Regional Inversion is the name that is been given to the phenomenon whereby the traditional indus... more Regional Inversion is the name that is been given to the phenomenon whereby the traditional industrial areas of certain countries lose their weight in favor of what were formerly peripheral zones. Against this background, the first objective of this paper is to offer a formal and rigorous definition of the concept of Regional Inversion from an econometric point of view. To that end, we relate such a process with the longrun concepts of Convergence and Catching-Up. Secondly, we test this definition through the use of the unit root statistics, and apply such statistics in order to demonstrate the presence of this phenomenon in some of the US two-digit SIC industries.
... LUIS FERNANDO LANASPA ET AL. 1644 Equations (8) and (9) change and become: w1L1 5 l FS Z11 11... more ... LUIS FERNANDO LANASPA ET AL. 1644 Equations (8) and (9) change and become: w1L1 5 l FS Z11 11 Z11D YD1 1 S Z12 11 Z12D YD2G (16) w2L2 5 l FS 1 11 Z11D YD1 1 S 1 11 Z12D YD2G (17) The right-hand side in equations (16) and (17) re ects the sales of the ...
R?SUM?. - Dans ce travail, nous introduisons le secteur public dans le mod?le centre-p?riph?rie d... more R?SUM?. - Dans ce travail, nous introduisons le secteur public dans le mod?le centre-p?riph?rie de Krugman, en accordant une importance parti culi?re ? la provision des services publics financ?s par les imp?ts sur les revenus. ?tant donn? que les services ...
In this paper we analyse whether different infrastructures affect the location decisions of econo... more In this paper we analyse whether different infrastructures affect the location decisions of economic agents. Taking the model in Martin and Rogers (1995), a complete range of infrastructure classes that a region can have is considered. We consider domestic, international transport, international export and international import infrastructures. The principal conclusion is that the optimal regional policy that attracts industrial location
Disponible en: http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/src/inicio/ArtPdfRed.jsp?iCve=96917645001 ... Redalyc Sis... more Disponible en: http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/src/inicio/ArtPdfRed.jsp?iCve=96917645001 ... Redalyc Sistema de Información Científica Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal ... LANASPA, LUIS; PERDIGUERO, ANA MARÍA; SANZ, FERNANDO
This paper analyses the evolution of urban structure for five European countries (France, Germany... more This paper analyses the evolution of urban structure for five European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom) throughout the twentieth century. It attempts to answer three questions: what is the degree of mobility, does this have a spatial component, and do wars affect the urban structure? In a nutshell, the answers are as follows: mobility is not
In this paper we analyse the evolution of the Spanish urban structure during the period 1900-1999... more In this paper we analyse the evolution of the Spanish urban structure during the period 1900-1999. The methodology employed allows us to obtain two main results. First, that this evolution has not been homogenous, with a divergent pattern of growht being identified for the period running from 1900 to 1970, and a convergent one for the period from 1970 to
The gravity equation has been frequently and successfully used for nearly thirty years to further... more The gravity equation has been frequently and successfully used for nearly thirty years to further understanding of the determinants of bilateral trade flows across countries and, subsequently, to analyze commercial policy measures. A maintained hypothesis by the applied literature on international trade as gravity equation loglinearity is questioned in this paper since the possibility of a general functional form is
El tejido industrial de los países es, por definición, un organismo cambiante, que está potencial... more El tejido industrial de los países es, por definición, un organismo cambiante, que está potencialmente sometido a fenómenos de índole dinámica en el tiempo, pudiendo, quizá, detectarse pautas más o menos regulares en su evolución. Esta es una de las premisas de las que surge este trabajo, pero no es la única. También asumimos como cierto que los diferentes sectores industriales son capaces de establecer vínculos económicos entre sí a dos niveles: de un lado, una misma industria es susceptible de presentar tendencias comunes consigo misma pero localizada en otra área geográfica (es decir, fijamos el sector y nos movemos espacialmente); de otro, distintas industrias en idéntica zona geográfica pueden comportarse de forma interrelacionada (fijamos el espacio geográfico y nos movemos de una manufactura a otra). En el primer caso la conexión es de tipo intraindustrial, mientras que en el segundo su carácter es interindustrial.
We present a migration model where public expenditure increases private productivity, although be... more We present a migration model where public expenditure increases private productivity, although being subject to congestion costs. Within this framework, we analyze the influence of the public sector on migration. On one hand, we find a nonmonotonous relationship between government size and cumulative migration: an increase in public activity increases the entry of migrants for small sizes of government, but
En este trabajo se aborda el análisis de la distribución estadística del tamaño de las ciudades, ... more En este trabajo se aborda el análisis de la distribución estadística del tamaño de las ciudades, desde un punto de vista aplicado, para el caso español y durante el periodo 1900-1999. Para ello se parte de la especificación econométrica de la distribución de Pareto y de la ley de Zipf, que es un caso particular de la primera. La introducción de términos no lineales en las ecuaciones relevantes permite asimismo explorar la existencia de comportamientos no paretianos en la distribución. El resultado principal es claro, y se llega a él desde distintos planteamientos empíricos: la estructura urbana española experimenta un profundo cambio en su evolución alrededor de mediados de los años setenta. Coincidiendo con la etapa democrática, la distribución se vuelve más igualitaria y se produce una correlación negativa entre mejoras relativas en el ranking de las ciudades y el tamaño de las mismas. Palabras clave: estructura urbana española, distribución de Pareto, ley de Zipf. Clasificación JEL: R11, R12.
In this paper we analyse the evolution of the Spanish urban structure during the period 1900-1999... more In this paper we analyse the evolution of the Spanish urban structure during the period 1900-1999. The methodology employed allows us to obtain two main results. First, that this evolution has not been homogenous, with a divergent pattern of growth being identified for the period running from 1900 to 1970, and a convergent one for the period from 1970 to 1999. Secondly, that the intradistribution movements in the Spanish urban hierarchy were very significant during the course of the 20 th century. Apart from these two results, we have also detected the existence of spatial correlation for those cities that have either lost or acquired population during the period in question.
The industrial landscape of the U.S. has undergone major changes in the last three decades, which... more The industrial landscape of the U.S. has undergone major changes in the last three decades, which have a¤ected the location of the work-force as much as sector location. This paper adopts a dynamic approach in order to analyse the principal characteristics of this process in the time-period 1969-1995 among the twenty two-digit SIC industries. Two main conclusions have emerged. First, we find that, in general, industries are tending to reduce their degree of concentration. Secondly, the classification of industries according to di¤erent economic criteria allows us to test the degree of compliance with various theoretical propositions and to detect relevant empirical regularities.
This paper demonstrates from a theoretical point of view that governments can affect the location... more This paper demonstrates from a theoretical point of view that governments can affect the location decision of firms by using the tax rate on capital income as a policy instrument. Furthermore, we find that, in general, countries with a lower tax burden are net receivers of foreign direct investment.
There is a certain degree of consensus that economic activity is more concentrated in the US than... more There is a certain degree of consensus that economic activity is more concentrated in the US than in Europe. In this paper we aim to test the empirical validity of such a proposition, identifying the sectors for which this assertion is more appropriate and determining their predictable ...
Paul Krugman developed a general equilibrium model with two sectors and two regions in 1991, from... more Paul Krugman developed a general equilibrium model with two sectors and two regions in 1991, from which two patterns of industrial localization could be endogenously deduced, dispersion at 50% and total concentration. The introduction of transport costs, which depend on the size of the population, are meant to capture effects produced by the trade-off between congestion costs and advantages derived from the possession of infrastructure, thus generates stable asymmetric multiple equilibria. The outcome of asymmetric stable multiple equilibria demonstrates the fruitfulness of this extension of the original model.
The successive enlargements of the European Union have implied an important increase of the marke... more The successive enlargements of the European Union have implied an important increase of the market where European firms can supply their products. In this paper we analyze the influence of this process on the economic growth of EU members by including the market potential as a scale indicator in a Solow-type model. The main results are: first, the integration in the EU, specially for new members, explain a substantial fraction of subsequent growth (between 15% and 40%); second, this effect diminishes over time; third, the GDP of new members appears to have a greater positive influence than its population; and fourth, peripheral countries and those less open to trade are in a worse position to appropriate such benefits.
Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, 2001
The aim of this paper is to provide an econometric framework from which to assess the impact on S... more The aim of this paper is to provide an econometric framework from which to assess the impact on Spanish agricultural trade by the entry of Spain into the European Union. This framework is based on the estimation of a gravity equation. Special attention is paid to the inclusion of dynamics in the gravity equation. To do that, the Kalman filter is used to define the antimonde, that is, the hypothetical situation that would exist without the integration of Spain into the EU. Results show that although Spain joined the EU in 1986, there existed a transition period that lasted until 1990. This result is consistent with the homogenization of agricultural intervention prices during the same period. Empirical results indicate that internal trade creation and external trade diversion are the predominant effects of integration on both imports and exports. L'objectif de cet article est d'illustrer une approche économétrique pour évaluer l'impact de l'adhésion de l'Espagne à la Union Européenne sur le commerce agricole. La méthodologie utilisée est basée sur l'estimation des équations de gravité. Une attention spéciale est portée à la manière d'introduire des effets dynamiques dans ces équations. Sur un autre plan, et au-delà de l'intérêt des relations dynamiques, le filtre de Kalman est utilisé pour définir l'antimonde, ou la situation hypothétique qu'il doit exister sans que le système d'intégration soit mis en oeuvre. Les résultats obtenus permettent de confirmer que malgré l'intégration avait lieu en 1986, la période de transition a prolongé jusqu'à 1990. Ce résultat est consistent avec l'homogénéisation des prix d'intervention agricoles dans le même période. Les résultats empiriques indiquent que la création du commerce interne et la diversion du commerce externe constituent les effets plus prédominants sur l'intégration aussi bien sur les exportations comme sur les importations.
The aim of this work is to test empirically the validity of Gibrat’s Law in the growth of cities,... more The aim of this work is to test empirically the validity of Gibrat’s Law in the growth of cities, using data on the complete distribution of cities (without size restrictions or a truncation point) in three countries (the US, Spain and Italy) for the entire 20th century. For this we use different techniques. First, panel data unit root tests tend
Regional Inversion is the name that is been given to the phenomenon whereby the traditional indus... more Regional Inversion is the name that is been given to the phenomenon whereby the traditional industrial areas of certain countries lose their weight in favor of what were formerly peripheral zones. Against this background, the first objective of this paper is to offer a formal and rigorous definition of the concept of Regional Inversion from an econometric point of view. To that end, we relate such a process with the longrun concepts of Convergence and Catching-Up. Secondly, we test this definition through the use of the unit root statistics, and apply such statistics in order to demonstrate the presence of this phenomenon in some of the US two-digit SIC industries.
... LUIS FERNANDO LANASPA ET AL. 1644 Equations (8) and (9) change and become: w1L1 5 l FS Z11 11... more ... LUIS FERNANDO LANASPA ET AL. 1644 Equations (8) and (9) change and become: w1L1 5 l FS Z11 11 Z11D YD1 1 S Z12 11 Z12D YD2G (16) w2L2 5 l FS 1 11 Z11D YD1 1 S 1 11 Z12D YD2G (17) The right-hand side in equations (16) and (17) re ects the sales of the ...
R?SUM?. - Dans ce travail, nous introduisons le secteur public dans le mod?le centre-p?riph?rie d... more R?SUM?. - Dans ce travail, nous introduisons le secteur public dans le mod?le centre-p?riph?rie de Krugman, en accordant une importance parti culi?re ? la provision des services publics financ?s par les imp?ts sur les revenus. ?tant donn? que les services ...
In this paper we analyse whether different infrastructures affect the location decisions of econo... more In this paper we analyse whether different infrastructures affect the location decisions of economic agents. Taking the model in Martin and Rogers (1995), a complete range of infrastructure classes that a region can have is considered. We consider domestic, international transport, international export and international import infrastructures. The principal conclusion is that the optimal regional policy that attracts industrial location
Disponible en: http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/src/inicio/ArtPdfRed.jsp?iCve=96917645001 ... Redalyc Sis... more Disponible en: http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/src/inicio/ArtPdfRed.jsp?iCve=96917645001 ... Redalyc Sistema de Información Científica Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal ... LANASPA, LUIS; PERDIGUERO, ANA MARÍA; SANZ, FERNANDO
This paper analyses the evolution of urban structure for five European countries (France, Germany... more This paper analyses the evolution of urban structure for five European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom) throughout the twentieth century. It attempts to answer three questions: what is the degree of mobility, does this have a spatial component, and do wars affect the urban structure? In a nutshell, the answers are as follows: mobility is not
In this paper we analyse the evolution of the Spanish urban structure during the period 1900-1999... more In this paper we analyse the evolution of the Spanish urban structure during the period 1900-1999. The methodology employed allows us to obtain two main results. First, that this evolution has not been homogenous, with a divergent pattern of growht being identified for the period running from 1900 to 1970, and a convergent one for the period from 1970 to
The gravity equation has been frequently and successfully used for nearly thirty years to further... more The gravity equation has been frequently and successfully used for nearly thirty years to further understanding of the determinants of bilateral trade flows across countries and, subsequently, to analyze commercial policy measures. A maintained hypothesis by the applied literature on international trade as gravity equation loglinearity is questioned in this paper since the possibility of a general functional form is
El tejido industrial de los países es, por definición, un organismo cambiante, que está potencial... more El tejido industrial de los países es, por definición, un organismo cambiante, que está potencialmente sometido a fenómenos de índole dinámica en el tiempo, pudiendo, quizá, detectarse pautas más o menos regulares en su evolución. Esta es una de las premisas de las que surge este trabajo, pero no es la única. También asumimos como cierto que los diferentes sectores industriales son capaces de establecer vínculos económicos entre sí a dos niveles: de un lado, una misma industria es susceptible de presentar tendencias comunes consigo misma pero localizada en otra área geográfica (es decir, fijamos el sector y nos movemos espacialmente); de otro, distintas industrias en idéntica zona geográfica pueden comportarse de forma interrelacionada (fijamos el espacio geográfico y nos movemos de una manufactura a otra). En el primer caso la conexión es de tipo intraindustrial, mientras que en el segundo su carácter es interindustrial.
We present a migration model where public expenditure increases private productivity, although be... more We present a migration model where public expenditure increases private productivity, although being subject to congestion costs. Within this framework, we analyze the influence of the public sector on migration. On one hand, we find a nonmonotonous relationship between government size and cumulative migration: an increase in public activity increases the entry of migrants for small sizes of government, but
En este trabajo se aborda el análisis de la distribución estadística del tamaño de las ciudades, ... more En este trabajo se aborda el análisis de la distribución estadística del tamaño de las ciudades, desde un punto de vista aplicado, para el caso español y durante el periodo 1900-1999. Para ello se parte de la especificación econométrica de la distribución de Pareto y de la ley de Zipf, que es un caso particular de la primera. La introducción de términos no lineales en las ecuaciones relevantes permite asimismo explorar la existencia de comportamientos no paretianos en la distribución. El resultado principal es claro, y se llega a él desde distintos planteamientos empíricos: la estructura urbana española experimenta un profundo cambio en su evolución alrededor de mediados de los años setenta. Coincidiendo con la etapa democrática, la distribución se vuelve más igualitaria y se produce una correlación negativa entre mejoras relativas en el ranking de las ciudades y el tamaño de las mismas. Palabras clave: estructura urbana española, distribución de Pareto, ley de Zipf. Clasificación JEL: R11, R12.
In this paper we analyse the evolution of the Spanish urban structure during the period 1900-1999... more In this paper we analyse the evolution of the Spanish urban structure during the period 1900-1999. The methodology employed allows us to obtain two main results. First, that this evolution has not been homogenous, with a divergent pattern of growth being identified for the period running from 1900 to 1970, and a convergent one for the period from 1970 to 1999. Secondly, that the intradistribution movements in the Spanish urban hierarchy were very significant during the course of the 20 th century. Apart from these two results, we have also detected the existence of spatial correlation for those cities that have either lost or acquired population during the period in question.
The industrial landscape of the U.S. has undergone major changes in the last three decades, which... more The industrial landscape of the U.S. has undergone major changes in the last three decades, which have a¤ected the location of the work-force as much as sector location. This paper adopts a dynamic approach in order to analyse the principal characteristics of this process in the time-period 1969-1995 among the twenty two-digit SIC industries. Two main conclusions have emerged. First, we find that, in general, industries are tending to reduce their degree of concentration. Secondly, the classification of industries according to di¤erent economic criteria allows us to test the degree of compliance with various theoretical propositions and to detect relevant empirical regularities.
This paper demonstrates from a theoretical point of view that governments can affect the location... more This paper demonstrates from a theoretical point of view that governments can affect the location decision of firms by using the tax rate on capital income as a policy instrument. Furthermore, we find that, in general, countries with a lower tax burden are net receivers of foreign direct investment.
There is a certain degree of consensus that economic activity is more concentrated in the US than... more There is a certain degree of consensus that economic activity is more concentrated in the US than in Europe. In this paper we aim to test the empirical validity of such a proposition, identifying the sectors for which this assertion is more appropriate and determining their predictable ...
Paul Krugman developed a general equilibrium model with two sectors and two regions in 1991, from... more Paul Krugman developed a general equilibrium model with two sectors and two regions in 1991, from which two patterns of industrial localization could be endogenously deduced, dispersion at 50% and total concentration. The introduction of transport costs, which depend on the size of the population, are meant to capture effects produced by the trade-off between congestion costs and advantages derived from the possession of infrastructure, thus generates stable asymmetric multiple equilibria. The outcome of asymmetric stable multiple equilibria demonstrates the fruitfulness of this extension of the original model.
The successive enlargements of the European Union have implied an important increase of the marke... more The successive enlargements of the European Union have implied an important increase of the market where European firms can supply their products. In this paper we analyze the influence of this process on the economic growth of EU members by including the market potential as a scale indicator in a Solow-type model. The main results are: first, the integration in the EU, specially for new members, explain a substantial fraction of subsequent growth (between 15% and 40%); second, this effect diminishes over time; third, the GDP of new members appears to have a greater positive influence than its population; and fourth, peripheral countries and those less open to trade are in a worse position to appropriate such benefits.
Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, 2001
The aim of this paper is to provide an econometric framework from which to assess the impact on S... more The aim of this paper is to provide an econometric framework from which to assess the impact on Spanish agricultural trade by the entry of Spain into the European Union. This framework is based on the estimation of a gravity equation. Special attention is paid to the inclusion of dynamics in the gravity equation. To do that, the Kalman filter is used to define the antimonde, that is, the hypothetical situation that would exist without the integration of Spain into the EU. Results show that although Spain joined the EU in 1986, there existed a transition period that lasted until 1990. This result is consistent with the homogenization of agricultural intervention prices during the same period. Empirical results indicate that internal trade creation and external trade diversion are the predominant effects of integration on both imports and exports. L'objectif de cet article est d'illustrer une approche économétrique pour évaluer l'impact de l'adhésion de l'Espagne à la Union Européenne sur le commerce agricole. La méthodologie utilisée est basée sur l'estimation des équations de gravité. Une attention spéciale est portée à la manière d'introduire des effets dynamiques dans ces équations. Sur un autre plan, et au-delà de l'intérêt des relations dynamiques, le filtre de Kalman est utilisé pour définir l'antimonde, ou la situation hypothétique qu'il doit exister sans que le système d'intégration soit mis en oeuvre. Les résultats obtenus permettent de confirmer que malgré l'intégration avait lieu en 1986, la période de transition a prolongé jusqu'à 1990. Ce résultat est consistent avec l'homogénéisation des prix d'intervention agricoles dans le même période. Les résultats empiriques indiquent que la création du commerce interne et la diversion du commerce externe constituent les effets plus prédominants sur l'intégration aussi bien sur les exportations comme sur les importations.
The aim of this work is to test empirically the validity of Gibrat’s Law in the growth of cities,... more The aim of this work is to test empirically the validity of Gibrat’s Law in the growth of cities, using data on the complete distribution of cities (without size restrictions or a truncation point) in three countries (the US, Spain and Italy) for the entire 20th century. For this we use different techniques. First, panel data unit root tests tend
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Papers by Fernando Sanz