with the proceeds, has been the subject of four decades of debate. While some argue that museum deaccessioning should be strictly controlled by governmental policy, others believe self-regulation serves best. In fact, present policy on deaccessioning is largely regulated without governmental interference by the field's professional associations. Current policy standards dictate that funds obtained from a museum's sale of artwork must be utilized to further its collections (as opposed to using the proceeds for operating costs, capital expenditures, or to eliminate organizational debts), and they also provide frameworks for selection criteria and disposal procedures. Since these policies are not enforced by governmental actors, they are considered ethical standards for the field that have been designed primarily by museum professional associations and individual institutions. Certainly, U.S. museums have sold artwork for a variety of reasons for decades. However, it was not until a public dispute in the 1970s that deaccessioning policy was formally developed by the organizations overseeing museum activities-museum professional associations. Since 2005, the concept of deaccessioning has been the topic of much discussion and debate in the media, but the conversation has focused almost entirely on the ethics of deaccessioning rather than policy development and how actors have engaged in the debate. However, it is not the purpose of this article to focus on the ethical debate that has surrounded this issue, but rather on the policy framework in order to gain insights into the development of a recognizable subsystem. The passion and polarization with which deaccessioning is infused is a significant backdrop to the overall policy process and has affected the creation of policy alternatives, the shape of the debate itself, and the behavior of the actors taking part. By examining policy formation and development, policy actors, and the functional dynamics between policy communities, this research examines how policies have affected deaccessioning practices. Multiple policy frameworks are useful in this analysis, but the primary emphasis will be on the intricacies of the subsystem structure and decision making as well as on the creation of a policy monopoly. The public policy theory utilized allows for the examination of an emerging subsystem and accompanying issue network overlay from birth to maturity.

There is a misconception that the creative industry does not create change, but merely expresses opinions. This paper explores the roles that both social and cultural entrepreneurship play in social change through arts organizations. Nonprofit organizations excel in collaboration and resource-harnessing. The arts can be a strong force for change when paired with business and government agencies. The arts, by nature, impact the attitudes of a culture and are often the first step in influencing social change.

To cite this article: Yuha Jung : Micro examination of museum workplace culture: how institutional changes influence the culture of a real-world art museum, Museum Management and Curatorship, ABSTRACT This paper explores how the art museum's leadership, management structure, and internal communications influence its workplace culture. Using ethnographic inquiry and grounded theory, the paper demonstrates how a specific museum's organizational culture is constructed and how it can be changed through various structural and value-driven changes based on an emerging theory of an organization as an open system. At the museum, an unstable organizational structure caused by frequent leadership turnover factored heavily in creating a non-collaborative workplace with ongoing personal conflicts. The institutional and internal changes called for a more flexible management system than the traditional hierarchical structure. However, by adopting qualities of a learning organization that constantly evolves and grows, this art museum can become a more effective and efficient organization with a stable management structure, sustainable and collective leadership, an effective communicational system, and therefore a positive, cohesive, and vision-driven workplace.

This essay describes the personal philosophy of education I have developed through my formal and informal education in both South Korea and the United States. While much of the world considers institutionalized school education to be the essential and only way to be educated, I suggest, instead, relational, communicative, and informal ways of learning, which occur in a ubiquitous learning web, immersed in living. To open the discussion, I describe how my early experiences as a public school student in my home county of South Korea, shaped my developing perspective on educational systems. I then integrate published theories to articulate my view of an ideal educational system, which values personal interest, community-based learning, and informal education. Personal Experiences in School

This article discusses the origin and development of systems thinking used in organizational and communication theories in understanding organizational systems. While application of systems thinking in arts administration and education is a recent trend, the article explores how this theory is used to understand and study arts and educational organizations. Based on this theory, arts and educational organizations are understood as open, complex systems that are social ecosystems themselves but are interconnected to external environments. These open systems need to keep evolving and learning as organizations in relation to changes and needs of the stakeholders, therefore becoming learning organizations. Likewise, this theory can be applied to research methodologies to study arts and educational organizations, as demonstrated by a museum research example. This ecological research approach based on systems thinking emphasizes the open, complex qualities of research foci and multiple pe...

This article discusses the origin and development of systems thinking used in organizational and communication theories in understanding organizational systems. While application of systems thinking in arts administration and education is a recent trend, the article explores how this theory is used to understand and study arts and educational organizations. Based on this theory, arts and educational organizations are understood as open, complex systems that are social ecosystems themselves but are interconnected to external environments. These open systems need to keep evolving and learning as organizations in relation to changes and needs of the stakeholders, therefore becoming learning organizations. Likewise, this theory can be applied to research methodologies to study arts and educational organizations, as demonstrated by a museum research example. This ecological research approach based on systems thinking emphasizes the open, complex qualities of research foci and multiple pe...

Systems thinking offers a critique of traditional methods of analytic problem solving and presents new possibilities for conceptualizing the interconnected nature of all parts of unified systems.  In this article, a collective group of scholars speculates on how systems thinking might be applied to art education, arts administration, and museum education as a way to reconceptualize entrenched problem solving practices in interrelated arts professions.  The article begins with a brief literature review before presenting arguments related to (a) the congruency of systems thinking with interdisciplinary and informal learning approaches, (b) a critique of current educational systems built upon rigid uncreative traditions, (c) recent research supporting learner-centered pedagogies as effective approaches for breaking away from linear systems of schooling, and (d) the application of eco-feminist systems thinking to visitor-centered museum education.  The article concludes with a discussio...

Fundraising for higher education institutions is becoming more important as there is increasingly limited government funding for public education. With shrinking funding, university programs and departments may be expected to raise more income on their own. This study hypothesizes that higher levels of stakeholders’ (students and alumni) knowledge, awareness, involvement, satisfaction, and relationship with the department and its fundraising efforts are positively associated with fundraising success measured in intention to give and likelihood to recommend others to give. By using mixed methods research design and relationship fundraising as a theoretical framework, the study found that satisfaction and relationship are the most significant variables positively affecting giving intention. The qualitative results can explain why these variables matter to stakeholders’ intentions to give. Using a case study approach of examining one university’s arts administration department fundrais...

Open systems theory, or seeing an organization as an open and networked structure that is part of and affected by external environments, can offer a new organizational structure model for arts and cultural organizations that can lead to enhanced performance both in financial and non-financial areas. This conceptual article offers propositions of open systems theory applied to arts and cultural organizations, specifically in organizational structure and performance effectiveness. These new insights open up an alternative paradigm toward how internal aspects of organizations not only affect internal measures of performance, but ultimately affect external measures of how an organization serves its mission and community.

This dissertation is a holistic, qualitative, ethnographic case study of a medium-size art museum in the Midwestern United States based on interviews with all levels of staff and board members, community leaders, visitors, and educators. I combine interviews with participant observation in order to bring to light how the museum is connected to its community. I also explore how the museum's services, including exhibitions and programs, and other practices influence the museum's visitorship and perceptions among community members. By using a theoretical framework of an organization as an open system and cultural place, I understand the art museum as a complex organization where various interactions and relationships are interwoven to create its unique institutional culture.

This essay describes the personal philosophy of education I have developed through my formal and informal education in both South Korea and the United States. While much of the world considers institutionalized school education to be the essential and only way to be educated, I suggest, instead, relational, communicative, and informal ways of learning, which occur in a ubiquitous learning web, immersed in living. To open the discussion, I describe how my early experiences as a public school student in my home county of South Korea, shaped my developing perspective on educational systems. I then integrate published theories to articulate my view of an ideal educational system, which values personal interest, community-based learning, and informal education. Personal Experiences in School I have been a student for a long time. Although I generally did not have pleasant experiences as a young public school student in South Korea, I never questioned the school system that I was a part of because going to school every day was and still is accepted as the natural routine for South Korean children and teenagers. I was a good student, trying to meet the expectations of my teachers and parents but was frequently unhappy because I had no control over my own schedule or course of study. I accepted that I had to obey the school schedule,

This article discusses the origin and development of systems thinking used in organizational and communication theories in understanding organizational systems. While application of systems thinking in arts administration and education is a recent trend, the article explores how this theory is used to understand and study arts and educational organizations. Based on this theory, arts and educational organizations are understood as open, complex systems that are social ecosystems themselves but are interconnected to external environments. These open systems need to keep evolving and learning as organizations in relation to changes and needs of the stakeholders, therefore becoming learning organizations. Likewise, this theory can be applied to research methodologies to study arts and educational organizations, as demonstrated by a museum research example. This ecological research approach based on systems thinking emphasizes the open, complex qualities of research foci and multiple perspectives of the involved participants of the study.

Arts education in the United States, especially in public schools, has been neglected and its public funding has decreased. This is partly due to the difference in the conception of public education policies and the arts. The theory of economic goods and an analysis of two current education policies demonstrate that public education is treated as a public good that is needed by all people, and therefore funded with tax dollars. Because the arts are common goods that different people value in their own terms, education in the arts is treated as nonessential and funded sporadically in public school settings. Based on the theory of the commons, the author suggests that nonprofit arts organizations are equipped to deal with the common good and diverse nature of the arts and can provide sustainable arts education that fills the gap of arts education in public schools.

This article examines theories used in articles in The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society from 1990 to 2014. Using methodologies of literature review and qualitative content analysis, the article identified more than sixty theories from nine different disciplinary traditions. This diversity demonstrates the interdisciplinary nature of arts administration that is conceptualized as a community of many different, interconnected disciplines. Interdisciplinarity is a strength of the field that integrates diverse expertise, perspectives, and methodologies of related disciplines. The article calls for further integration of knowledge among different institutions toward solving common problems together.

The arts are an important medium to understand and communicate across differences. Yet the question of global leadership as an expectation of arts management largely remains unanswered. Framed by leadership theory, this research explores the expectation of and demand for global arts leadership in an increasingly global environment. The authors complete a content analysis of job description data for senior-level arts leaders to find evidence of three emerging global leadership competencies: emotional, cultural, and systems intelligences. The study concludes with a typology for global arts leadership, and contributes to the traditional notion of leadership in the arts management context.

Fundraising for higher education institutions is becoming more important as there is increasingly limited government funding for public education. With shrinking funding, university programs and departments may be expected to raise more income on their own. This study hypothesizes that higher levels of stakeholders' (students and alumni) knowledge, awareness, involvement, satisfaction, and relationship with the department and its fundraising efforts are positively associated with fundraising success measured in intention to give and likelihood to recommend others to give. By using mixed methods research design and relationship fundraising as a theoretical framework, the study found that satisfaction and relationship are the most significant variables positively affecting giving intention. The qualitative results can explain why these variables matter to stakeholders' intentions to give. Using a case study approach of examining one university's arts administration department fundraising practice and its relationship to stakeholders, this research initiates academic and practical discussion on effective fundraising for higher education units.