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Tisṭunit

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Tisṭunit
eesti keel
At tutlayt tayemmat
1 251 770 (2012)
Agemmay alatini d Estonian Braille (en) Suqel
Ingalen n tutlayt
ISO 639-1 et
ISO 639-2 est
ISO 639-3 est
Glottolog esto1258[1]
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Tisṭunit d nettat ay d tutlayt tunṣibt n tegduda n Isṭunya yernu llan wazal 1.500.000 n yemdanen ay tt-yettmeslayen di tmurt-a (95% seg yimezdaɣen n tmurt) d wazal n 60.000 n yemdanen nniḍen ay yettidiren di lɣerba, gar-asen 20.000 deg Yiwunak Yedduklen (USA) d 14.500 di Kanada. Tisṭunit tesɛa diɣ wid ay tt-yettmeslayen di Litṭunya akk d Rusya, ladɣa di temdint n Saint Petersburg, di Finland, di Sswid, di Tgeldit Yedduklen (Royaume-Uni) akk d Ustṛalya.

Tawacult-is

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Tutlayt tisṭunit d yiwet si tutlayin tuṛaliyin. Tawacult n tutlayin tuṛaliyin d tin yebḍan ɣef wacḥal n yifurka, yiwen deg-sent d win umi qqaren tutlayin tifinubaltiyin, yernu deg-s ay tella tisṭunit. Yiwet si tutlayin ay tt-icuban aṭas d tutlayt tafinlandit ay ttmeslayen di Finland, yernu tella diɣ yiwet n tutlayt, tamjaṛit (hongrois) ay ttmeslayen di Tuṛuft tagmuḍant (tacerqit), teqreb ɣer tisṭunit imi ula d nettat tettekka di twacult n tutlayin tuṛaliyin. Yuɣ lḥal, llan kra ay iɣilen d akken imi ay tettuneḥsab Isṭunya d yiwet si tmura tibaltiyin (d tamurt ay d-yuzgan rrif n yilel -lebḥeṛ- Abalti), dɣa ula d tutlayt-is tetbeɛ ɣer twacult n tutlayin tibaltiyin, am tlitwanit akk d tlitṭunit (siked utṭun wis 3 n Tebrat n Yimedyazen), d acu kan, xas Isṭunya teqreb ɣer Litwanya akk d Litṭunya, tutlayt-is ur tcuba tid n tmura-yagi wanag teqreb ugar ɣer tfinlandit. Yuɣ lḥal, seg wakken tettemcabi tisṭunit ɣer tfinlandit alammi ula d wid ay tent-yettmeslayen zemren ad msefhamen wagar-asen, yernu snat-agi n tutlayin cerkent azal n 83.5 % seg umawal-nsen. Tutlayin nniḍen yettemcabin aṭas ɣer tisṭunit d tid ay itebɛen, am nettat, s afurk n tutlayin tifinubaltiyin am tkaṛilit (ay ttmeslayen wazal n 10.000 n yemdanen deg Ugafa utrim -nord-ouest- n Rusya), akk d kra n tutlayin ayen yellan ɣef yiri n nnger am tingrit, talivunit akk d tvultit, yernu seg wakken yeshel wemsefham ger n tutlayin-agi alammi ay llan ula d kra n yimassanen ay tent-yettwalin d tintalyin n yiwet kan n tutlayt.

Tintalyin n tisṭunit

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Tisṭunit tebḍa ɣef snat n tentalyin (dialecte) timeqqranin, tisṭunit n Ugafa (nord, neɣ tin umi qqaren tisṭunit n Talinn, tamaneɣt), akk d tisṭunit n Wenẓul (sud, neɣ diɣ tin umi qqaren tisṭunit n Tartu), am wakken yal yiwet si tentalyin-agi tesɛɛa tiduntalyin-is (sous-dialectes), nezmer ad d-nebder seg-sent tiduntalyin timulgiyin ay ttmeslayen deg wenẓul utrim (sud-ouest) akk d tduntalyin n Voru Setu ay ttmeslayen deg wenẓul agmuḍan (sud-est). Ma d tisṭunit n ugafa, nezmer diɣ ad tt-nebḍu d tiduntalyin u ad d-nebder seg-sent : taduntala n tegzirin, d tisṭunit ay ttmeslayen di tegzirin n Saaremaa akk d Hiiumaa, ay d-yuzgan deg utaram n Isṭunya, deg yilel Abalti; taduntala n yiri n lebḥeṛ n ugafa-agmuḍan ay icuban mliḥ tafinlandit; takodaveret ay ttmeslayen di tmiwa n Kodavere akk d Maarja Magdaleena, akk d tduntala tutrimt (taɣerbit) ay ttmeslayen deg yiwen n weḥric meqqren di tmurt, yekka-d ɣef tmiwa n Laanemaa, ɣef ugafa n Parnumaa akk d utaram n Harjumaa. Xas ma yella anect-agi akk n tentalyin ay tesɛa tisṭunit, maca yezmer ad d-yili wemsefham s tentalyin-agi merṛa ger n wid ay yettmeslayen tisṭunit.

Tutlayt tizeɣt (standard) akk d tsekla ay tesseqdac ass-a Isṭunya d tin ay d-yekkan si tentala n tisṭunit n ugafa, d acu kan, tisṭunit n wenẓul tesɛa diɣ ula d nettat tasekla tatlayt (littérature orale), d tamedyazt, ay yesɛan ma cwiṭ, 350 n yiseggasen seg wasmi ay d-tennulfa.

Tikkelt tamenzut i deg ay tekcem tisṭunit s annar n tira, d imassanen almaniyen ay tt-yuran, dɣa taɣdirawt (orthographe) ay sqedcen wigi i lmend n tira-s d tin ay iqerben ɣer teɣdirawt n talmanit u ɣef wanect-a ay d-yeqqim wedriz (lateṛ) n tira talmaniyin di tid n tisṭunit alammi d talemmast n lqern wis 19. Si 1850 d asawen ay bdan Yisṭuniyen a snernayen taɣdirawt-nsen akken ad tt-rren d tizeɣt (standard), dɣa bdan tekksen s kra n wayen yellan d aberṛani di tirawt-nsen (écriture) u ttaran-d deg wemkan-is isekkilen ara ten-yedǧen ad d-neṭqen tutlayt-nsen akken tt-id-netṭqen di laṣel, maci akken tt-id-inetṭeq uberṛani. Agemmay ay tesseqdac ass-a tisṭunit yesɛa 17 n tergalin (consonnes) akk d 9 n teɣra (voyelles).

Tasɣent-is* di tmetti

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Ass-a, tuɣal tisṭunit tizeɣt d nettat ay d tutlayt ay yettuseqdacen yernu ay yettwaqeblen deg yeswiren (niveaux) merṛa n tmetti. D acu kan, asmi ay tella Isṭunya s ddaw n udabu asuvyati, d tarusit ay yellan d tutlayt tamenṣabt tawḥidt yernu ɛerḍen Yisuvyatiyen ad mḥun tisṭunit akk d yedles isṭuni si tmurt-a, maca ayen ɛerḍen ad t-xedmen ur d-yewwi ara abaɣur meqqren, imi ay kemmlen medden ttmeslayen tisṭunit yernu lemmden-tt di tmiwa merṛa n tegduda, yernu igerdan ay d-ilulen si jjwaǧ n Yisṭuniyen akk d Yirusiyen llan ula d nitni lemmden tisṭunit. Di 1990, yessebded-d unabaḍ isṭuni Aseqqamu n Tutlayt Taɣelnawt i lmend n weḥraz akk d ussebɣes (encouragement) n usseqdec n tutlayt tisṭunit. Ass-a, xas ma yella tarusit mazal tesɛa azal-is di tmurt-a yernu nezmer ad d-nini tettusemma d "tutlayt tamenṣabt" tis snat, tisṭunit attan a tettuselmad yernu tettuseqdac deg yiɣerbazen yernu win yebɣan ad yuɣal d aɣarim (citoyen) isṭuni tewwi-d fell-as ad yissin tutlayt-a. Deg ugafa agmuḍan (nord-est) n tmurt, anda yettidir umur ameqqran akk deg Yirusiyen n Isṭunya, mazal llan yiɣerbazen irusiyen, d acu kan, maci d ahucal (obligatoire) ɣef medden ad sseɣren igerdan-nsen deg-sen. Tisṭunit ay ttmeslayen yiminigen Isṭuniyen di lɣerba --d tisṭunit ay llan ttmeslayen-tt yeɣriben iṛuḥen ɣer Marikan di tallit n Wemgaru Amaḍlan (guerre mondiale) wis sin-- temxallaf citṭ ɣef tisṭunit tizeɣt yettuseqdacen ass-a di tmurt, maca mazal wid yettmeslayen tisṭunit di lɣerba zemren ad fehmen wid ay tt-yettmeslayen di tmurt. D acu kan, ilaq kan ad d-nger tamawt d akken kra seg wayen ay d-uran yeɣriben s tisṭunit yemxallaf ɣef wayen d-ttarun ass-a wid yellan di tmurt, imi tutlayt ay llan ttarun-tt zik di lɣerba amzun iɛedda-tt zzman ass-a, mi akka ay snernan Yisṭuniyen tutlayt-nsen di tmurt-nsen.

Amezruy-is

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Ar ass-a werɛad ur ẓrin ara yimassanen melmi ay d-frurint tutlayin tifinubaltiyin (gar-asent tisṭunit) seg tutlayt tajaddit ay tent-id-yefkan, d acu kan, ass-a sɛan kra n yisallen ɣef temlilti ay mlalent tutlayin-a akk d tutlayin nniḍen deg umezruy. Ifinubaltiyen bdan ttemlilin d yegduden ijirmaniyen (lejdud n Walmaniyen n wass-a) si lqern amenzu n Sidna Aisa, yernu anect-a yedǧa aṭas n wawalen ijirmaniyen ad d-kecmen tutlayt-nsen u ad d-qqimen ar ass-a di tisṭunit. Sakin, di lqern wis sebɛa n Sidna Aisa, bdan diɣ ttemlilin Yifinubaltiyen akk d Yeslaviyen (lejdud n Yirusiyen n wass-a) yernu seg yimir-n ay bdan keccmen-ten-id diɣ wawalen islaviyen. Alammi d 1520 ay d-uran Yisṭuniyen iḍrisen-nsen imenza s tisṭunit, d win umi semman "Ddeɛwat n Kullamaa", yernu di tezwara n lqern wis sbeɛṭac, bdant a d-teffɣent tjerṛumin (grammaires) timezwura n tisṭunit. Xas ma yella anẓul n Isṭunya yesɛa yiwet n tsekla n yisefra d tanesbaɣurt (tameṛkantit) maci d kra, tasekla-ya ur tt-urin ara alammi d talemmast n lqern wis tseɛṭac.

Di tazwara n lqern wis tseɛṭac akk d tlemmast-is ay tebda diɣ a d-tettlal tutlayt tisṭunit tatrart (moderne) di tira, imi tallit-a tella-d d tin i deg thenna tmurt yernu tebda a d-tettlal tɣelnaẓrit (nationalisme) deg wulawen n Yisṭuniyen. Tiddukla Tisṭunit n Wid Yeɣran, ay d-sbedden di 1838, tessuffeɣ-d aṭas n yedlisen akk d tsufiɣin (publications) nniḍen, gar-asen(t) Kalevipoeg, d yiwet n telkensit (collection) n yedlisen n yisefra iɣerfanen (populaires) ay d-yeffɣen ger n 1857 d 1861. Di tallit-nni daɣen ay d-ffɣen yeɣmisen imenza n tutlayt tisṭunit, nezmer ad d-nebder gar-asen "Perno Postimees", ay d-yeffɣen ger n yiseggasen n 1857 d 1863, akk d "Tartu Postimees" ay d-yeffɣen si 1864 alammi d 1880.

Yuɣ lḥal di tallit-nni, d Rusya ay yellan teḥkem Isṭunya yernu ahat d leqdic-nni ay bdan xeddmen-t Yisṭuniyen imir-n akken ad d-ssidren tutlayt-nsen ay yedǧan Irusiyen ad rren tarusit d tutlayt tamenṣabt (officielle) n usselmed di Isṭunya. D acu kan, ur tɛetṭel ara tennulfa-d terbaɛt nniḍen n yimura isṭuniyen, di tezwara n lqern wis ɛecrin, d tin umi semman "Noor Eesti" neɣ tarbaɛt n "Isṭunya Tilemẓit", yernu kemmlen leqdic i lmend n wesnerni akk d usseǧhed n tutlayt-nsen taseklant (littéraire). Dɣa uɣalen yimura isṭuniyen tekksen s kra n wayen yellan d arusi neɣ d almani si tutlayt-nsen u ttnadin ad d-ssidren deg-s ayen yellan d-yekkan si tisṭunit taneṣlit, am wakken ay rran tasekla tafinlandit akk d tin n Tuṛuft n Wetram (lɣerb) d tiliwa i seg ay d-ttagment tikta-nsen (idées). Imura-yagi yecban Johannes Aavik, snernan mliḥ tamawalt (léxique) n tutlayt tisṭunit, dɣa skeflen-d awalen isṭuniyen ineṣliyen ay d-mazal ddren di tentalyin (dialectes) yemxallafen n tmurt, reḍlen-d diɣ awalen si tfinlandit ay icuban mliḥ tisṭunit, am wakken ay d-snulfan iẓuran imaynuten i seg zemren ad d-ssuddmen awalen. Di 1920, asmi ay tewwi Isṭunya azarug-is (indépendance) amenzu, tegra-yas-d tegnit n liser i tutlayt tisṭunit, d acu kan, di 1940, asmi ay d-kecmen Yisuvatiyen tamurt, qedcen yineggura-yagi ɣef wamek ara mḥun tisṭunit u ad d-ḥettmen deg wemkan-is tutlayt tarusit ay ttwalin imir-n d nettat kan ara yesduklen akk igduden isuvyatiyen. Teqqim tegnit-agi alammi d 1990, asmi ay tuɣal tisṭunit i tikkelt nniḍen d tutlayt taɣelnawt di tmurt-is. Ass-a, mbeɛd ɛecṛa n yiseggasen n wussisen (efforts), tuɣal tisṭunit d tutlayt ay tfehhem tuget deg yimezdaɣen n Isṭunya, yernu yis-s ay tesselḥay tmurt-agi tamecṭuḥt tiɣawsiwin-is.

Asefru si tsekla tisṭunit

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Wagi d yiwen n usefru si tsekla tisṭunit, tura-t-id Lydia Koidula (1843-1886), d yiwet n tmedyazt n tmurt-a. Tasuqilt sɣur "Winna", si Luxembourg.

Aṭas ay riɣ tamurt-iw
Fkiɣ-as ula d ul-iw
I kemm ay cennuɣ
D kemm ay d tinzert-iw
Isṭunya deg d-mɣin yijedǧigen
Ideddicen-im ḥulfeɣ-asen deg yiman-iw
Mi tgerrzeḍ gerrzeɣ, lferḥ-inem d lfeṛḥ-iw
Uh a tamurt-iw !
A tamurt-iw ihhuskin, riɣ-kem
Xsiɣ ad gneɣ yid-m
Ad i-yawi yiḍes s iri-m
Isṭunia-yinu yeḥerz Yillew
Ifrax-im cennun-iyi-d
Ijedǧigen-im meqqin-d deg-i
Uh a tamurt-iw !

Tamselyut, Iseddagen & Izdayen Iberraniyen

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  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Tisṭunit". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
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