Principatul Ungariei

Principatul / Ducatul Ungariei^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]sau Ducatul Ungariei ^[6]^[7] (în limba maghiară: Magyar Nagyfejedelemség, „Marele Pricipat Maghiar”)^[8] a fost cel mai vechi stat maghiar despre care există documente, fondat în Câmpia Panonică în 895 ori 896^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12], care a urmat „descălecării” Panoniei.

Ungurii, un popor seminomad organizat într-o uniune de triburi^[11]^[13]^[14]^[15], a fondat Principatul (Ducatul) Ungariei sub conducerea lui Árpád la începutul secolului al IX-lea^[2]. EI au ajuns pe pământul pe care aveau să-și fondeze noul stat migrând din Etelköz, care fusese formațiunea lor statală inițială, aflată la est de Munții Carpați ^[16].

În sursele contemporane bizantine, această formațiune statală era cunoscută drept Tourkia apuseană (spre deosebire de Tourkia răsăriteană – Haganatul Hazar)^[17]^[18]. Cărturarul evreu Hasdai ibn Shaprut numea entitatea statală pământul hungrinilor într-o scrisoare de pe la 960 către regele hazar Iosif^[19].

Istoriografia maghiară numește întreaga perioadă 896 - 1000 „Perioada principatului”. Acestei perioade i-a urmat cea a Regatul creștin al Ungariei, apărut odată cu încoronarea ca rege a Sfântului Ștefan la Esztergom în ziua de Crăciun 1000 (sau poate 1 ianuarie 1001)^[20]^[21]^[22]

Note

^ S. Wise Bauer, The history of the medieval world: from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade, W. W. Norton & Company, 2010, p. 586
^ ^a ^b George H. Hodos, The East-Central European region: an historical outline, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, p. 19
^ Ferenc Glatz, Magyar Történelmi Társulat, Etudes historiques hongroises 1990: Environment and society in Hungary, Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1990, p. 10
^ Acta historica, Volumes 105-110, József Attila Tudom. Bölcs. Kar, 1998, p. 28
^ Oksana Buranbaeva, Vanja Mladineo, Culture and Customs of Hungary, ABC-CLIO, 2011, p. 19
^ Colin Davies, The emergence of Western society: European history A.D. 300-1200, Macmillan, 1969, p. 181
^ Jennifer Lawler, Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire, McFarland & Co., 2004, p.13
^ Hadtörténelmi közlemények, Volume 114 , Hadtörténeti Intézet és Múzeum, 2001, p. 131
^ The encyclopedia Americana, Volume 14, Grolier Incorporated, 2002, p. 581
^ Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1, Scholastic Library Pub., 2006, p. 581
^ ^a ^b Louis Komzsik, Cycles of Time: From Infinity to Eternity, Trafford Publishing, 2011 p. 54
^ Zahava Szász Stessel, Wine and thorns in Tokay Valley: Jewish life in Hungary : the history of Abaújszántó, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1995, p. 47
^ Peter Linehan,Janet Laughland Nelson. 2001. p. 79
^ Anatoly Michailovich Khazanov,André Wink. 2001. p. 103
^ Lendvai. 2003. p. 15
^ Paul Lendvai, The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, p. 15-29, p. 533
^ Peter B. Golden, Nomads and their neighbours in the Russian steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs, Ashgate/Variorum, 2003. "Tenth-century Byzantine sources, speaking in cultural more than ethnic terms, acknowledged a wide zone of diffusion by referring to the Khazar lands as 'Eastern Tourkia' and Hungary as 'Western Tourkia.'" Carter Vaughn Findley, The Turks in the World History Arhivat în 5 februarie 2016, la Wayback Machine., Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 51, citing Peter B. Golden, 'Imperial Ideology and the Sources of Political Unity Amongst the Pre-Činggisid Nomads of Western Eurasia,' Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 2 (1982), 37–76.
^ Carter V. Findley, The Turks in world history, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 51
^ Raphael Patai, The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology, Wayne State University Press, 1996, p. 29, ISBN 978-0814325612
^ University of British Columbia. Committee for Medieval Studies, Studies in medieval and renaissance history, Committee for Medieval Studies, University of British Columbia, 1980, p. 159
^ Peter F. Sugar,Péter Hanák [1] A History of Hungary, Indiana University Press, 1994, pp 12-17
^ Pál Engel, Tamás Pálosfalvi, Andrew Ayton, The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526, .B.Tauris, 2005, p. 27

Bibliografie

Madgearu, Alexandru (2008). „The Mission of Hierotheos: Location and Significance”. Byzantinoslavica. 66: 119–138.
Madgearu, Alexandru (2017). „Further Considerations on Hierotheos' Mission to the Magyars”. Acta Musei Napocensis. 54 (2): 1–16.

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[Bauer-1] S. Wise Bauer, The history of the medieval world: from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade, W. W. Norton & Company, 2010, p. 586

[Hodos-2] George H. Hodos, The East-Central European region: an historical outline, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, p. 19

[3] Ferenc Glatz, Magyar Történelmi Társulat, Etudes historiques hongroises 1990: Environment and society in Hungary, Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1990, p. 10

[University_of_József_Attila-4] Acta historica, Volumes 105-110, József Attila Tudom. Bölcs. Kar, 1998, p. 28

[5] Oksana Buranbaeva, Vanja Mladineo, Culture and Customs of Hungary, ABC-CLIO, 2011, p. 19

[6] Colin Davies, The emergence of Western society: European history A.D. 300-1200, Macmillan, 1969, p. 181

[7] Jennifer Lawler, Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire, McFarland & Co., 2004, p.13

[8] Hadtörténelmi közlemények, Volume 114 , Hadtörténeti Intézet és Múzeum, 2001, p. 131

[9] The encyclopedia Americana, Volume 14, Grolier Incorporated, 2002, p. 581

[10] Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1, Scholastic Library Pub., 2006, p. 581

[Komzsik-11] Louis Komzsik, Cycles of Time: From Infinity to Eternity, Trafford Publishing, 2011 p. 54

[12] Zahava Szász Stessel, Wine and thorns in Tokay Valley: Jewish life in Hungary : the history of Abaújszántó, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1995, p. 47

[13] Peter Linehan,Janet Laughland Nelson. 2001. p. 79

[14] Anatoly Michailovich Khazanov,André Wink. 2001. p. 103

[15] Lendvai. 2003. p. 15

[Lendvai-16] Paul Lendvai, The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, p. 15-29, p. 533

[17] Peter B. Golden, Nomads and their neighbours in the Russian steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs, Ashgate/Variorum, 2003. "Tenth-century Byzantine sources, speaking in cultural more than ethnic terms, acknowledged a wide zone of diffusion by referring to the Khazar lands as 'Eastern Tourkia' and Hungary as 'Western Tourkia.'" Carter Vaughn Findley, The Turks in the World History Arhivat în 5 februarie 2016, la Wayback Machine., Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 51, citing Peter B. Golden, 'Imperial Ideology and the Sources of Political Unity Amongst the Pre-Činggisid Nomads of Western Eurasia,' Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 2 (1982), 37–76.

[18] Carter V. Findley, The Turks in world history, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 51

[19] Raphael Patai, The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology, Wayne State University Press, 1996, p. 29, ISBN 978-0814325612

[20] University of British Columbia. Committee for Medieval Studies, Studies in medieval and renaissance history, Committee for Medieval Studies, University of British Columbia, 1980, p. 159

[Sugar-Hanak-21] Peter F. Sugar,Péter Hanák [1] A History of Hungary, Indiana University Press, 1994, pp 12-17

[22] Pál Engel, Tamás Pálosfalvi, Andrew Ayton, The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526, .B.Tauris, 2005, p. 27

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Bibliografie

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