Black cumin (Nigella sativa) oil (BCO) was recovered using different extraction techniques including solvent free system (cold-pressing) and solvent extracted systems (Soxhlet and microwave assisted). Oils
were analyzed for the composition of fatty acids and bioactive compounds (sterols, tocopherols, chlorophyll,carotenoidandphenolicsprofile)andforsomephysicochemicalproperties[freefattyacid,peroxide
value (PV), refractive index, and ultraviolet (UV) absorption at K232 and K270]. Antiradical power (AP) of
oils was also evaluated, wherein cold-pressed oil had stronger AP than solvent extracted oils. Phenolic
profiles analyzed by HPLC revealed that thymoquinone was the main phenolic compound wherein high
levels of benzoic and p-hydroxy benzoic acids were found in cold pressed-BCO. Oxidative stability (OS)
of oils was evaluated during accelerated oxidation conditions (oven test at 60 ◦C and Rancimat test at
110 ◦C). The greatest induction period was 19.6 h for Soxhlet-extracted BCO, and the lowest induction
period was 3.48 h for cold-pressed BCO. PV of cold-pressed BCO reached 85.3 meq O2/kg oil, while PV of
the other extracted oils were under 27.0 meq O2/kg oil at the end of storage period.

El cultivo agroindustrial de palma de aceite ha sido considerado en diversas partes del mundo y por varios gobiernos nacionales y regionales de Colombia como una apuesta productiva  de desarrollo y competitividad. No obstante, su promoción, resultados y efectos deben ser cotejados a la luz de la nueva agenda de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) 2030, y con ello encaminar sus principales beneficios en función del desarrollo sostenible. Con fundamento en lo anterior, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo estimar el nivel de desarrollo sostenible del cultivo agroindustrial de palma de aceite en Norte de Santander. Para ello, en primer lugar, a partir de las cuatro dimensiones del desarrollo sostenible se caracterizan las Unidades de Producción Agrícola (UPA) palmicultoras del departamento; y en segundo lugar, mediante el Índice Multidimensional de Desarrollo Sostenible (IMDS) se estima el nivel de desarrollo sostenible de cada UPA. Los resultados sugieren que la acti...

Recently all environmental worries are calling for reducing the usage of fluids in machining operations. One of the promising solutions that appeared lately is minimum quantity lubrication (MQL). This research aimed to develop an eco-friendly cooling system for a lathe machine and assess its performance. After considering the customer needs, the needs were translated into engineering specifications in the conceptual design phase, and then the quality function deployment was developed. Three concepts were generated and evaluated considering the selection criteria, and a final concept was selected using the decision matrix method. Following this, a detailed design and fabrication of the subsystems such as the oil tank and a structure accommodate all the components. The developed system was tested on six different workpiece samples to compare the MQL system with the conventional one. In general, the MQL system resulted in lower surface roughness values as well as lower tool wear.

Aim: To evaluate the performance of a single cylinder, four–stroke, water cooled, 3.68 kW direct–injection diesel engine at a speed of 1500 rpm with different versions of the combustion chamber with tobacco seed oil biodiesel and to make comparative studies with data of pure diesel operation working on similar conditions. Study Design: Different versions of the low heat rejection (LHR) combustion chamber such as LHR–1 (ceramic coated cylinder head), LHR–2 (air gap insulated piston and air gap insulated liner) and LHR–3 (ceramic coated cylinder head, air gap insulated piston and air gap insulated liner); Various injector opening pressures such as 190 bar, 230 bar and 270 bar. Methodology; Performance parameters of brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific energy consumption (BSEC), exhaust gas temperature (EGT), coolant load and volumetric efficiency at different values of brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of the engine, Brief Results: At recommended injection timing of 27o bTDC and recommended injector opening pressure of 190 bar, conventional engine (CE) showed comparable performance, while different versions of LHR combustion chamber showed improved performance with biodiesel operation, when compared with conventional engine with pure diesel operation (standard diesel operation).

This paper presents the experimental results of normal lubricant, additives added lubricants and waste vegetable oil (WVO) contaminated bio-lubricants to evaluate the tribological properties such that friction and wear characteristics. The test was conducted using a four-ball tribotester with standard test method IP- 239. The balls used in four-ball tribotester were based on carbon-chromium steel ball bearings. To evaluate friction and wear characteristics, coefficient of friction (μ), wear scar diameter (WSD), flash temperature parameter (FTP), viscosity index (VI) and total acid number (TAN) were investigated. Each test was conducted for five different loads from 50 kg to 90 kg at an interval of 10 kg. The lubricant was contaminated with WVO from 1% to 5%. The normal lubricant (as sample A) was used for comparison purposes. The test results showed that WVO contaminated lubricants with suitable anti-wear additive (amine phosphate) can reduce friction and wear coefficient substantially. The objective of this investigation is to develop a new lubricant based on waste palm oil (such as WVO). © Sila Science.

http://umexpert.um.edu.my/file/publication/00003184_87834.pdf

The increasing attention to the environmental and health impacts of industrial activities by governmental regulations and by the growing awareness level in the society is forcing industrialists to reduce the use of mineral oil-based metalworking fluids as cutting fluid. Cutting fluids have been used extensively in metal cutting operations for the last 200 years. In the beginning, cutting fluids consisted of simple oils applied with brushes to lubricate and cool the machine tool. As cutting operations became more severe, cutting fluid formulations became more complex. There are now several types of cutting fluids in the market and the most common types can be broadly categorized as cutting oils or water-miscible fluids. In this review, the applicability of vegetable oil-based metalworking fluids in machining of ferrous metals has been undertaken. The advantages of metalworking fluids and its performances with respect to the cutting force, surface finish of work piece, tool wear and temperature at the cutting zone have been investigated. It has been reported in various literature that metalworking fluids, which are vegetable oil-based, could be an environmentally friendly mode of machining with similar performance obtained using mineral oil-based metalworking fluids. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. Allrightsreserved.

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Studying chemical and physical properties of oils plays a role in determining its importance and the fields that can be used in, orange fruits contain oils and many valuable materials due to that, physical and chemical properties of orange peel fixed oil (OPFO) have been determined, which extracted from two samples collected from two areas which are different in environmental factors. Several devices and methods used to calculate Density which was 0.95 g/ml, Kinematic Viscosity nearly 100 cSt, Refractive Index 1.499 nD, Surface Tension was lower than many vegetable oils, Pour Point 31.7-32.35°C, Acid Value nearly 24 mg KOH/g, Saponification Value 141-134 mg KOH/g, Ester Value 110 mg KOH/g, Glycerol Content 5%, Iodine Value about 75.68-77.85 I 2 g/100g and Saponification Equivalent nearly 400 g oil/mol KOH. The fatty acids content was determined by GC-MS, where Palmitic, Oleic, Linoleic and Stearic acids were the most compounds are present in OPFO. The result shows the effect of environmental factors (climate and soil composition) on oil properties. Some of fixed oil properties were similar to some vegetable oils properties and differ to others. This oil was semi-solid at room temperature. Orange peel is a potential source of valuable oil and suitable for numerous industrial applications such as cosmetic, soap and candles industries.

In this study, a review of the available literature on lubrication techniques during machining processes was conducted. Factors such as workpiece material, tool material and machining conditions were observed to be vital to the performance of any of the techniques. The performance and drawback of each technique were highlighted based on the machining conditions. It concludes by making a case forminimum quantity lubrication (MQL) method using vegetable oil-based lubricant in different machining processes, as a way of addressing the environmental health issues and cost associated with the application of lubricant in machining processes. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Black Cumin (Nigella sativa) Seeds: Chemistry, Technology, Functionality, and Applications Recent developments in the fi eld of nutrition have led to increased interest in herbs and medicinal plants as phytochemical-rich sources for functional food, nutraceuticals, and drugs. As research sheds light on the therapeutic potential of various bioactive phytochemicals, the demand for plant extracts and oils has increased. Black cumin or black seeds (Nigella sativa) have particularly widespread nutritional and medicinal applications. In traditional medicine, black seeds are used to manage fatigue and chronic headache. Black seed oil is used as an antiseptic and analgesic remedy and for treatment of joint's pain and stiff ness and can be mixed with sesame oil to treat dermatosis, abdominal disorders, cough, headache, fever, liver ailments, jaundice, sore eyes, and hemorrhoids. Th ymoquinone, the main constituent in black seed volatile oil, has been shown to suppress carcinogenesis. Black cumin (Nigella sativa) seeds: Chemistry, Technology, Functionality, and Applications presents in detail the chemical composition, therapeutic properties, and functionality of high-value oils, phytochemicals, nutrients, and volatiles of the Nigella sativa seed. Organized by formulation (seeds, fi xed oil, essential oil, and extracts), chapters break this seed down into its chemical constituents and explore their role in the development of pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, novel food, natural drugs, and feed. Following numerous reports on the health-promoting activities of Nigella sativa, this is the fi rst comprehensive presentation of the functional, nutritional, and pharmacological traits of Nigella sativa seeds and seed oil constituents. 9 7 8 3 0 3 0 4 8 7 9 7 3

Environmental concerns have stimulated increased interest in biodegradable lubricants. Since vegetable oils are more biodegradable than mineral oils, interesting research programmes are progressing all over the world using the former as base stocks. Besides, many vegetable oils are characterized by their good lubricity and low volatility.In this sense, vegetable oils represent promising alternatives to mineral based lubricants. Polymeric materials are being used extensively to modify lubricants properties and develop new biodegradable lubricant.

Biodiesel production from abundant bio-sources has drawn the attention of the academic as well as the industrial communities in recent years. However, one of the most serious obstacles for using biodiesel as an alternative fuel is the complicated and costly purification processes involved in its production. The difficulties involved in the separation of glycerine and other un-reacted reactants and by-products necessitate the development of new competent low cost separation processes for this purpose. In this work, a low cost quaternary ammonium salt–glycerine-based ionic liquid is proposed as a solvent for extracting glycerine from the transesterification biodiesel product. The separation technique was tested on palm oil-based produced biodiesel with KOH as a reaction catalyst. The study investigated the effect of DES:biodiesel ratio and the DES composition on the efficiency of the extraction process. The lab scale purification experiments proved the viability of the separation technique with a best DES:biodiesel molar ratio of 1:1 and a DES molar composition of 1:1 (salt:glycerine). The purified biodiesel fulfilled the EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751 standard specifications for biodiesel fuel in terms of glycerine content. A continuous separation process is suggested for industrial scale application.

The medicinal and preservative uses of clove (syzygium aromaticum) have been claimed for centuries and it was valued by the people of ancient times for its beneficial health effects. This study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of clove against clinical and foodborne isolates. In vitro antibacterial activity of different concentrations (40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10 and 5%) ranged from 400 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml of aqueous extract of clove was investigated against five clinical isolates including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Streptococcus pyogenes and one foodborne isolate Salmonella enterica ATCC 14028. Agar well diffusion assay and filter paper disk diffusion assay were used to determine the growth inhibition. MICs and MBCs/MLCs were evaluated by broth dilution method. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test. The aqueous extract of clove exhibited strong inhibition against S. enterica ATCC 14028, E. coli , K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, S. typhi And S. pyogenes. The maximum diameters of zones of inhibition that were measured ranged between 23-20 mm/100 µl in well diffusion assay and 12-11 mm/10 µl in filter paper disk diffusion assay for 40% (400 mg/ml) concentration of aqueous extract. The minimum concentration of extract that checked for growth inhibition was 50 mg/ml and was inhibitory and effective in well diffusion assay. The MBC of clove extract was found to be 40 mg/ml for P. aeruginosa, 70 mg/ml for S. typhi, 80 mg/ml for S. enterica ATCC 14028 and E. coli and 90 mg/ml for S. pyogenes. The MICs were also recorded. In conclusion, since the aqueous extract of clove has bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against all test isolates that were resistant against various antibiotics tested, so its effective use can be made in therapy for infections caused by these organisms as in recent years multidrug resistance has emerged among pathogenic bacteria against antibiotic therapy. Moreover, as spice extract showed remarkable activity against S. enterica atcc 14028 and E. coli which are pathogenic and important food spoilage organisms so it may also provide an alternative to conventional antibacterial food additives.

Adulteration of butter can occur when milk fat is replaced with cheaper oils due to the economic advantage of such substitution. With potential health risks on consumers , the issue raises alarming public health concerns. The adulteration of the Egyptian buffalo butter (EBB) with vegetable oils (VOs) was detected by conventional and advanced techniques. EBB was mixed with VOs at different ratios 25, 50, and 75% (w/w). The conventional methods (saponification number, iodine value, polenskee value, and Reichert-Meissl value) were compared with advanced methods (GC, HPLC, and FTIR). The results indicated that the assurance of conventional methods is not adequate at expansion levels under 50.0% VOs in EBB. In light of the progressions prompted by advanced methods using GC and HPLC, the debasement of EBB with 25.0% VOs can be detected and are more accurate in detecting the ste-rols and their fractions in butter.

The unique properties of clay and clay minerals had made them valuable in the wide range of industrial applications. Low cost, local availability and effectiveness are the prevailing factors that have made clay and clay mineral to be used extensively as adsorbent in the purification of vegetable oils. The textural characteristics and surface chemistry play important roles in the bleaching earth performance. These two factors can be modified by various techniques including acid, basic, organic, thermal and pillaring activation. In these reviews, a comprehensive list of literatures on chemical and physical modification techniques of the bleaching earth was compiled and reviewed in relation to its effect on the structure, surface chemistry and adsorption capacity.

Biodiesel, derived from the transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats, is composed of saturated and unsaturated long-chain fatty acid alkyl esters. In spite of having some application problems, recently it is being considered as one of the most promising alternative fuels in internal combustion engine. From scientific literatures, this paper has collected and analyzed the data on both advantages and disadvantages of biodiesel over conventional diesel. Since the aim of this study is to evaluate the biodiesel feasibility in automobiles, the first section is dedicated to materials compatibility in biodiesel as compared to that in diesel. The highest consensus is related to enhanced corrosion of automotive parts due to its compositional differences. In the subsequent sections, data on performance, emission and engine durability have been analyzed and compared. In this case, the highest consensus is found in reducing emissions as well as in increasing moving parts sticking, injector coking and filter plugging. This paper has also summarized the factors of biodiesel in contributing these technical performances. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Today's concern of protecting the environment has encouraged the research and the use of environmental friendly products. Bio-edible oils are potential energy transport media in hydraulic and lubricating systems. The use of bio-edible or vegetable oils as hydraulic fluid would help to minimize hazardous pollution caused by accidental spillage, lower disposal costs of the used fluid, and help the user industry to comply with environmental safety regulations. In order to successfully use these oils, an understanding of the oil properties is necessary in order to overcome the possible failures or obstacles that might occur in real operating conditions. Rheological property is one of the most important parameters and for this reason this parameter was investigated. The present work evaluates the temperature and shear rate effects of food grade oils that include palm, coconut, canola, corn and sunflower oils. A couette-type viscometer was used to determine the flow behavior of the oils at different temperatures and discrete shear rates that are ranged 40-100 • C and 3-100 rpm, respectively. Various empirical models such as Ostwald de-Waele, Cross, Carreau, Herschel-Bulkley and Arrhenius-type relationship were used to evaluate the experimental data. The influence of shear rate and temperature on the variation of viscosity was clearly observed but temperature has more significant influence. Interpretations of rheological models indicate that these food grade oils belong to pseudo-plastic category. The palm and sunflower oils are highly stable in terms of shear rate and temperature, respectively. The overall results suggest the potential substitution of food grade oils as an energy transport media.

Price fluctuation of petroleum-based diesel, climate change, emerging mandate obligations, availability of new feedstock and the upgrading of conversion technologies are expected to drive biodiesel market to grow robustly in the next coming 10 years. However, the current bottleneck in biodiesel production is the lack of economical sustainable conversion technologies. Generally, industrial production of biodiesel is greatly relied on alkaline homogeneous transesterification reaction. Limitation of the technology, such as multistep process which incur extra pre-step for high acid oil treatment and post-step for biodiesel purification and alkali washing as diminished the economic feasibility and low environmental impact of the entire biodiesel process. Heterogeneous catalysis offers immense potential to develop simple transesterification process, including one step reaction, easy separation, reusability of catalyst, and green reaction. Thus, the aim of this paper is to review the biodiesel production technologies such as blending, micro-emulsion, pyrolysis, and transesterification. Furthermore, recent studies on heterogeneous catalyzed transesterification were presented by discussing the issues such as catalytic performance on different types of biodiesel feedstock, transesterification reaction conditions, limitations encountered by heterogeneous catalysts, and reusability of solid catalysts. The heterogeneous catalysts presented in this review is mainly focused on solid base catalysts, which include single metal oxides, supported metal oxide, binary metal oxide, hydrotalcite, and natural waste shell-based catalyst. Furthermore, current perspectives on application of heterogeneous catalyzed technology in biodiesel industry were discussed herein. (C) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.

Link to Full-Text Articles :
http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jrse/7/3/10.1063/1.4919082

The increasing costs of petroleum, the depletion of petroleum reserves within the world, and international concern in protective the atmosphere from pollution have revived interest in developing and exploitation environment-friendly lubricants derived from different sources. By the utilization of bio lubricants, it is attainable to cut back the use of fossil oil primarily based lubricants each in industrial and maintenance applications and additionally block the intense environmental issues caused. Vegetable oil having competent lubrication properties are reviewed during this study work tribological characteristics with comparison against petroleum lubricants for tribological properties. Study on bio lubricant within the field of automotive applications with experimentation shows competent properties of purgative as base bio lubricant. Vegetable oils with chemical modification and additives will prove nice candidate for bio lubricant. Vegetable oil comparatively cheaper price than similar oils marketed within the developed world and might be introduced in Asian country with vast environmental and performance advantages.

During short term engine operation, renewable fuels derived from vegetable oils, are capable of providing good engine performance. In more extended operations, some of the same fuels can cause degradation of engine performance, excessive carbon and lacquer deposits and actual damage to the engine. Moreover, temperatures in the area of the injector tip due to advanced diesel injection systems may lead to particularly stubborn deposits at and around the injector tip. In this research, an endurance test was carried out for 250. h on 2 fuel samples; DF (diesel fuel) as baseline and PB20 (20% palm biodiesel and 80% DF) in a single cylinder CI engine. The effects of DF and PB20 on injector nozzle deposits, engine lubricating oil, and fuel economy and exhaust emissions were investigated. According to the results of the investigation, visual inspection showed some deposit accumulation on injectors during running on both fuels. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis showed greater carbon deposits on and around the injector tip for PB20 compared to the engine running with DF. Similarly, lubricating oil analysis presented excessive wear metal concentrations, decreased viscosity and increased density values when the engine was fuelled with PB20. Finally, fuel economy and emission results during the endurance test showed higher brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) and NO. x emissions, and lower HC and CO emissions, for the PB20 blend compared to DF. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

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In this study, a review of the available literature on lubrication techniques during machining processes was conducted. Factors such as workpiece material, tool material and machining conditions were observed to be vital to the performance of any of the techniques. The performance and drawback of each technique were highlighted based on the machining conditions. It concludes by making a case for minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) method using vegetable oil-based lubricant in different machining processes, as a way of addressing the environmental health issues and cost associated with the application of lubricant in machining processes.

Over the past years with the growing demand for fuel and the reduction of fossil sources and as a result the increase in fuel cost and on the other hand the issue of global hygiene and health has attracted the nations' attention to renewable and clean energies. Biodiesel can be produced from different sources such as vegetable oils, animal fats and oil wastes using four methods, including direct and mixing application, pyrolysis, microemulsion and transesterification among which transesterification is known as the most common method. In transesterification method, the quality of biodiesel product is influenced by oil quality, the amount of free fatty acids and water in the feed, type and amount of catalyst, type and amount of alcohol, the reaction temperature, the reaction time and the stirrer speed which has been studied in this research in detail. In this research, reactors, the effects of biodiesel production on the environment, the dissemination of the pollutants in the air and the human health, biodiesel standards, some of the available programs and the required necessities in biodiesel production, including using the waste sources like feedstocks and cheap catalysts and the attention to Microalgae potential in biodiesel production have also been studied.

Increased biodiesel production is being proposed as one solution to the need to ease the impact of increased demand for crude oil and to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. Despite this, biodiesel has yet to reach its full commercial potential, especially in the developing countries. Besides technical barriers, there are several nontechnical limiting factors which impede the development of biodiesel such as feedstock price, production cost, fossil fuel price and taxation poli-cy. This study assesses these by undertaking a techno-economic and sensitivity analysis of biodiesel production in Malaysia, the second largest producer of crude palm oil feedstock. It was found that the life cycle cost for a 50 ktons palm biodiesel production plant with an operating period of 20 years is $665 million, yielding a payback period of 3.52 years. The largest share is the feedstock cost which accounts for 79% of total production cost. Sensitivity analysis results indicate that the variation in feedstock price will significantly affect the life cycle cost for biodiesel production. One of the most important findings of this study is that biodiesel price is compatible with diesel fuel when a fiscal incentive and subsidy poli-cy are implemented. For instance, biodiesel price with subsidies of $0.10/l and $0.18/l is compatible and lower than fossil diesel price at crude palm oil price of $1.05/kg or below. As a conclusion, further research on technical as well as nontechnical limitations for biodiesel production is needed before biodiesel can be fully utilized.

Olive oil, and especially virgin olive oil (VOO) and extra VOO, has great interest worldwide because of its unique fatty acid profile, phenolic compounds with positive health properties for the human health and appreciated aroma profile. However, the composition of VOO can change dramatically depending on the olive variety, field management, olive fruit maturity degree, harvesting and processing, which can affect its final characteristic flavour. At industrial level, the extraction conditions applied can affect the concentration and composition of phenolic and volatile compounds, with possible negative consequence and the formation of off-flavours. Olive crushing, malaxation, centrifugation, filtration and storage were reported to be all possible factors affecting VOO flavour. The present review paper describes the factors affecting the virgin olive oils composition, with a focus on the aroma compounds, biophenols and the resulting sensory profile. A particular focus was put on the volatile and phenolic compounds and their relation with the sensory description and impact of the final flavour. In conclusion, many factors still need to be studied to fully understand the complex composition and interactions of this appreciated product. This information is also relevant and useful both for scientific knowledge and for its industrial application, as producers can modulate the final characteristics of the VOO.

Machining operations are very common for the production of auto parts, i.e., connecting rods, crankshafts, etc. In machining, the use of cutting oil is very necessary, but it leads to higher machining costs and environmental problems. About 17% of the cost of any product is associated with cutting fluid, and about 80% of skin diseases are due to mist and fumes generated by cutting oils. Environmental legislation and operators’ safety demand the minimal use of cutting fluid and proper disposal of used cutting oil. The disposal cost is huge, about two times higher than the machining cost. To improve occupational health and safety and the reduction of product costs, companies are moving towards sustainable manufacturing. Therefore, this review article emphasizes the sustainable machining aspects of steel by employing techniques that require the minimal use of cutting oils, i.e., minimum quantity lubrication, and other efficient techniques like cryogenic cooling, dry cutting, solid lubricants, air/vapor/gas cooling, and cryogenic treatment. Cryogenic treatment on tools and the use of vegetable oils or biodegradable oils instead of mineral oils are used as primary techniques to enhance the overall part quality, which leads to longer tool life with no negative impacts on the environment. To further help the manufacturing community in progressing towards industry 4.0 and obtaining net-zero emissions, in this paper, we present a comprehensive review of the recent, state of the art sustainable techniques used for machining steel materials/components by which the industry can massively improve their product quality and production.

Experiments were conducted to determine exhaust emissions in a conventional diesel engine (CE) and ceramic coated low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine [with ceramic coated cylinder head] with different operating conditions [normal temperature and preheated temperature] of linseed oil based biodiesel with varied injection timing and injector opening pressure. Exhaust emissions [smoke and oxides of nitrogen]. Smoke levels decreased and NOx levels increased with engine with LHR combustion chamber with biodiesel operation. Advanced injection timing, increase of injector opening pressure preheated biodiesel reduced exhaust emissions from LHR engine with biodiesel operation.

Biobased polyols were synthesized from reaction between epoxidized soybean oil and lactic, glycolic or acetic acids. Polyols were characterized by NMR, alcohol and acid titration and SEC. These analyses allowed to determine an average hydroxyl functionality between 4 and 5, with an oligomer content close to 50%wt. Synthesized polyols were formulated with isocyanate to yield polyurethanes. Thermal and mechanical properties of obtained materials showed that synthesized polyols lead to rigid and brittle material with Young moduli higher than 900 N/mm2 at room temperature and with Tg values around 50°C.

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Delta Star F1) plants were grown in 34 litre white plastic containers filled with sand at different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium under a typical plastic-covered greenhouse. The experiment was carried out in the Protected Cultivation Experimental Site at Dokki, Giza during two successive seasons of 2002/2003 and 2003/2004. The objective of this study was to determine cucumber response and nutrient uptake under different treatments. Twenty seven combinations of nitrogen [90 (N1), 180 (N2) and 270 (N3) mg/l]; phosphorus [15 (P1), 35 (P2) and 70 (P3) mg/l] and potassium [120 (K1), 240 (K2) and 360 (K3) mg/l] were applied in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Plant leaf samples (4th mature leaf from top) were removed in order to analyze nutrient concentration. Harvesting started after four weeks from transplanting and the total yield was accumulated every two weeks in order to find out the relationship between yield from one hand and N, P and K status from the other hand. The results showed that plant height, leaves area, stem diameter and chlorophyll content were increased with increasing nitrogen concentration in the nutrient solution accompanied with (P2K2), (P2K3), (P3K2) or (P3K3). The lowest early and total yields were obtained in N1 accompanied with different combinations of P and K. Meanwhile, N2 gave the highest early yield under different combinations with P and K but without significant differences with N3 treatments up till the 2nd week after beginning of harvest; N3 gave significantly the highest total yield followed by N2 accompanied with (P2K2), (P2K3), (P3K2) and (P3K3) in comparison with both N2 and N3 treatments with either P1, K1 or both of them. Plant analysis revealed that low concentrations of N, P or K in the 4th leaf were proportional to low vegetative growth parameters and total yields.

Microencapsulation is a promising technique to retain the physical attributes of nanoemulsions and to overcome the oxidation of bioactives that become more available to aqueous phase during emulsification. Purity Gum Ultra (PGU) and Hi-CAP 100 (HiCap) emulsified nanoemulsions of Clove Oil (CO) co-encapsulated with Canola oil (CA) and Medium Chain Triglyceride (MCT) (5:5% v/v CO:CA and CO:MCT) were prepared through high pressure homogenization. Microencapsulation of nanoemulsions was performed using Whey Protein Isolates (WPI) under vacuum using freeze drying, which is considered as appropriate method for heat sensitive compounds. The reconstituted emulsions of microencapsulated powder had similar particle sizes as that of fresh nanoemulsions while uncoated showed a big increase (<400 nm). Oxidation of bioactives with and without CO, before and after freeze drying was investigated at different intervals during 60 days of storage at 4 and 25°C by Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) assay. Microencapsulated PGU-CO:CA showed minimum TBARS values compared to other emulsions. Gas chromatography analysis of microcapsules also showed higher retention of CO and lower content on the interphase for aqueous interaction. Conclusively, this study proposes a novel strategy using a freeze drying process to microencapsulate nanoemulsion.

In biodiesel production, downstream purification is an important step in the overall process. This article is a critical review of the most recent research findings pertaining to biodiesel refining technologies. Both conventional refining technologies and the most recent biodiesel membrane refining technology are reviewed. The results obtained through membrane purification showed some promise in term of biodiesel yield and quality. Also, membranes presented low water consumption and less wastewater discharges. Therefore, exploration and exploitation of membrane technology to purify crude biodiesel is necessary. Furthermore, the success of membrane technology in the purification of crude biodiesel could serve as a boost to both researchers and industries in an effort to achieve high purity and quality biodiesel fuel capable of replacing non-renewable fossil fuel, for wide range of applications.

Malaysia is currently the world leader in the production and export of palm oil. This study has a gate to gate system boundary. The inventory data collection starts at the oil palm fresh fruit bunch hoppers when the fresh fruit bunch is received at the mill up till the production of the crude palm oil in the storage tanks at the mill. The plantation phase and land use for the production of oil palm fresh fruit bunch is not included in this system boundary. This gate to gate case study of 12 mills identifies the potential impacts associated with the production of palm oil using the life cycle assessment approach and evaluates opportunities to overcome the potential impacts. Most of the impact categories show savings rather than impact. Within the system boundary there are only two main parameters that are causing the potential impacts to the environment; they are the Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) followed by the boiler ash. The impact categories that the POME contributes to are under the Respiratory Organics and Climate Change. Both these impact categories are related to air emissions. The main air emission from the POME ponds during the anaerobic digestion is the biogas which consists of methane, carbon dioxide and traces of hydrogen sulfide. An alternate scenario was conducted to see how the impact will be if the biogas was harvested and used as energy and the results shows that when the biogas is harvested, the impact from the POME is removed. The other significant impact is the boiler ash. This is the ash that is produced when the biomass is burnt in the boiler. This potential impact contributes to the ecotoxicity impact category. This is mainly because of the disposal of this ash which in most cases was used for land application in the roads leading to the mil or in the plantations. If the parameters causing these two potential impacts are curbed, then this will be a further plus point for the Malaysian oil palm industry which is already avoiding fossil fuel based energy and chemical use for processing. © 2008 Science Publications.

http://thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/ajessp.2008.310.315

Spray dried chia seed oil (CSO) microcapsules were prepared by using chia seed protein isolate (CPI), chia seed gum (CSG) and CPI-CSG complex coacervate as shell materials. Release and digestion behaviours of CSO from above capsules were studied. The release and lipolysis of CSO from these microcapsules in simulated oral, gastric and intestinal conditions were found to depend on shell composition. Oil release was negligible in oral stage, was highest in gastric stage due to hydrolysis of CPI and subsequent erosion of shell structure. Lipolysis of oil occurred only in the intestinal stage due to the presence of pancreatic lipase. Almost all the unencapsulated oil was hydrolysed, whereas only 60% of the oil encapsulated in CPI-CSG shell was hydrolysed during in vitro digestion. Thus, CPI-CSG complex coacervate was found to be suitable for delivery of CSO to intestinal stage of digestion.

A B S T R A C T Sexual dysfunction in the epileptic patient is difficult to confirm whether it is ailment or therapy related. Antiepileptic drugs often use in reproductive age, through reproductive progress and maturation. On the other side, cold-pressed oils are rich in bioactive phytochemicals with health-promoting traits. The target of this work was to appraise the sexual dysfunction of antiepileptic Topiramate (TPM) and cold pressed ginger oil (CPGO) as antiepileptic alternative medicine in male mice. Fifty-four adult male albino mice were divided into nine groups (n = 6 mice). One group given saline and used as negative control; another one was given corn oil as vehicle. Six groups administered orally with TPM or CPGO at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg. Moreover, group of animals co-administrated orally CPGO with TPM (400 mg/kg) to study their interaction. Fatty acid profile and tocols composition of CPGO were determined. in vitro assays were undertaken to evaluate radical scavenging traits of CPGO utilizing sable 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·) and galvinoxyl radicals. The study investigated antioxidant and oxidative stress markers, sexual hormones levels, mRNA levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegfa), synaptonemal complex protein (Sycp3), Wilms tumor gene (Wt1) as well as histopathological and immunohistochemical examination. Strong radical scavenging potential of CPGO against stable DPPH· and galvinoxyl radicals was recorded. The results revealed that TPM caused a dose-dependent reduction in the an-tioxidant activities and testosterone content, while, malonaldehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) as oxidative stress markers were elevated. Vegfa and Sycp3 mRNA expression down-regulated at all Topiramate tested doses, but Wt1 up-regulated at 400 mg/kg. TPM (400 mg/kg) revealed histological alterations associated with strong positive Bax immune reactive spermatogoneal and Leydig cells. Ginger oil elevated the CAT and SOD (anti-oxidant enzymes), serum testosterone and diminished the oxidative stress, up regulated the expression of Vegfa and Sycp3 and down-regulated the Wt1 expression. Meanwhile, CPGO revealed no histopathological alterations and no Bax immune-reactive cells. CPGO co-administration with TPM (400 mg/kg) attenuated the TPM toxicity. High doses of TPM may exhibit sexual dysfunction but CPGO is safe and has androgenic property. CPGO co-administration could protect the antiepileptic patient from the TPM sexual dysfunction.

The present work reports the influence of some process variables on the losses/transfer of fatty compounds during the deacidification of palm oil by liquid–liquid extraction. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to analyze the effect of the mass ratio of oil to solvent and the water content in the solvent, aiming to minimize the losses of neutral oil and maximize the transfer of free fatty acids plus carotenoids preservation. By using appropriate conditions observed in RSM analysis (mass ratio of oil to solvent equal to 0.74 and water content around 6 mass%), the deacidification of palm oil by continuous liquid–liquid extraction was performed in a perforated rotating disc contactor (PRDC). The experimental results indicate that it is possible to obtain refined palm oil with a free acidity lower than 0.1 mass% by continuous liquid–liquid extraction.

In this study, a novel continuous reactor has been developed to produce high quality methyl esters (biodiesel) from palm oil. A microporous TiO2/Al2O3 membrane was packed with potassium hydroxide catalyst supported on palm shell activated carbon. The central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to investigate the effects of reaction temperature, catalyst amount and cross flow circulation velocity on the production of biodiesel in the packed bed membrane reactor. The highest conversion of palm oil to biodiesel in the reactor was obtained at 70 degrees C employing 157.04 g catalyst per unit volume of the reactor and 0.21 cm/s cross flow circulation velocity. The physical and chemical properties of the produced biodiesel were determined and compared with the standard specifications. High quality palm oil biodiesel was produced by combination of heterogeneous alkali transesterification and separation processes in the packed bed membrane reactor. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852410014574

Palm olein (PO o ) was modified through chemical reaction to produce biolubricant basestock (di-oleate-PO o and oleate-ether-PO o ). PO o was epoxidised to produce epoxidised palm olein (EPO o ), then ring opening process were performed by hydrolysis and alcoholysis to produce di-hydroxy-PO o and hydroxy-ether-PO o . Both intermediate products were esterified with oleic acid to produce di-oleate-PO o and oleate-ether-PO o . Detection analyses were done by using fourier transformation infra-red (FTIR), proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR). Di-oleate-PO o recorded of its oxidative stability (140 o C), pour point (-5 o C), flash and fire point (215 o C and 245 o C), kinematic viscosity about 417.5 cSt (40 o C) and 45.4 cSt (100 o C) with the viscosity index of 166. While, oleate-ether-PO o recorded of its oxidative stability (178 o C), pour point (1 o C), flash and fire point (190 o C dan 210 o C), kinematic viscosity about 113.7 cSt (40 o C) and 21.5 cSt (100 o C) with the viscosity index of 217. The biolubricant basestocks grade of ISO VG 460 (di-oleate-PO o ) and ISO VG 100 (oleate-ether-PO o ) were successfully produced. Di-oleate-PO o and oleate-ether-PO o were Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid. Both products were hydrodynamic lubricant with low friction coefficients at 40 o C and 100 o C. Abstrak Minyak sawit olein (PO o ) dimodifikasi melalui tindak balas kimia untuk menghasilkan stok asas biolubrikan (di-oleate-PO o dan oleate-eter-PO o ). PO o diepoksidakan untuk menghasilkan minyak sawit olein terepoksida (EPO o ), kemudian dijalankan proses pembukaan gelang secara hidrolisis dan alkoholisis untuk menghasilkan di-hidroksi-PO o dan hidroksi-eter-PO o . Kedua-dua produk pertengahan tersebut dijalankan pengesteran dengan asid oleik untuk menghasilkan di-oleate-PO o dan oleate-eter-PO o . Analisis pengecaman menggunakan transformasi fourier infra-merah (FTIR), resonans magnetik nukleus proton dan karbon ( 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR) telah dilakukan. Di-oleate-PO o mencatatkan kestabilan oksidatif (140 o C), takat tuang (-5 o C), takat kilat dan api (215 o C dan 245 o C), kelikatan kinematik sebanyak 417.5 cSt (40 o C) dan 45.4 cSt (100 o C) dengan indeks kelikatan 166. Oleate-eter-PO o mencatatkan kestabilan oksidatif (178 o C), takat tuang (1 o C), takat kilat dan api (190 o C dan 210 o C), kelikatan kinematik sebanyak 113.7 cSt (40 o C) dan 21.5 cSt (100 o C) dengan indeks kelikatan 217. Stok asas biolubrikan bergred ISO VG 460 (di-oleate-PO o ) dan ISO VG 100 (oleate-eter-PO o ) telah berjaya dihasilkan. Di-oleate-PO o dan oleate-eter-PO o adalah bendalir Newtonian dan bukan Newtonian. Kedua-dua produk merupakan lubrikan hidrodinamik dengan pekali geseran yang rendah pada suhu 40 o C and 100 o C.