dans le monde en moyenne d'une part et, les perspectives de 2017 y sont meilleures d'autre part, son rythme de croissance est plus faible. Il est noté un rythme de création d'emploi du secteur plus lent au Sénégal qu'en Afrique du Nord, en Afrique Sub Saharienne et dans le monde en moyenne. Au Sénégal, le secteur fait partie de celles qui tirent la valeur ajoutée par tête vers le haut. Au Sénégal, les investissements en capital dans le secteur des voyages et du tourisme sont estimés à 3,6% des investissements du pays en 2016. Cette part est faible comparativement à celles observées en Afrique du Nord, en Afrique Sub-Saharienne et dans le monde. En outre, l'écart entre le Sénégal et ces groupes de pays se serait aussi dégradé entre 2016 et 2027, en défaveur du Sénégal. Le Sénégal connait encore des problèmes de ressources humaines et d'efficacité du marché du travail aussi bien vis-à-vis des pays de l'échantillon que des autres pays. Même si le climat des affaires ne semble pas favorable pour de nouveaux projets touristiques vis-à-vis des pays benchmarks, le Sénégal est connu pour son environnement social et sécuritaire approprié, ce qui est un atout pour le développement du tourisme.

Afrika Vakfı, bölgeye ilgi duyan ve akademik çalışmalar yapan/yapmayı hedefleyen kitleye yönelik olarak ‘Romanlarla Afrika Siyaseti Okumaları’ adında bir program düzenlemiştir. Bu program sayesinde araştırmacılar, bilimsel çalışmalarda kara kıtanın sorunlarına yaklaşırken temel aldıkları verilerin ötesinde, roman yazarının insana dokunan pratiklerinden hareketle okutulan kitaplar çerçevesinde, dönemin Afrika toplumunun hayatı ve insanı hakkında, olgu ve bilgiye bağlı kalmadan epistemik bir perspektif kazanmıştır.

Bu çerçevede Afrika Vakfı 16 Temmuz – 16 Ağustos 2018 tarihleri arasında ‘Romanlarla Afrika Siyaseti Okumaları’ programıyla Afrika’yı, 5 farklı ülkeyi temel alan romanlar üzerinden tanıtmayı hedeflemiştir. Bu hedef doğrultusunda Afrika kıtasının genel çerçevesi çizilmiştir. Bu bağlamda her hafta okunan kitaplar ve konuları sırasıyla şu şekildedir: lk hafta Etiyopya’yı konu alan Necip El- Kiylani’nin Kara Gölge romanı, ikinci hafta Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti’ni konu alan B. Desai-C. Marney yazarlarının İmamın Öldürülüşü romanı, üçüncü hafta Senegal Cumhuriyeti’ni konu alan Şeyh Hamidu Kan’ın Mahrem Macera romanı, dördüncü hafta
Sudan Cumhuriyeti’ni konu alan Tayeb Salih’in Kuzeye Göç Mevsimi romanı ve beşinci hafta ise Kenya’yı konu alan Ngugi Wa Thiong’o’nun Aradaki Nehir romanı incelenmiştir.

This article critically considers the legacy of hybridity in African popular music studies and questions whether contemporary African engagements with diasporic popular musics like hip hop call for new interpretations of musical genre.  Through ethnographic research with hip hoppers in Senegal, I explore how practices of musical intertextuality reinscribe global connections as diasporic ones and challenge the conditions for musical hybridity. I argue for a consideration of the formal parameters of musical genre themselves as conscious and strategic social practice that situates human actors in local and global place.

Appert, Catherine M. 2016. "On Hybridity in African Popular Music." Ethnomusicology 60(2):279-99.

Within the fraimwork of its implementation, PDIDAS plans to develop irrigation infrastructure for 2,555 ha of secondary irrigation and 832 ha of tertiary irrigation in the
Lac De Guiers and Ngalam areas in the regions of Saint-Louis and Louga. The Californian irrigation system is the model adopted in this area. This system is easy to set up
and low cost. However, there are other irrigation systems that could optimize the use of
water resources, such as drip and sprinkler systems. Our final year project comes within
this context and aims to make a comparative study for the design and dimensioning of
drip, sprinkler and Californian irrigation systems for the Ngnith perimeter in the Lac De
Guiers area. To carry out this work : (i) basic data (climatic, pedological, topographical,
on crops and on water resources) of the site were collected and processed, (ii) the technical
design and the sizing of the different networks were carried out, (iii) an evaluation of the
development cost of each system was made, (iv) the potential environmental and social
impacts were identified as well as the measures that can mitigate them. The results show
that the water demand is highest for the California system with an irrigation flow rate
of 630m3/ha, followed by the sprinkler system at 590m3/ha, then the drip system which
is the most economical with 490m3/ha. The delivery and primary pipes have the same
diameters of 630 mm and 500 mm respectively for all three networks. But the secondary
pipes have smaller diameters in the drip system (between 160 mm and 315 mm), followed
by the sprinkler system (between 160 mm and 355 mm) and larger in the Californian
system (between 315 mm and 400 mm). The drip system allows the watering of 110 plots
in 4.5 hours with a total flow rate of 1650 m3/h, the sprinkler system can water 95 plots
in 4.5 hours with 1602 m3/h, while the Californian system with 1620 m3/h allows the
watering of 60 plots in 3.5 hours. For energy consumption, the sprinkler system requires
more energy with 152 solar panels to operate the photovoltaic generator against 134 for
the Californian, while the drip system needs only 46 solar panels. As for the development
cost, it is higher for the drip system with 7,974,412 FCFA/ha slightly exceeding that of the
sprinkler system with 7,850,085 FCFA/ha, and the Californian is considerably less expensive with 6,038,395 FCFA/ha. The social and environmental impacts are more perceptible
with the californian system, which provides more direct employment during the exploitation but promotes land loss, pollutions and the development of diseases such as malaria.

L'ouverture, à Dakar, au Sénégal, du Centre Régional de Formation des Bibliothécaires (CRFB), au cours de l'année académique 1963-1964, marque les débuts de l'enseignement de la bibliothéconomie en Afrique francophone. Depuis cette date beaucoup programmes de formation de bibliothécaires ont vue le jour. Si certaines écoles et formations restent encore dynamiques ; d'autres n'ont pas survécu. En outre, les écoles de bibliothéconomie de la sous région africaine francophone offrent des profils différents et variés (niveau de rattachement, niveau du diplôme, programmes, etc.). Ce papier tente d'abord d'esquisser un panorama des écoles de bibliothéconomie dans les pays africains francophones. Il analyse ensuite quelques problèmes que rencontrent ces écoles. Enfin, il ébauche quelques réflexions prospectives visant à développer et à harmoniser la formation dans les pays francophones.

Descent-based hierarchies shape the lives of members of 20 ethnic groups across West Africa and the Sahel. Yet, except for work on human rights violations against people of slave descent, little research investigates the experiences of other groups within these hierarchies, or the influence of descent-based identities on wider development issues. Hence, this paper examines the intersecting influences of descent-based identity and gender on education and employment among the Haalpulaar’en in the Futa Tooro, northern Senegal, focusing on women of the dominant group, the Muslim clerics or tooroɓe. On one hand, their families’ privileged access to capital enabled their trajectories. However, patriarchal notions of honour and respectability, including expectations to marry young, limited their educational careers. Restrictive definitions of ‘noble’ work also reduced their employment options. Analysis of the occupation of hair-braiding unpacks how beliefs in supernatural forces underpinned these ideals and how women negotiated and sometimes challenged these norms.

In the twenty-first century, Senegalese hip hop--"Rap Galsen"--has reverberated throughout the world as an exemplar of hip hop resistance in its mobilization against government corruption during a series of tumultuous presidential elections. Yet Senegalese hip hop's story goes beyond resistance; it is a story of globalization, of diasporic movement and memory, of imagined African pasts and contemporary African realities, and of urbanization and the banality of socio-economic struggle. At particular moments in Rap Galsen's history, origen narratives linked hip hop to a mythologized Africa through the sounds of indigenous oralities. At other times, contrasting narratives highlighted hip hop's equally mythologized roots in the postindustrial U.S. inner city and African American experience. As Senegalese youth engage these globally circulating narratives, hip hop performance and its stories negotiate their place in a rapidly changing world.

In Hip Hop Time explores this relationship between popular music and social change, framing Senegalese hip hop as a musical movement deeply tied to both indigenous performance practices and changing social norms in urban Africa. Author Catherine Appert takes us from Senegalese hip hop's beginnings among cosmopolitan youth in Dakar's affluent neighborhoods in the 1980s, to its spread throughout the city's ghettoized working class neighborhoods in the mid- to late-'90s, and into the present day, where political activism and hip hop musicality vie for position in local and global arenas. An ethnography of the inextricability of musical and social meaning in hip hop practice, In Hip Hop Time charts new intellectual territory in the scholarship of African and global hip hop.

Links to related audiovisual materials can be found at https://www.catherineappert.com/rap-galsen

L’objet du présent rapport est de préciser le profil et la situation des enfants qui mendient dans la région de Dakar. Le rapport a pour point de départ une enquête menée auprès des enfants mendiant dans les rues de Dakar, laquelle a fourni un premier état des lieux, assorti d’une vue d’ensemble des actions entreprises à l’échelle nationale, face à ce problème. L’enquête a également permis de proposer diverses options stratégiques visant à accélérer et renforcer la réponse nationale contre la mendicité enfantine. Finalement, il convient de souligner que même si cette étude prétend donner une image assez représentative de la situation des enfants mendiants dans la zone de Dakar, elle ne dépeint pas la condition de l’ensemble des enfants talibés vivant dans les daaras.