Indicaciones Radiograficas de Fundiciones

INDICACIONES RADIOGRÁFICAS DE FUNDICIONES
El objetivo principal de la prueba radiográfica de las fundiciones es la

interpretación de las discontinuidades que afectan adversamente la fuerza del
producto. La fundición es una forma de producto que recibe a menudo la
inspección radiográfica puesto que muchos de los defectos producidos por el
proceso de fundición son de naturaleza volumétricos y, así relativamente fácil
de detectar por este método. Estas discontinuidades por supuesto, se
relacionan con las deficiencias del proceso de fundición, el que, si está
entendido correctamente, pueden conducir a una adecuada decisión sobre
aceptar ó rechazar, así como a medidas correctivas convenientes. Puesto que
los diversos tipos y tamaños de defectos tienen diferentes efectos en el
funcionamiento de la fundición, es importante que el radiógrafo sea capaz de
identificar el tipo y tamaño de los defectos. El estándar para las radiografías de
referencia de fundiciones ASTM E-155, se ha producido para ayudar al
radiógrafo a hacer una mejor determinación de los defectos encontrados en los
componentes. Las fundiciones usadas para producir las radiografías
estándares o de referencia han sido analizadas con métodos destructivos para
confirmar el tamaño y el tipo de discontinuidades presentes. Lo que sigue es
una breve descripción de los tipos de discontinuidades más comunes incluidos
en documentos existentes de las radiografías de referencia (en tipos con grado
o como una ilustración sencilla).
Porosidad por gas o agujeros

por sopladuras
Son causados por gas
acumulado o aire el cual es
atrapado por el metal. Estas
discontinuidades son
generalmente cavidades
redondeadas de pared alisada
de forma esférica, alargada o
aplanada. Si el respiradero no
es bastante alto tal que el calor
transferido necesariamente el
gas o el aire sea forzado a salir
fuera del molde, el gas o el aire
será atrapado como el metal fundido cuando éste comienza a solidificar. Los
agujeros por sopladuras también pueden ser causados por la arena que es
demasiado fina, muy mojada, o por la arena que ha escapado. Un contenido de
agua demasiado alto en la arena hace difícil de llevar los volúmenes excesivos
del vapor de agua lejos de la fundición. Otra causa de los agujeros por
sopladuras se puede atribuir a usar los cucharones verdes, los enfriadores
oxidados o húmedos y los chaplets.
1
Inclusiones de arena y escoria
son óxidos no-metálicos, que
aparecen en la película
radiográfica como manchas
irregulares y oscuras. Éstas
vienen de las porciones que se
desintegran de las paredes del
molde o los corazones y/o de los
óxidos (formado durante el
fundido) que no han sido
desnatados antes de introducir el
metal en los bloques del molde.
El control cuidadoso de la
fundición, el tiempo que
permanece en el cucharón y el desnatar de la fundición durante el vertido
reducirán al mínimo o evitarán esta fuente de problemas.
Contracción o Rechupe es una forma de discontinuidad que aparece como

puntos oscuros en la película radiográfica. La contracción asume varias formas
pero en todos los casos ocurre porque el metal fundido se contrae cuando se
solidifica, en todas las porciones de la fundición final. La contracción es evitada
cerciorándose de que el volumen de la fundición sea alimentado
adecuadamente por las canalizaciones verticales que sacrificándose conservan
la contracción. La contracción se puede reconocer en un número de
características por varios aspectos en las radiografías.
Estas son al menos de cuatro tipos:
(1) Tipo cavidad;
(2) Tipo dendrítico;
(3) Tipo filamentoso; y
(4) Tipo esponjoso.
Algunos documentos señalan estos tipos por números o letras, sin nombres
reales, para evitar un posible malentendido.
2
Cavity shrinkage appears as
areas with distinct jagged
boundaries. It may be produced
when metal solidifies between two
original streams of melt, coming
from opposite directions to join a
common front; cavity shrinkage
usually occurs at a time when the
melt has almost reached
solidification temperature and there
is no source of supplementary
liquid to feed possible cavities.
Dendritic shrinkage is a
distribution of very fine lines or
small elongated cavities that may
vary in density and are usually
unconnected.
Filamentary shrinkage usually

occurs as a continuous structure of
connected lines or branches of
variable length, width and density,
or occasionally as a network.
Sponge shrinkage shows itself as

areas of lacy texture with diffuse
outlines, generally toward the mid-
thickness of heavier casting
sections. Sponge shrinkage may be
dendritic or filamentary shrinkage;
filamentary sponge shrinkage
appears more blurred because it is
projected through the relatively thick
coating between the discontinuities
and the film surface.
3
Cracks are thin (straight or jagged)
linearly disposed discontinuities
that occur after the melt has
solidified. They generally appear
singly and originate at casting
surfaces.
Cold shuts generally appear on or

near a surface of cast metal as a
result of two streams of liquid
meeting and failing to unite. They
may appear on a radiograph as
cracks or seams with smooth or
rounded edges.
Inclusions are nonmetallic

materials in a supposedly solid
metallic matrix. They may be less
or more dense than the matrix alloy
and will appear on the radiograph,
respectively, as darker or lighter
indications. The latter type is more
common in light metal castings.
Core shift shows itself as a variation in

section thickness, usually on
radiographic views representing
diametrically opposite portions of
cylindrical casting portions.
4
Hot tears are linearly disposed indications that represent fractures formed in a metal
during solidification because of hindered contraction. The latter may occur due to
overly hard (completely unyielding) mold or core walls. The effect of hot tears, as a
stress concentration, is similar to that of an ordinary crack; how tears are usually
systematic flaws. If flaws are identified as hot tears in larger runs of a casting type,
they may call for explicit improvements in technique.
Misruns appear on the radiograph as prominent dense areas of variable dimensions

with a definite smooth outline. They are mostly random in occurrence and not readily
eliminated by specific remedial actions in the process.
Mottling is a radiographic indication that appears as an indistinct area of more or less

dense images. The condition is a diffraction effect that occurs on relatively vague, thin-
section radiographs, most often with austenitic stainless steel. Mottling is caused by
interaction of the object's grain boundary material with low-energy X-rays (300 kV or
lower). Inexperienced interpreters may incorrectly consider mottling as indications of
unacceptable casting flaws. Even experienced interpreters often have to check the
condition by re-radiography from slightly different source-film angles. Shifts in mottling
are then very pronounced, while true casting discontinuities change only slightly in
appearance.
Radiographic Indications for Casting Repair Welds
Most common alloy castings require welding either in upgrading from defective
conditions or in joining to other system parts. It is mainly for reasons of casting repair
that these descriptions of the more common weld defects are provided here. The
terms appear as indication types in ASTM E390. For additional information, see the
Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Volume 3, Section 9 on the "Radiographic Control
of Welds."
Slag is nonmetallic solid material entrapped in weld metal or between weld material
and base metal. Radiographically, slag may appear in various shapes, from long
narrow indications to short wide indications, and in various densities, from gray to very
dark.
Porosity is a series of rounded gas pockets or voids in the weld metal, and is
generally cylindrical or elliptical in shape.
Undercut is a groove melted in the base metal at the edge of a weld and left unfilled
by weld metal. It represents a stress concentration that often must be corrected, and
appears as a dark indication at the toe of a weld.
5
Incomplete penetration, as the name implies, is a lack of weld penetration through
the thickness of the joint (or penetration which is less than specified). It is located at
the center of a weld and is a wide, linear indication.
Incomplete fusion is lack of complete fusion of some portions of the metal in a weld
joint with adjacent metal; either base or previously deposited weld metal. On a
radiograph, this appears as a long, sharp linear indication, occurring at the centerline
of the weld joint or at the fusion line.
Melt-through is a convex or concave irregularity (on the surface of backing ring, strip,
fused root or adjacent base metal) resulting from complete melting of a localized
region but without development of a void or open hole. On a radiograph, melt-through
generally appears as a round or elliptical indication.
Burn-through is a void or open hole into a backing ring, strip, fused root or adjacent
base metal.
Arc strike is an indication from a localized heat-affected zone or a change in surface

contour of a finished weld or adjacent base metal. Arc strikes are caused by the heat
generated when electrical energy passes between surfaces of the finished weld or
base metal and the current source.
Weld spatter occurs in arc or gas welding as metal particles which are expelled
during welding and which do not form part of the actual weld: weld spatter appears as
many small, light cylindrical indications on a radiograph.
Tungsten inclusion is usually denser than base-metal particles. Tungsten inclusions

appear most linear, very light radiographic images; accept/reject decisions for this
defect are generally based on the slag criteria.
Oxidation is the condition of a surface which is heated during welding, resulting in

oxide formation on the surface, due to partial or complete lack of purge of the weld
atmosphere. Also called sugaring.
Root edge condition shows the penetration of weld metal into the backing ring or into
the clearance between backing ring or strip and the base metal. It appears in
radiographs as a sharply defined film density transition.
Root undercut appears as an intermittent or continuous groove in the internal surface

of the base metal, backing ring or strip along the edge of the weld root.
FUENTE:
http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Radiography/
TechCalibrations/RadiographInterp_Castings.htm

Indicaciones Radiograficas de Fundiciones

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INDICACIONES RADIOGRÁFICAS DE FUNDICIONES

El objetivo principal de la prueba radiográfica de las fundiciones es la

Porosidad por gas o agujeros

Contracción o Rechupe es una forma de discontinuidad que aparece como

Filamentary shrinkage usually

Sponge shrinkage shows itself as

Cold shuts generally appear on or

Inclusions are nonmetallic

Core shift shows itself as a variation in

Misruns appear on the radiograph as prominent dense areas of variable dimensions

Mottling is a radiographic indication that appears as an indistinct area of more or less

Radiographic Indications for Casting Repair Welds

Arc strike is an indication from a localized heat-affected zone or a change in surface

Tungsten inclusion is usually denser than base-metal particles. Tungsten inclusions

Oxidation is the condition of a surface which is heated during welding, resulting in

Root undercut appears as an intermittent or continuous groove in the internal surface

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