Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rōþrą

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *rōaną (“to row”) +‎ *-þrą (“tool, instrument”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈrɔːθ.rɑ̃/

Noun

*rōþrą n

oar
Synonym: *airō
rudder
Synonym: *helmô

Inflection

neuter a-stemDeclension of *rōþrą (neuter a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*rōþrą	*rōþrō
vocative	*rōþrą	*rōþrō
accusative	*rōþrą	*rōþrō
genitive	rōþras, rōþris	*rōþrǫ̂
dative	*rōþrai	*rōþramaz
instrumental	*rōþrō	*rōþramiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *rōþr
- Old English: rōþor
  - Middle English: rother, rodder, rothre, ruder, rothyr, rothir, rothar, roþer
    - English: rudder, rother
    - Scots: rudder, ruther, ruder
- Old Frisian: rōther, rōder
  - Saterland Frisian: Ruur
  - West Frisian: roer
- Old Saxon: *rōthar
  - Middle Low German: rôder
    - German Low German: Roor
    - → Danish: ror
    - → Faroese: róður
    - → Norwegian: ror
    - → Old Swedish: rodher
      - Swedish: roder
- Old Dutch: *ruother
  - Middle Dutch: roeder
    - Dutch: roer
      - Afrikaans: roer
      - → Russian: руль (rulʹ)
        → Armenian: ռուլ (ṙul)
        → Azerbaijani: rul
        → Georgian: რული (ruli)
        → Kazakh: рөл (röl)
        → Persian: رل (rol)
- Old High German: ruodar, ruoder
  - Middle High German: ruoder
    - German: Ruder
    - Luxembourgish: Rudder
    - Yiddish: רודער (ruder)
Old Norse: róðr m (“rowing”)
- Icelandic: róður m
- Faroese: róður m (“rowing”)
- Old East Norse:
  - Old Swedish: roþer
    - Swedish: rodd c
    - ⇒ Swedish: rod, Roden (“the coastal region of Uppland”)
      - ⇒ Swedish: Roslagen
  - → Proto-Finnic: *roocci (from the genitive *roþs-)
    - Estonian: rootsi, Rootsi, (archaic) roots
    - Finnish: ruotsi, Ruotsi
      - Kven: Ruottii
      - Meänkieli: Ruotti
    - Ingrian: rootsi, Rootsi
    - Karelian:
      - North Karelian: ruočči, Ruočči
      - South Karelian: ruočči, Ruočči
    - Livonian: rūotš, Rūotšmō
    - Livvi: ruočči, Ruočči
    - Ludian: ruoč
    - Veps: Ročinma
    - Võro: ruuts', Roodsi
    - Votic: roottsi
    - → Old East Slavic: Русь (Rusĭ) (see there for further descendants)
    - → Old Novgorodian: Роусь (Rusĭ)
    - → Proto-Permic:
      - Komi-Permyak: роч (roć)
      - Komi-Zyrian: роч (roć)
      - Udmurt: ӟуч (dźuć)
    - → Proto-Samic:
      - Inari Sami: Ruotâ
      - Kildin Sami: Рӯц (Rūc)
      - Northern Sami: Ruoŧŧa
      - Skolt Sami: Ruõcc
      - Ume Sami: Ruohtsa