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Emerging Asia Australia Hong Kong Norway China Brazil Nigeria Austria Iceland Portugal India Chile Peru Belgium Ireland Singapore Indonesia Czech Republic Poland Canada Italy Spain Korea Egypt Russia Denmark Japan Sweden Malaysia Greece Slovakia Finland Luxembourg Switzerland Philippines Hungary Slovenia France Netherlands UK Taiwan Mexico South Africa Germany New Zealand US Thailand Morocco Turkey Advanced economies Other emerging market economies 20 Appendix: US monetary and business cycles 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 %
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- US Monetary tightening Fed Fund Target Rate 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2010=100, Seasonally Adjusted US Economic Recession (OECD) US Real GDP Note: Areas not shaded denote US monetary easing phase. Sources: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and author estimates. Note: Areas not shaded denote US economic expansion phase. Sources: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and OECD. Appendix: Technical details of the SPA test 21 • The SPA test in this study is based on the following test statistics = ∑ ∗ / (1) where = ∑ ,
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