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降

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 隆
降 U+964D, 降
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-964D
← 陌
[U+964C] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 陎 →
[U+964E]
降 U+FA09, 降
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA09
← 行
[U+FA08] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 見 →
[U+FA0A]

Translingual

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Han character

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降 (Kangxi radical 170, 阜+6 in Chinese, 阜+7 in Japanese, 9 strokes in Chinese in traditional Chinese, 8 strokes in mainland China, 10 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 弓中竹水手 (NLHEQ), four-corner 77254, composition ⿰阝夅)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1349, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41620
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1852, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4126, character 18
  • Unihan data for U+964D

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 降
Shang Western Zhou
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions
Characters in the same phonetic series (夅) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
贛 *kluːmʔ, *kluːms, *kromʔ, *kloːms
灨 *kluːmʔ, *kluːms
竷 *kʰluːms
戇 *kr'oːms, *qʰloːms
洚 *kruːŋs, *ɡruːŋ, *ɡloːŋ, *ɡluːŋ
降 *kruːŋs, *ɡruːŋ
絳 *kruːŋs
栙 *ɡruːŋ
夅 *ɡruːŋ
跭 *ɡruːŋ
隆 *ɡ·ruːŋ
癃 *ɡ·ruːŋ
窿 *ɡ·ruːŋ
霳 *ɡ·ruːŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kruːŋs, *ɡruːŋ) and ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : semantic 阝 (“hill, wall”) + phonetic 夅 (OC *ɡruːŋ, “to descend”) – descending a hill.

Etymology 1

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trad. 降
simp. # 降
alternative forms 夅
𨹓
𡲣
𡲛

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 降
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 江 (9)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 古巷切
Baxter kaewngH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kˠʌŋH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kᵚɔŋH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kɔŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kaɨwŋH/
Li
Rong 		/kɔŋH/
Wang
Li 		/kɔŋH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kɔŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jiàng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gong3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 降
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jiàng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kæwngH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kˁruŋ-s/ (? < *-[u]m-s)
English descend

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 降
Reading # 1/2
No. 6279
Phonetic
component 		夅
Rime
group 		終
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		絳
Old
Chinese 		/*kruːŋs/

Definitions

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降

  1. to fall; to drop; to descend; to come down
    降落  ―  jiàngluò  ―  to fall; to land
  2. (honorific) to visit; to honor with one's presence
  3. to bestow; to confer
  4. to reduce; to decrease; to lower
    降價／降价  ―  jiàngjià  ―  to reduce the price
  5. (music) flat (♭)
    降A大調／降A大调  ―  jiàng-ēi dàdiào  ―  A-flat major
  6. to be born
  7. a surname

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (降):
  • → Vietnamese: giáng (降)

Etymology 2

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trad. 降
simp. # 降
alternative forms 夅
𨹓
𡲣
𡲛

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 降
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 江 (9)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 下江切
Baxter haewng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦˠʌŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦᵚɔŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣɔŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦaɨwŋ/
Li
Rong 		/ɣɔŋ/
Wang
Li 		/ɣɔŋ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ɣɔŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		xiáng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hong4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 降
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		xiáng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hæwng ›
Old
Chinese 		/*m-kˁru[ŋ]/ (? < *-[u]m)
English submit

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 降
Reading # 2/2
No. 6281
Phonetic
component 		夅
Rime
group 		終
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		栙
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡruːŋ/

Definitions

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降

  1. to surrender; to capitulate; to give in
    投降  ―  tóuxiáng  ―  to surrender
  2. to subdue; to vanquish

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (降):

Etymology 3

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trad. 降
simp. # 降
alternative forms 𫱔

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “related to etymology 1?”)

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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降

  1. (Hakka) to give birth

Japanese

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Shinjitai 降
Kyūjitai
[1]
降󠄃
降+&#xE0103;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji

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降

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. to descend
  2. to fall
  3. to precipitate
  4. to surrender

Readings

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Compounds

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References

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  1. ^ “降”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025

Korean

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Etymology 1

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From Middle Chinese 降 (MC kaewngH).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 Recorded as Middle Korean 가ᇰ〮 (Yale: káng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 ᄂᆞ릴 강 Recorded as Middle Korean 강 (kang) (Yale: kang) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

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  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ka̠(ː)ŋ]
  • Phonetic hangul: [강(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

降 (eumhun 내릴 강 (naeril gang))

  1. hanja form? of 강 (“to come down; to descend”)

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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From Middle Chinese 降 (MC haewng).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 Recorded as Middle Korean ᅘᅡᇰ (Yale: hhàng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 항복 항[1] Recorded as Middle Korean 항 (hang) (Yale: hang) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.
  1. ^ 平聲

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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降 (eumhun 항복할 항 (hangbokhal hang))

  1. hanja form? of 항 (“to surrender”)

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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降: Hán Việt readings: giáng[1][2][3][4][5], hàng (胡(hồ)江(giang)切(thiết))[1][3][4][5]
降: Nôm readings: hàng[1][2][6][4][7], giáng[2][4][7], dán[1][2], nháng[3], giuống[6]

  1. chữ Hán form of giáng (“to fall; to descend”).
  2. chữ Hán form of hàng (“to surrender”).

Compounds

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Compounds derived from 降 (giáng)
Compounds derived from 降 (hàng)

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Bonet (1899).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Génibrel (1898).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Hồ (1976).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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