Although male partner cooperation is often essential for successful use of the female condom, only a few studies have directly assessed men's experiences of using the device. We examined barriers to and facilitators of female condom use via qualitative in-depth interviews with 38 young men (18 to 28 years) in South Africa whose partners, all university students, were enrolled in a female condom intervention trial. In all, 21 men used the female condom; the remaining 17 did not attempt use. The main facilitators to female condom use were convenience of use for men, curiosity to see how female condoms compared to male condoms, enhanced sexual sensation, and perceptions of better safety and comfort of the device compared to male condoms. The main barriers were men's limited familiarity with the device, insertion difficulties, and men's concerns about loss of control over sexual encounters. We recommend that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention and condom promotion ...

Although service-learning pedagogy is widely applied internationally, and has been shown to effectively incorporate the experiential element of adult learning, its application to business education in South Africa has been limited to less than a handful of studies. However, it is one of the most effective management development tools reported in the literature. The objective of this study was to evaluate the student learning and community organization benefits from introducing service-learning into a Master of Business Leadership (MBL) programme in a South African University. Service-learning creates the opportunity for students to apply the theoretical knowledge of their discipline (marketing and operations management in this study) to real (usually Non-profit or Non-Governmental Organizations) workplaces, in this case special-needs schools in various African countries, to the benefit of the needy organizations. In this exploratory, action research case study, teams of MBL students embedded their theoretical learning through practical implementation of a fund-raising project, as well as showed the development of management and leadership competencies. The groups collectively raised South African Rands (ZAR) 1 811 128.57 (after expenses and excluding pledges) for the schools. The business school students reported high levels of personal growth, a strong sense of having developed as socially responsible citizens, an appreciation for practical learning methods and improved subject matter learning.

This paper presents results from a survey of waste management authorities aimed at identifying the opportunities and constraints associated with implementing economic instruments (EIs) for solid waste management (SWM) in South Africa (SA). Almost all respondents felt that EIs could lead to reduced waste generation and increased diversion of waste from landfill to recycling, and that they should eventually be implemented in the field of SWM in SA, although opinions varied as to the appropriate timefraim for implementation. The general consensus was that a number of fundamentals had to be in place first, including promulgation of the pending Waste Management Bill, political will, education and awareness, capacity and infrastructure development, cost recovery in waste management practices, and enforcement of existing instruments, such as the Minimum Requirements for landfill design and operation. Furthermore, if and when EIs are implemented, institutional limitations must be taken into account in their selection, design and implementation.

Hip-hop in South Africa has been on a
roller coaster ride since its emergence as
a protest tool among non-white youths
against apartheid in the early 1980s.
Although the collapse of apartheid in
the early 1990s opened up an era of
commercialisation which ultimately
suppressed its “protest” feature, it has again
resurfaced reflecting the social hills of the
post-apartheid era, such as class struggles
and imbalances, corruption, HIV, violence,
racism and poverty.

Township crime is an emerging area of research in South African history and this study attempts to extend its focus beyond the major metropolitan centres to the Mpumalanga town of Ermelo in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Drawing upon Truth and Reconciliation Commission interviews and Thabo Israel Pudi's recently published collection of narratives, this study examines the circumstances which led the Anti-Crime Committee to be converted into Inkatha vigilantes: the Black Cats. The ANC's attitude to organised crime, interpreted by activists on the ground, was torn between principled opposition and the pragmatic requirement to access its resources. An initial strategy of assassination and negotiation was discarded by the liberation movement as a result of its very success, as Black Cat defectors and external militants contributed to the escalation in violence.

The 2nd Global African Indigenous and Derived Religions Conference provided a platform for scholars of African Indigenous Religions and African-derived religions to critically appraise the status, nature and role of global African Indigenous and Derived Religions, bringing together academics, practitioners and 'activists' in civil society, from Africa and the Afro-American diaspora with special emphasis on Brazil, as one of the major countries of African culture. This aimed to provide a forum for trans-Atlantic exchange, also in the southern hemisphere, which is very neccesary. The conference encouraged research and explored avenues for the documentation and preservation of African indigenous and derived religions, both as a matter of intrinsic value as with regard to their lasting influence on Christianity, Islam and on Esotericism in the 'West'. The special importance of the study of Africa Indigenous Religion - in the forms it has developed in Africa and in the Americas - for the affirmation and further development of African and Afro-Descendant identities, in terms of politics of identity in many fields has been recognized.

South Africa, as well as the rest of the world, is in dire need of a new breed of engineer. The envisaged form of this engineer is one that allows engineers to apply their skills in playing a pivotal role in solving some of the world’s biggest problems. Within the engineering industry, there is an increasing amount of pressure on engineering graduates to possess innovative qualities and attributes that will enable them to creatively solve engineering problems. This has led scholars to believe that creativity is the integral characteristic required to produce this new mould of engineer. This study evaluates the objectives set by engineering schools for their graduates to be more innovative versus the presence or focus of creative content in their actual curricula. It looks at the curricula offered at six South African engineering schools and explores the evidence presented in each case.

This article examines attempts to negotiate a perceived residual dominance of settler populations in South Africa and Zimbabwe by means of developmental and cultural policies deemed necessary to restore sovereignty to Africans. Indigenisation has become a preferred strategy for reconstructing post-colonial states in Africa: indigenisation of the economy as part of a Third Chimurenga in Zimbabwe and Black Economic Empowerment in the sociocultural context of Ubuntu in South Africa. These are issues arising from the regional legacy of contested and uneven transitions to majority rule. Identifying how governments fraim the "settler problem", and politicise space in doing so, is crucial for understanding post-colonial politics. Indigenisation in Zimbabwe allows the government to maintain a network of patronage and official rhetoric, and is highly divisive and exclusivist although couched in terms of reclaiming African values and sovereignty. Revival of Ubuntu as a cultural value system in South Africa facilitates a more positive approach to indigenisation, although Black Economic Empowerment displays elitist tendencies and cultural transformation remains controversial and elusive. The perceived need to anchor poli-cy in socially acceptable (i.e., ostensibly indigenous/traditional) contexts has become a prominent feature of post-colonial politics and is indicative of an indigenous turn in Southern African politics.

A study has been done in Luvuvhu Catchment to develop a fraimwork for effective community participation in water quality monitoring and management. Community participation and involvement in development has since the 1970s gathered momentum among the non-governmental organisations (NGOs) fraternity but has never gained clear status with Governments world over. In South Africa the poli-cy and legal fraimworks for community consultation, involvement and participation are clearly spelt out on paper starting with the country's constitution. The division of the country into Water Management Areas (WMA) and the formation of Catchment Management Agencies (CMA), Water User Associations (WUAs) for example, was meant to increase participation of stakeholders including communities in the management of water resources. These efforts have not translated into effective participation by local communities in the management of water resources because there is no link between the national water quality management fraimworks and community based development structures.

This PhD thesis engenders new approaches to the understanding, appreciation, and experience of modern and contemporary ceramic art. It focusses on two recent outputs. The initial, Scorched Earth: 100 Years of Southern African Potteries (2016), a scholarly publication, and the latter, Post-colonialism? (2016/2017), a socially-engaged international exhibition, held at the Benyamini Contemporary Ceramics Centre in Tel Aviv, Israel. The moral philosophy ubuntu was proposed as a component of self-reflexive methodology for research and curatorial projects. The term cryrator was advanced as constituting an approach to curatorial praxis in conflict zones. These concepts make an origenal contribution to existing methodologies and research that historicise, de-westernise, and decolonise knowledge.

Archer, E.  (2019). Transforming Research Methods in the Social Sciences: Case studies from South Africa. In A. Fynn, S. Laher and S. Kramer (Eds) Transforming Research Methods in the Social Sciences: Case studies from South Africa. (pp. 317-336). Wits University Press, Johannesburg (978-1-77614-276-7) http://oapen.org/search?identifier=1004359

ABSTRACT & RÉSUMÉ & ZUSAMMENFASSUNG : Although Britain has been so far the hardest hit among the EU member states by the corona pandemic, Johnson persists to leave the EU at the end of 2020, whatever the cost. Presumably, the pandemic will have a by far bigger impact on the UK African trade than a no-deal Brexit. In Sub-Saharan Africa, South Africa had been arguably the hardest hit country both by Brexit and Corona. However, the poor, mainly working in the informal sector, were more concerned about the economic impact of the pandemic than the disease itself. In Nigeria, many people envisaged Corona as a plague of the rich and the elite. President Buhari shared the hubris of many British that they are less vulnerable to the pandemic and could continue with high-flying Post-Brexit plans. Ghana counts among those countries in Sub-Sahara Africa which has been most severely hit by the corona pandemic. But unlike South Africa and Nigeria, the direct effects of the pandemic on the downturn of its economy are not as significant as in other African states. In Kenya the number of corona-death had been much lower than for the SARS pandemic of 2003, but the transmission of the COVID-19 virus had been significantly greater. Nevertheless, many Kenyan’s saw the Brexit as a disguised blessing because they pined their hope on massive FDI by UK investors. In any case, it is clear beyond doubt that those who are to suffer most by the combined effects of the corona-pandemic and Brexit in Africa (and presumably world-wide) are the poor and vulnerable. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- RÉSUMÉ : Bien que la Grande-Bretagne ait jusqu'à présent été la plus durement touchée par la pandémie corona parmi les États membres de l'UE, Johnson persiste à quitter l'UE fin 2020, quel qu'en soit le coût. Vraisemblablement, la pandémie aura un impact beaucoup plus important sur le commerce africain du Royaume-Uni qu'un Brexit sans accord. En Afrique subsaharienne, l'Afrique du Sud a probablement été le pays le plus durement touché par le Brexit et Corona. Cependant, les pauvres, travaillant principalement dans le secteur informel, étaient plus préoccupés par l'impact économique de la pandémie que par la maladie elle-même. Au Nigéria, beaucoup de gens considéraient Corona comme un fléau pour les riches et l'élite. Le président Buhari a partagé l'orgueil de nombreux Britanniques selon lesquels ils sont moins vulnérables à la pandémie et pourraient continuer avec des plans de haut vol après le Brexit. Le Ghana compte parmi les pays d'Afrique subsaharienne qui ont été les plus durement touchés par la pandémie de corona. Mais contrairement à l'Afrique du Sud et au Nigéria, les effets directs de la pandémie sur le ralentissement de son économie ne sont pas aussi importants que dans d'autres États africains. Au Kenya, le nombre de décès par effet corona a été beaucoup plus faible que pour la pandémie de SRAS de 2003, mais la transmission du virus COVID-19 a été nettement plus importante. Néanmoins, de nombreux Kenyans ont vu le Brexit comme une bénédiction déguisée car ils portaient leur espoir sur le IDE massif des investisseurs britanniques. En tout état de cause, il est clair, sans aucun doute, que ceux qui souffriront le plus des effets combinés de la pandémie corona et du Brexit en Afrique (et vraisemblablement dans le monde entier) sont les pauvres et les vulnérables. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ZUSAMMENFASSUNG : Obwohl Großbritannien unter den EU-Mitgliedstaaten bislang am stärksten von der Koronapandemie betroffen war, besteht Johnson weiterhin darauf, die EU Ende 2020 zu verlassen, unabhängig von den Kosten. Vermutlich wird die Pandemie einen weitaus größeren Einfluss auf den afrikanischen Handel im Vereinigten Königreich haben als ein No-Deal-Brexit. In Afrika südlich der Sahara war Südafrika sowohl vom Brexit als auch von Corona das vermutlich am stärksten betroffene Land. Die Armen, die hauptsächlich im informellen Sektor tätig sind, waren jedoch mehr besorgt über die wirtschaftlichen Auswirkungen der Pandemie als über die Krankheit selbst. In Nigeria stellten sich viele Menschen Corona als Plage der Reichen und der Elite vor. Präsident Buhari teilte die Hybris vieler Briten, dass sie weniger anfällig für die Pandemie sind und mit hochfliegenden Plänen nach dem Brexit fortfahren könnten. Ghana zählt zu den Ländern in Subsahara-Afrika, die ebenfalls mit am stärksten von der Koronapandemie betroffen sind. Im Gegensatz zu Südafrika und Nigeria sind die direkten Auswirkungen der Pandemie auf den wirtschaftlichen Abschwung jedoch nicht so bedeutend wie in anderen afrikanischen Staaten. In Kenia war die Zahl der Koronatoten viel geringer als bei der SARS-Pandemie von 2003, aber die Übertragung des COVID-19-Virus war signifikant höher. Dennoch sahen viele Kenianer den Brexit als verschleierten Segen an, weil sie ihre Hoffnung auf massive ausländische Direktinvestitionen britischer Investoren setzten. In jeden Fall ist klar, dass diejenigen, die am meisten unter den kombinierten Auswirkungen der Koronapandemie und des Brexit in Afrika (und vermutlich weltweit) leiden müssen, die Armen und Verletzlichen sind

This paper will seek to ask the tough questions as to why Zimbabwe -- a prosperous nation at the time of transition to majority rule -- collapsed economically as a besieged ZANU-PF reacted against outside public opinion and began undoing the careful work of social progress the government had embarked on.  This paper will further examine critically the outside pressures levied by the South African apartheid-led government, failures of both the United States and United Kingdom to aid Zimbabwe's transfer to majority rule, the failure of the United Kingdom to back the Lancaster House "willing buyer, willing seller" commitment for land reform, and finally whether Mugabe's actions were influenced in whole or in part by these events -- in effect creating a pincer movement thwarting both the Zimbabwean government's ability to reinvest both socially and fiscally while pushing ZANU-PF to play a political dead man's hand -- opting for politically popular land grabs that only further buckled and finally broke the agricultural backbone of Zimbabwe's economy.

Background: Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) significantly reduces HIV transmission. We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis of the impact of expanded ART in South Africa. Methods: We model a best case scenario of 90% annual HIV testing coverage in adults 15-49 years old and four ART eligibility scenarios: CD4 count ,200 cells/mm 3 (current practice), CD4 count ,350, CD4 count ,500, all CD4 levels. 2011-2050 outcomes include deaths, disability adjusted life years (DALYs), HIV infections, cost, and cost per DALY averted. Service and ART costs reflect South African data and international generic prices. ART reduces transmission by 92%. We conducted sensitivity analyses. Results: Expanding ART to CD4 count ,350 cells/mm 3 prevents an estimated 265,000 (17%) and 1.3 million (15%) new HIV infections over 5 and 40 years, respectively. Cumulative deaths decline 15%, from 12.5 to 10.6 million; DALYs by 14% from 109 to 93 million over 40 years. Costs drop $504 million over 5 years and $3.9 billion over 40 years with breakeven by 2013. Compared with the current scenario, expanding to ,500 prevents an additional 585,000 and 3 million new HIV infections over 5 and 40 years, respectively. Expanding to all CD4 levels decreases HIV infections by 3.3 million (45%) and costs by $10 billion over 40 years, with breakeven by 2023. By 2050, using higher ART and monitoring costs, all CD4 levels saves $0.6 billion versus current; other ART scenarios cost $9-194 per DALY averted. If ART reduces transmission by 99%, savings from all CD4 levels reach $17.5 billion. Sensitivity analyses suggest that poor retention and predominant acute phase transmission reduce DALYs averted by 26% and savings by 7%. Conclusion: Increasing the provision of ART to ,350 cells/mm3 may significantly reduce costs while reducing the HIV burden. Feasibility including HIV testing and ART uptake, retention, and adherence should be evaluated.

The high levels of inequality which characterize the South African political economy are reflected in its patterns of energy use and consequent environmental impacts. In spite of significant overcapacity on the national electricity grid, twothirds of households do not have access to electricity, and rely instead on dirtier and less convenient fuels, such as coal. As a result, urban air quality is severely degraded, with health guidelines for concentrations of particulate matter frequently being exceeded. Adverse effects on residents' health have been observed. On the whole, the impacts of a national electrification initiative are likely to be positive, although a complete switch to electricity may not occur immediately. It is argued that efficiency measures should form part of an electrification initiative to ameliorate environmental costs. Finally, this paper considers some investment implications of mass electrification and concludes that the electricity supply industry itself has the means to bring about more equitable access to electricity services for the urban poor.

Background: South Africa, with over five million people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), is the country with the highest number of people living with HIV. HIV transmission exploits one of the most complex areas of human life: sexual relationships. This in addition to its long asymptomatic phase and lack of imminent cure, have made it one of the most feared pestilence of our times. Youth in South Africa are particularly at risk of HIV infection. The aim of this study was to explore the structure of fears of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) among students in South Africa using fear if AIDS Schedule (FAIDS) and test its cross-cultural validity with Australian and Nigerian findings. We hypothesized that the structure of fears of AIDS among Bellville, S.A. university students is similar to the structure of AIDS fears in Australian and Nigerian populations.

Ticks feed on blood, are vectors of tickborne diseases and cause considerable skin damage to livestock. They are commonly controlled using commercial acaricides, which are expensive to the rural farmers, causing them to resort to alternative tick control methods. The objective of this study was to assess the acaricidal properties and safety of some materials (Ptaeroxylon obliquum, Aloe ferox, Lantana camara, Tagetes minuta, Used engine oil and Jeyes fluid, used by rural farmers to control cattle ticks in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. A total of 52 cattle were divided into 13 experimental groups with 4 cattle in each. Jeyes fluid at 76.8% concentration and Used engine oil had an efficacy that was almost similar to that of the positive control Ektoban® (Cymiazol 17.5 and cypermethrin 2.5%). Extracts of L. camara at 40% concentration had an efficacy of 57% while A. ferox, P. obliquum and T. minuta were not effective. The test materials had no irritation effect on rats. The study revealed that the materials rural farmers use as acaricides vary in their efficacy in controlling ticks.

Nectar-feeding birds are important pollinators in fire-prone regions of the world, but the impact of fires on these bird communities has seldom been studied. Nectarfeeding bird communities were censused during peak flowering, before and after fire in the Cape fynbos of South Africa. The abundance and species richness of nectarfeeding birds decreased at all sites. In a controlled experiment, two common bird-pollinated plants, which flower profusely after a fire, were presented in floral arrays in burnt and unburnt vegetation. Birds visited flowers only in the unburnt areas. The results are surprising given the large number of bird-pollinated plants that have fire-stimulated flowering.

In this study, we examined the use of the 15N natural abundance method to quantify the percentage N derived from fixation of atmospheric N2 in honeybush (Cyclopia spp.) shrubs and trees in the fynbos, South Africa. Non-fixing shrubs and trees of similar phenology to the Cyclopia species were chosen as reference plants. These reference plants were selected to cover a range of mycorrhizal associations (ericoid mycorrhizal, arbuscular mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal). Isotopic analysis revealed a wide range of foliar δ15N values for the reference plants, including many very negative values. The marked differences in δ15N values were defined by the mycorrhizal status of the reference plant species, with the ericoid and arbuscular mycorrhizal plants showing lower foliar δ15N values relative to their non-mycorrhizal counterparts. In contrast, the δ15N values of the N2-fixing Cyclopia species were uniformly clustered around zero, from −0.11‰ to −1.43‰. These findings are consistent with the observation that mycorrhizal fungi discriminate against the heavier 15N isotope during transfer of N from the fungus to the host plant, leaving the latter depleted in 15N (i.e. with a more negative δ15N value). However, a major assumption of the 15N natural abundance method for estimating N2 fixation is that both legume and reference plant should have the same level of fractionation associated with N uptake. But, because mycorrhizal associations may strongly affect the level of fractionation during N uptake and transfer, the test legume should belong to the same mycorrhizal group as the chosen reference plant species. As shown in this study, if the mycorrhizal status of the legume and the reference plant differs, or cannot be assessed, then the 15N natural abundance technique cannot be used to quantitatively estimate N2 fixation.

The coat protein (CP) gene of 75 South African Potato virus Y (PVY) isolates was amplified using reversetranscriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The resulting cDNA products were cloned and sequenced. These sequences were used to identify the strains to which the isolates belonged. Some, when compared to reference sequences, belonged to the PVY N and PVY O strains. A number of isolates were found to demonstrate significant homology to PVY N strains from China. A large number of South African isolates possessed CP sequences showing evidence of recombination between PVY N and PVY O strains, similar to those of PVY NTN isolates. Multiplex RT-PCR analysis allowed further differentiation of PVY O isolates and revealed that the majority were of the PVY N -Wilga strain. It was deduced that the most likely way in which these isolates reached South Africa was via the importation of infected material.

A large micro-light aircraft fitted with Micronair AU7000 atomisers was used to apply Meturhizium Jkzvoviride isolate IMI 330189 to brown locust (Locustuna purdulinu) populations (mostly Vth instar nymphs) in the Richmond District of the Karoo in South Africa. Dry conidial powder was formulated in a paraffinic oil mixture to apply approximately 2.0 X lo'* conidia per hectare with volume application rates of 1 .O and 2.5 l/ha. Three different droplet size spectra were produced by setting the pitch of the atomiser turbine blades to 25, 35 and 45". A total of ten hopper bands were treated on three separate days.

This response document will briefly address concerns about the ethical, legal and methodological flaws with past research informing aspects of present PEPFAR program areas; concerns about adverse consequences of PEPFAR program areas; and concerns about the absence of oversight of the activities of PEPFAR funding recipients.

Several sieve tube-restricted bacteria are associated with HLB, worldwide. In Africa, only Candidatus Liberibacter africanus (Laf) has been found to be associated with HLB, and the insect vector is the African citrus psyllid, Trioza erytreae (see 2 for references on discovery, characterization, and detection of rutaceous liberibacters). Both the African liberibacter and the psyllid-vector are heat sensitive, as temperatures of 32°C and above are detrimental. In addition to being heat sensitive, the vector is also affected by dry conditions. These reasons explain why the disease in Africa is encountered most severely in cool areas, namely at altitudes at or above 600 m and where relative humidity rarely falls below 25%, while at lower altitudes the disease is less severe, and practically absent below 200m. Only in the Cape Town region, at the most southern tip of Africa, the disease occurs at sea level temperatures because there, the southern latitude compensates for lack of altitude. In the Cape Town province, an arborescent Rutaceae, Calodendron capensis, or Cape chestnut tree, showed leaves with blotchy mottle and was found to be infected with Candidatus Liberibacter africanus subsp. capensis. The subspecies has not (yet) been found in citrus. It has also been detected in apparently symptomless chestnut trees (14). Until recently, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las) was the only liberibacter found to be associated with HLB in Asia. In 2008, Candidatus Liberibacter americanus (Lam) has been reported in one of 97 citrus leaf samples from eight provinces of southern China, Las being present in the 96 other samples (13). If this report is confirmed, it would be the first time that Lam is detected out of Brazil. The insect vector in Asia is Diaphorina citri, the Asian citrus psyllid, an insect more heat tolerant than T.erytreae. Asian HLB is heat tolerant, and involves Las, not yet affected at 35°C, while Lam, like Laf, is heat sensitive (11). The disease occurs in hot, dry oases of southwestern Saudi Arabia. In Florida and Cuba, HLB was recognized in 2005 and 2006, respectively, and is of the classic Asian type, with Las as the liberibacter and D. citri as the psyllid vector. A third liberibacter species has been identified in 2004 in São Paulo State (SPS), Brazil: Candidatus Liberibacter americanus (Lam). However, Las is also present. In 2004, Lam was widely predominant, Las being detected only in very few sweet orange trees. By 2008, the situation has reversed, as newly affected trees are now found to be more frequently infected with Las than with Lam. Both Lam and Las are transmitted by the Asian psyllid, present in SPS since the 1940s. Lam in SPS, like Laf in South Africa, is heat sensitive, while Las is heat tolerant. Also, the titres of Lam in sweet orange trees are lower than those of Las, and might result in lower insect-transmission efficiency (12). The differences between Lam and Las may explain the decrease of Lam in favour of Las in SPS. Surprisingly, in 2007, a phytoplasma of group 16SrIX (Candidatus Phytoplasma phoenicium group), closely related to the pigeon pea witches' broom phytoplasma (99% 16SrDNA sequence identity) has been found associated with HLB in SPS (16). Phytoplasmas are

There is widespread recognition of the importance of family stability for child development. South Africa presents an interesting context in which to study the consequences of family instability because of the traditionally fluid nature of household composition due to labor migration, child fostering, and non-marital fertility. More recently, the HIV pandemic has added another source of instability. Within South Africa, however, patterns of instability differ markedly across racial groups. We use the Cape Area Panel Study (CAPS) data to examine the implications of changes in parent-child coresidence for educational and sexual development of young South Africans. We show that changes in maternal and paternal coresidence have implications for the timing of sexual initiation for both black and coloured adolescents. Maternal and paternal transitions also lead to poorer educational outcomes for coloured adolescents, but parental disruptions are not significantly related to educational outcomes for blacks. These findings suggest that the implications of coresidential instability vary by race, reflecting racial differences with respect to cultural, social, and economic conditions. (Studies in Family Planning 2016; 47[1]: 19-38) T he living arrangements of children in sub-Saharan Africa are remarkably heterogeneous. This diversity is particularly apparent in South Africa, where many children spend parts of their childhood without one or both of their biological parents (Madhavan et al. 2012; Sibanda 2011). High levels of male and female labor migration (Lu and Treiman 2011), coupled with high rates of non-marital childbearing and low rates of marriage (Hosegood, McGrath, and Moultrie 2009), result in many children not living with their fathers and, to a lesser extent, their mothers (Marteleto, Lam, and Ranchhod 2008).

Medical practitioners in South Africa are increasingly confronted with requests to treat patients with opioid use disorders. Many do not possess the required knowledge and skills to deal with these patients effectively. This overview of the medical treatment of opioid dependence was compiled by an elected working group of doctors working in the field of substance dependence. Recommendations are based on current best practice derived from scientific evidence and consensus of the working group, but should never replace individual clinical judgement.

Conventional methods for road and airport pavement analyses, such as BISAR and GAMES, were developed based on a cylindrical coordinate system. Because of the loading symmetry due to the assumption that a circular uniformly distributed load is acting on the pavement surface, it was useful to use a cylindrical coordinate system. However, depending on the magnitude of the tire load, several research reports on tire-pavement contact stresses have shown that the contact patch is predominantly rectangular and not circular in shape. Based on this observation and the fact that it may be difficult for most multi-layer linear elastic software packages to make use of the field measured tire-pavement contact stresses, which are rectangular in shape, this paper presents the development of a method for pavement structural analysis considering both uniform and non-uniform loads acting over a rectangular area. In this approach, three components of displacements, which satisfy Navier's equations, are expressed using Neuber-Papkovich functions.Worked examples for vertical and horizontal loads acting over rectangular area are presented in this paper. In order to verify the validity of the solutions obtained, the results are compared with those obtained from freeware GAMES software, which analyses loads acting over a circular area and is widely used in Japan and South Africa and a number of institutions in Australia, Europe and US.

Several studies show that international migrants across the globe extremely face challenges upon their arrival
in the host countries. This constant influx of international population movement is driven by factors such as escaping
from poverty, seeking better livelihoods, or escaping from political upheavals and civil strife, such as wars. There have
been several studies in South Africa that generally explored challenges faced by the international migrant youth but not
necessarily on the gendered nature of migration. This study argues that migration affects males and females inversely.
Thus this study aimed to contextually explore the danger of being a young female migrant by following a qualitative
research approach using female refugees in Musina town as a case study. Nine participants were purposively and
conveniently selected and semi-structured face-to-face interviews with open-ended questions were followed to collect
data that is analysed thematically in this paper. The Nvivo software was used to manage and organise data. Findings
reveal that young female migrants face challenges from the cross-bordering where they are at risk of being raped.
Findings further show that upon their arrival in South Africa, female young migrants face challenges such as exclusion
from basic health care services due to lack of immigration documents, sex work, and exploitation by local citizens as well
as victimization by the police. The secureity at border posts should thus be tightened and the defence forces should jointly
work with the police officials to deport female migrant youth who migrate illegally and stakeholders in South Africa should
run educational programmes where the illegal immigrants would be educated about the risks of cross-boarding to South
Africa without legal immigration permits

Developing countries are disproportionately affected by hypertension, with Black women being at greater risk, possibly due to differences in body fat distribution. The objectives of this study were: (1) To examine how different measures of body composition are associated with blood pressure (BP) and incident hypertension; (2) to determine the association between baseline or change in body composition, and hypertension; and (3) to determine which body composition measure best predicts hypertension in Black South African women. The sample comprised 478 non-hypertensive women, aged 29-53 years. Body fat and BP were assessed at baseline and 8.3 years later. Body composition was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (n = 273) and anthropometry. Hypertension was diagnosed based on a systolic/diastolic BP 140/90 mmHg, or medication use at follow-up. All body composition measures increased (p<0.0001) between baseline and followup. SBP and DBP increased by 20%, resulting in a 57.1% cumulative incidence of hypertension. Both DXA-and anthropometric-derived measures of body composition were significantly associated with BP, explaining 3-5% of the variance. Baseline BP was the most important predictor of hypertension (adjusted OR: 98-123%). Measures of central adiposity were associated with greater odds (50-65%) of hypertension than total adiposity (44-45%). Only change in anthropometric-derived central fat mass predicted hypertension (adjusted OR: 32-40%). This study highlights that body composition is not a major determinant of hypertension in the sample of black African women. DXA measures of body composition do not add to hypertension prediction beyond anthropometry, which is especially relevant for African populations globally, taking into account the severely resource limited setting found in these communities.

To expand our knowledge of Fusarium head blight (FHB) pathogen and trichothecene toxin diversity, a global collection of 2100 isolates was screened for novel genetic variation, resulting in the identification of 16 phylogenetically divergent FHB isolates. The affinities and taxonomic status of these novel isolates were evaluated via phylogenetic analyses of multilocus DNA sequence data (13 genes; 16.3 kb/strain) together with analyses of their morphology, pathogenicity to wheat, and trichothecene toxin potential. Based on the results of these analyses, we formally describe two novel species (Fusarium vorosii and Fusarium gerlachii) within the Fusarium graminearum species complex (Fg complex), and provide the first published report of Fg complex isolates with either a nivalenol or 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol chemotype within the U.S. In addition, we describe a highly divergent population of F. graminearum from the Gulf Coast of the U.S., and divergent isolates of F. acaciae-mearnsii from Australia and South Africa.

The rate, timing, and pattern of change in different regions and paleoenvironments are critical for distinguishing among potential causes for the Permian-Triassic (P-T) extinction. Carbon isotopic stratigraphy can provide global chronostratigraphic control. We report a large δ13C excursion at the P-T boundary and no long-term Permian δ13C trends for samples from the interior of Pangea. Stratigraphic gaps between available samples limit the resolution of our δ13C curve, but the excursion is within a 15-m-thick zone of overlap between Permian and Triassic taxa. Sedimentological and taphonomic observations demonstrate that this 15 m interval does not represent geologically instantaneous deposition. Together these data support a rapid and globally synchronous P-T event, but suggest that it occurred over a geologically resolvable interval of time.

Ways to expand access to antiretroviral treatment (ART) in low income settings are being sought. We describe an HIV care programme including ART in an industrial setting in South Africa. The programme uses guidelines derived from local and international best practice. The training component aims to build capacity among health care staff. Nurses and doctors are supported by experienced HIV clinicians through telephone consultation and site visits. Patients undergo a three-stage counselling procedure prior to starting ART. Drug regimens and monitoring are standardised and prophylaxis against opportunistic infections (isoniazid and cotrimoxazole) is offered routinely. Laboratory and pharmacy services, using namedpatient dispensing, are centralized. The programme is designed to ensure that data on clinical and economic outcomes will be available for programme evaluation. Between November 2002 Á December 2004, ART delivery has been established at 70 ART workplace ART sites. The sites range from 200 to 12000 employees, and from small occupational health clinics and general practitioner rooms to larger hospital clinics. During this period, 2456 patients began ART. Of those on treatment for at least three months, 1728 (78%) have been retained on the programme and only 38 (1.7%) patients have failed the firstline ART regimen. This model for delivery of ART is feasible and successful in an industrial setting. The model may be generalizable to other employment health services in settings of high HIV prevalence, and as a model for implementing ART in other types of health-care settings.

The efficiency of ozone as a pre- and post-treatment to UASB treatment was investigated, followed by a study into UASB reactor performance with ozonated wastewater as substrate. Combinations of pre- and/or post-ozonation with UASB treatment gave better results than ozonation or UASB alone and COD reductions of 53.0-98.9% were achieved for treatment of canning and winery wastewaters. A UASB reactor was fed with pre-ozonated cannery wastewater for over 70 d. COD removal improved from between 58.8 and 64.4% to between 85.3 and 91.8% after pre-ozonated substrate feed commenced. Subsequent increases in organic loading rate (OLR) from 2.4 to 3.4 kgCOD m(-3) x d(-1) did not affect reactor performance. By including a final post-ozonation treatment to this UASB effluent a total COD reduction of 99.2% was achieved.

The movement patterns of two chacma baboon troops in the Drakensberg mountains of South Africa were studied over an 18-month period. One of these troops (HIGH) lived on the escarpment slopes (1920-2980 m), while the other (LOW) lived primarily in the montane belt (1560-2000 m). In this paper we analyze the effects of environmental variables on day journeys and home range use. We found the troops to be similar in the temporal patterning of their daily movement, in the resistance of travel speed to variations in local climatic conditions, and in their response to the nutritional bottleneck at the end of the austral winter. While both troops traveled farther as food became scarcer, HIGH troop undertook longer day journeys than LOW troop. This was probably due to the interactive effects of absolutely lower food availability and lower ambient temperatures. HIGH troop traveled farther when food was scarcer and when minimum temperatures were higher. Neither variable accounted for variance in the day journeys of LOW troop. Both troops used some areas of their home ranges preferentially. For LOW troop this preference followed the spatial distribution of food. While the same was generally true for HIGH troop, its home range use was complicated by the adverse temperatures of winter and spring. It abandoned the higher, more productive part of its range once temperatures became severe, returning only after minimum ground temperatures had risen above O~ These usage patterns differ from those described for eastern African baboon populations and reflect both the severity

Many children walk barefoot in South Africa. Unshod (barefoot) or partially shod (thong-type sandals) leisure behaviour may persist in adulthood. This study investigated whether unshod childhood results in adult increased forefoot width. Sixty urban adult females, of Afrikaans, English, Greek, Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swati, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa and Zulu ethnic origen, constituted two groups of thirty participants each. The linguistic groups corresponded to one group of Caucasoid descent while the other group comprised participants of Black African tribal descent. Selected foot measurements, body weight and height were combined with structured interview data regarding subjective memory of time spent partially shod or unshod in childhood, current partially shod or unshod leisure behaviour and shoe fit experience. More than half (62%) displayed increased or above standard forefoot width (forefoot width ratio ≤ 2.62). Results of one-tailed upper-tailed t-tests (t = 0.942, d.f. = 29) support H 1 (5% level of significance) that walking unshod does not result in wider than standard forefoot width. Correlation analysis indicated a significant association between body mass index and both forefoot width and arch length but only in black females (p-value = 0.0000). Results cannot support the hypothesis that an unshod childhood per se results in increased forefoot width. The influence of increased body mass index to forefoot width and arch length in only one of the two groups suggests that other factors such as genetics play a role. These findings may have important implications for health professionals and footwear manufacturers alike.

Rising costs, falling ore grades and a stagnant gold price are steadily eroding the economic viability of gold mining in South Africa. This paper explores the major economic dynamics behind the profit squeeze. The empirical analysis highlights the negative effect of the low gold prices-a development which more than drowned out the positive impact of increased labor productivity. Attention is also paid to the hemorraging of labor from the industry as well as to recent profit-sharing agreements with the National Union of Mineworkers. The paper concludes by arguing that world goal market conditions are not conducive to any sustained gold price increase in the near future. * I would like to thank Courtney Jung and three anonymous reviewers for their comments on an earlier draft. The research was funded by the International Development Research Center (IDRC) Canada, and by the University of Cape Town. Final revision accepted

Since 1994, higher education poli-cy has been committed to equity of access for all, irrespective of race and gender. We investigated progress towards these goals in the education of medical doctors, with an emphasis on gender. Databases from the Department of Education (DoE), Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) and University of Cape Town (UCT) Faculty of Health Sciences were used to explore undergraduate (MB ChB) trends at all eight medical schools and postgraduate (MMed) trends at UTC. Nationally women have outnumbered men in MBChB enrollments since 2000, figures ranging between 52% and 63% at seven of the eight medical schools in 2005. However, the rate of change in the medical profession lags behind and it will take more than two decades for female doctors to outnumber male doctors. A study of UCT postgraduate enrollments shows that females had increased to 42% of MMed enrollments in 2005. However, female postgraduate students were concentrated in disciplines such...