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University of North Florida/Paul
Halsall/Spring 2005 HIS3124 0032 / HIS5934 AE 072 
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The Course
The crusades to the Holy Land lasted from 1095 until 1291, but the crusading movement came to encompass a much wider array of military expeditions -- against Jews, Spanish Muslims, European heretics, Baltic pagans, and eventually Native Americans. We will study the deep roots of the crusading movement in Western Christian society; the ways in which the crusades brought three world cultures (The West, Byzantium, Islam) into contact and confrontation; the type of cultural interaction that took place, and the continued vitality of the crusading idea in the expansion of Western Europe.
We will investigate different perspectives on the crusades in contemporary sources: Western Christian sources on the motives and experiences of the crusaders; Jewish responses to Crusader atrocities; Byzantine reactions to the influx of Westerners; and Muslim explanations of the events. In addition to texts from period, we will delve into crusader art, architecture, literature, and music.
This course will treat writing itself as a thinking process as each student works on a final paper project. We will use the World Wide Web to access primary sources in translation as well as some spectacular visual resources, and email as a medium for discussion outside of class.Goals
HIS 3124 The Crusades is a 3000 level History course. It is focused on a study of the development of Crusading as a particularly well-documented phenomenon of medieval history with a clear modern resonance. Students should learn how to weigh both original source material and modern scholarship in determining their own understanding of the period. To this end the development and execution of an writing projects are central to the course.
HIS 5934 AE 071 is a 5000 graduate level section of the course. The development and execution of an individual research project of sufficient originality to justify conference presentation is the goal of this course. (Although such a paper need not be submitted to a conference, such submissions will be encouraged.)
Course Material: Books, Primary Sources,
and Audio-Visual MaterialStudents are required to do all assigned reading before class. The reading for this course comes in a number of forms -- printed books, articles on reserve, and primary documents available on the World Wide Web.
Required Books
Riley-Smith, Jonathan, The Crusades: A Short History, New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1987.
A leading overview by perhaps the dominant voice in modern Crusade historiography. He is a historian who believes that an account of the crusades needs to cover the expeditions within western Europe as well as the eastern campaigns.Riley-Smith, Jonathan, ed. The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
A major collective work in which many of the leading modern scholars on the crusades contribute synthetic articles on their specialty.Gabrieli, Francesco. Arab Historians of the Crusades. Translated by E. J. Costello. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969.
Gunther, von Pairis, ca. 1150-ca. 1210. Hystoria Constantinopolitana. English. as The Capture of Constantinople: The Hystoria Constantinopolitana of Gunther of Pairis. Edited and translated by Alfred J. Andrea. Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press, c1997.
Recommended Books
Christiansen, Eric. The Northern Crusades: the Baltic and the Catholic Frontier, 1100-1525. London: 1980. 2nd ed., New York: Penguin, 1998.
Riley-Smith, Jonathan, ed. The Atlas of the Crusades, New York & Oxford, Facts on File, Inc., 1990.
This is highly recommended. It is now out of print, but can sometimes be found online and you should buy it if you can.Crusades Bibliography
A very extensive thematic Crusades Bibliography of books and articles on the crusades is available as part of this class site.
Primary Sources and More on the World Wide Web
Many of the primary source readings for each class are on the World Wide Web. If you are reading the online version of this syllabus all you need do is to select [often by "clicking"] the texts in question, which are listed under each class. You can then read on screen, or print out the document.
The primary source "textbook" is
The Internet is now a valuable research tool for students. Accordingly, I shall also make this syllabus, course outline, and other class handouts available on the Web. Under each class there may also be reading material (marked as such), gathered from various WWW Extra sites. This material addresses or expands upon issues overlooked in the assigned readings, but is not required and will not be tested.
To access the class page from any web browser, just type in (at the prompt):
http://www.unf.edu/classes/crusades/ (i.e. this web page)
Discussion via Blackboard
The purpose of the wide reading in primary and secondary literature is so that students can discuss the issues with a firm grounding. As well as discussion in class, students will use the "discussion" aspect of Blackboard.
Frequently students feel under pressure and tongue-tied in class. Contributing comments via Blackboards you more time to think about what you want to say. Each student should contribute at least two Blackboard posts (comments/ questions/discussions) for each class session. These can be short or long, but over the semester they should be substantial. What I am looking for is real thinking about the issues. You are especially encouraged to comment on my class remarks and other students' comments.
See the Blackboard Instructions I prepared for my medieval survey course for log on instructions.
Films and Music
There are some spectacularly bad movies, and a few very good ones, about the crusades. Links are to the Internet Movie Database]
The Crusades (1935)
US, Historical/Drama, 123 mins (B/W). Director: Cecil B. DeMille; Cast includes: Loretta Young (Berengaria), Henry Wilcoxon (Richard), Ian Keith (Saladin)
Cecil B. De Mille's effort memorable not only for its conflation of all crusades into one big mess but most especially Loretta Young as Berengaria spending a brief vacation in Saladin's harem, and for C. Aubrey Smith as "The Hermit", tied to a stake on the Saracens' parapet, arms outstretched, crying "In this sign, you will conquer!!" The critic Pauline Kael noted that "DeMille willfully garbled every single character and incident." It is one of the major sources of misinformation about the crusades.Alexander Nevsky (1938)
Russia, War/Historical, 107, No rating B&W
Director: Sergei Eisenstein, D.I. Vassillev; Cast includes: Nikolai Cherkassov
-The repelling of a German invasion in the 13th century. Score by Prokofiev. One of the great movies.The Seventh Seal, (1957)
Sweden, Drama, 96, No rating B&W. Director: Ingmar Bergman: Cast includes: Max Von Sydow
Set in 14th-century Sweden, about a knight returning from a crusade playing a chess game with death. The film made Bergman famous.
El Naser Salah el Dine [Saladin] (1963)
Egypt, Historical/Drama (Technicolor), 175 mins. Director Youssef Chahine.
An Arab movie about Saladin. It is not clear in the movie that Saladin was a Kurd, not an Arab, and he is presented as a prototype of Nasser in calling for Arab unity in order to expel the western intruders.Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975)
UK, Historical/Comedy, 90 mins. Directors: Terry Gilliam, Terry Jones; Star; Graham Chapman.
Meant to be humorous. It is, in parts.Recordings of music associated with the crusades will be played in class. Here are a few of the CDs should students wish to buy them. [See http://www.medieval.org/emfaq for track information and how to order online. These will not be available at Coconuts, although a few may be available at Borders!]
Music of the Crusades - Songs of Love and War
The Early Music Consort of London - David Munrow, dir. 1970
London/Decca "Serenata" 430 264-2DMJerusalem: Vision of Peace: Songs and Plainchants of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries
Gothic Voices - Christopher Page
Hyperion 67039 1998
Tracks #9-11 are from the Mass of Easter Day in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (plainchant, c.1130).Croisade - Musiques vocales et instrumentales
Alfons X (El Sabio), Conon de Béthune, et al.
Orchestra: Concert dans l'Oeuf, La Compagnie Medievale, et al.
Solstice - #155On the Way to Bethlehem - Music of the Medieval Pilgrim
Ensemble Oni Wytars
Naxos 8.553132Provence mystique: Sacred Songs of the Middle Ages
Anne Azéma et al. 1999
Erato 3984 25503Estampie, Münchner Ensemble für frühe Musik - Michael Popp, dir.
Christophorus CHR 77 183Chants épiques et populaires de Chypre/ Epic and Popular Songs from Cyprus
Ensemble cypriote de musique ancienne/Cypriot Early Music Ensemble -- Michaël Christodoulides 1982
Arion 64182Montségur: La tragédie cathare
La Nef - Sylvain Bergeron
Dorian 90243Class Requirements and Grading [Undergraduate]
- Historiography Paper (3-4 pages) "The Sources of the First Crusade" - 20% of total grade due 1/27
- Research Paper (6-10 pages) - 30% of total grade
- Paper - topic due 2/3
- Paper - annotated bibliography (counts for 5% of overall grade - can be resubmitted with final paper) due 2/24
- Paper - outline and thesis due 3/10
- Complete paper due (with rewrite option) due 4/7
- Complete paper due (without rewrite option) due 4/14
- Midterm Exam - 10% of total grade 3/17
- Final Exam - 20% of total grade
- Participation in class and Blackboard discussions, short answer tests and exercises - 20% of total grade
[You must post an average of two posts per class session to gain any of this part of the grade.]Class Requirements and Grading [Graduate]
- Extended Paper: "The Sources of the First Crusade" - 20% of total grade
- Substantial Research Paper (16-25 pages) - 50% of total grade
- HIS 5934 AE 071 is a graduate level section of the course. The development and execution of an individual research project of sufficient originality to justify conference presentation is the goal of this course.
- Paper - annotated bibliography (counts for 5% of overall grade - can be resubmitted with final paper)
- Paper - outline and thesis
- Complete paper
- 25 Minute Class Presentation with annotated bibliography at time of presentation 30% of total grade
- Participation in class and Blackboard discussions and exercises -20% of total grade
Class Policies
As adults in college you are entitled to know what the class policies are, and to adhere to them. They are designed to help with your education, and to enable all class members to do their best.
Attendance:
Attendance will be recorded. Any Significant patterns of absence will lead to lower final grades. Since this is a twice a week class, more than six absences lead to an F. Since lateness is very disruptive, each "tardy" will count as half an absence.
Classroom courtesy:
Out of respect for your fellow students, come to class on time and do not move around during lectures or discussion. Turn off beepers and mobile phones (see me in emergency situations). Do not tape or record lectures.
Class preparation:
You must read assignments before class sections. Papers must be handed in on time, unless an extension is given. They must conform to the Stylesheet guidelines available online. All projects must be submitted in order to earn a final grade.
Ownership of class work:
All class work must be your own. In cases of cheating or plagiarism, the penalty will be flunking the course. For written work, keep your preparation materials, and be prepared to explain the meaning of everything you write. All assignments must be complete in order to earn a final grade.
Make up exams:
Make up exams will only been given in the case of certifiable family or health emergencies.
Class Outline -- Brief
You can scroll down for extended information on readings, images, and questions for each class, or simply select the appropriate class here, and jump directly to the extended class information.
2005
Topic
Textbook Reading
(which is not all the required reading)1/6
Introduction 1/11
1/13Christendom and Islam on the Eve of the Crusades OHC cc. 1, 2 1/18
1/20The First Crusade Riley-Smith cc. 1, 2; OHC 3; Gabrieli cc. I:1-3 1/25
1/27The Kingdom of Jerusalem Riley-Smith cc. 3-4; OHC 4, 6; Gabrieli cc. I:9 2/1
2/3Trade and Culture OHC 5, 7, 8; Song of Roland 2/8
2/10Europe and the Second Crusade Riley-Smith c.5; OHC 9; Gabrieli cc. I:7-8 2/15
2/17Islamic Response and Hattin OHC 10; Gabrieli cc. I:5-6, II: 1-3 2/22
2/24The Third Crusade Riley-Smith pp 109-19; Gabrieli II:4-8 3/1
3/3The Fourth Crusade Riley-Smith pp 119-30; Villehardouin 3/8
3/10Internal Crusades Riley-Smith pp. 130-41; 3/15
3/17The Northern Crusades Riley-Smith pp. 130-41; [Christiansen] 3/29
3/3113th Century Crusades Riley-Smith pp 141-204; Gabrieli III-IV; Joinville 4/5
4/7The Spanish Reconquista and European Expansion Riley-Smith pp. 139-41. 4/12
4/14Later Medieval Crusades Riley-Smith c. 9; OHC 11, 12, 13; 4/19
Later History of the Crusading Ideal Riley-Smith c. 10; OHC 14, 15
Final Exam
Class Outline -- Extended
Reading
- Paul Halsall. So What Happened in the Middle Ages? Basic [!] Background
- Riley-Smith, Jonathan. "Rethinking the Crusades." First Things March, 2000: 20-23. [With later Correspondence]
- *Dixon, Tomas. "An Apology, 900 Years in the Making." Christianity Today (Sep 6 1999): 24. [Online via Infotrac Onefile]
Section 2: Christendom and Islam on the Eve of the Crusades
Reading
- OHC 1 = Riley-Smith, Jonathan. "The Crusading Movement and Historians." In The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, ed. Jonathan Riley-Smith. 2-12. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
- OHC 2 = Bull, Marcus. "Origins." In The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, ed. Jonathan Riley-Smith. 13-33. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
- Cowdrey, H. E. J. "The Genesis of the Crusades: The Springs of Western Ideas of Holy War." In The Holy War. Edited by Thomas Patrick Murphy. 9-32. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1976.
- Recommended but optional for undergraduates
- Mottahedeh, Roy Parviz and Ridwan al-Sayyid. “The Idea of the Jihad in Islam before the Crusades” In The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World. Edited by Angeliki E. Laiou and Roy Parviz Mottahedeh. 23-29. Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2001.
- Head, Thomas. "The Development of the Peace of God in Aquitaine (970-1006)." Speculum 74 (1999):656-86.
Extra Reading
- Cowdrey, H. E. J. "The Peace and Truce of God in the Eleventh Century." Past and Present 46 (1970): 42-67.
Online Sources
- Leo IV (r.847-855): Forgiveness of Sins for Those Who Dies in Battle, c.850.
- John VIII (r. 872-882): Indulgence for Fighting the Heathen, 878.
- For pilgrimage to Jerusalem, see Ralph Glaber (d.c.1044): The Year 1000 AD from the Miracles de Saint-Benoit.
- Gregory VII: Call for a "Crusade", 1074.
- Annalist of Nieder-Altaich: The Great German Pilgrimage of 1064-65.
Multimedia
- Maps
- Europe, 1099(Col)
Adapted from Muir's Historical Atlas: (1911)- Satellite Map of the Middle East
Questions for Discussion
- What were main characteristics of the politics of the Eastern Mediterranean in the later 11th century?
- Why did the Byzantine empire become so much weaker in the 11the century?
- What was the role of the Turks in Islamic history?
- What does it mean to say something is "holy"?
- What was the meaning of the word "indulgence" within the Catholic through world of the late 11th century.
- How did church efforts to limit public violence come to define an ideology of acceptable violence?
Presentation Topics: Urban II; Bohemond; Alexios I Komnenos; Peter the Hermit; Christians under Muslim rule.
Reading
- Riley-Smith. The Crusades: A Short History. Chaps. 1-2.
- Gabrieli. Arab Historians of the Crusades. Part I: Chaps.:1-3
- Munro, Dana C. "The Speech of Urban II at Clermont." American Historical Review 11 (1906), 231-40. [Available online at UNF via JSTOR. ]
- [Half class read] Duncalf, Frederic. "The Peasants Crusade." American Historical Review 26 (1921): 440-53. [Available online at UNF via JSTOR] [Bring a copy to class]
- [Half class read] Goldin, Simha. "The Socialisation for Kiddush ha-Shem among Medieval Jews," Journal of Medieval History 23:2
(1997): 117-38. [Online at Elsevier Science Journals] - OHC 3 = Lloyd, Simon. "The Crusading Movement, 1096-1274." In The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, ed. Jonathan Riley-Smith. 34-65. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
- Recommended but optional for undergraduates
- Byrd, Jessalynn. "The Crusades: Eschatological lemmings, Younger sons, Papal Hegemony and Colonialism." http://www.the-orb.net/non_spec/missteps/ch2.html -Concise and informative overview of main theories on the origins and nature of the crusades, with a careful bibliography.
- Krey, A.C. "Urban's Crusade: Success or Failure?" American Historical Review. 53 (1948): 235-50. [Available online at UNF via JSTOR]
Extra Reading
- Joranson, Einar. "The Spurious Letter of Alexius." American Historical Review 55 (1949-1950), 811-32. [Available online at UNF via JSTOR]
- Constable, Giles. “The Historiography of the Crusades.” In The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World. Edited by Angeliki E. Laiou and Roy Parviz Mottahedeh. 1-22. Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2001.
- Runciman, Steven. A History of the Crusades, 3 vols., Cambridge,1951-4.
Although dated in some of its conclusions -- and its evident anti-Latin bias -- this trilogy will remain in print simply because it is so well written. Above all others, Runciman is the narrator one reads for pleasure.- Porges, Walter. "The Clergy, the Poor, and the Non-combatants on the First Crusade." Speculum 21: 1 (1946): 1-23. [Available online at UNF via JSTOR]
Online Sources
- Urban II: Speech at Clermont: Five Versions.
Accounts by Fulcher of Chartres, Robert the Monk, The Gesta, Balderic of Dol, and Guibert of Nogent. Plus Urban's Letter of December 1095.- Ekkehard of Aurach: On the Opening of the First Crusade .
- Albert of Aix and Ekkehard of Aura: Emico and the Slaughter of the Rhineland Jews.
- Soloman bar Samson: The Crusaders in Mainz, 1096, written in mid 12th century.
The horrific attacks on Rhineland Jewry.- Peter the Hermit and the Popular Crusade: Collected Accounts.
Accounts of Guibert de Nogent, William of Tyre, Albert of Aix, Ekkhard of Aura, Anna Comnena, and the Gesta.- The Crusaders Journey to Constantinople: Collected Accounts.
Accounts of the Gesta, Albert of Aix, and Raymond d'Aguiliers.- The Crusaders at Constantinople: Collected Accounts.
Accounts of Anna Comnena, the Gesta, Albert of Aix, and Raymond d'Aguiliers.- The Siege and Capture of Nicea: Collected Accounts.
Accounts of The Gesta, Raymond d'Aguiliers, Anna Comnena, and Alexius I' Letter to Abbot of Monte Cassino.- The Siege and Capture of Antioch: Collected Accounts.
Accounts of The Gesta and Raymond d'Aguiliers.- The Siege and Capture of Jerusalem: Collected Accounts.
Accounts of The Gesta, Raymond d'Aguiliers, Letters of Manasses II, Pope Paschal II, and account of Fulcher of Chartres.- Fulcher (Fulk) of Chartres: The Capture of Jerusalem, 1099.
- 'Ali ibn Tahir Al-Sulami (d. 1106): Kitab al-Jihad (extracts)[At Cornell]
This is the first known Islamic discussion of the concept of jihad written in the aftermath of the "First Crusade."Multimedia
- Maps
- First Crusade [R. Natkiel]
- First Crusade [German labels]
- Jerusalem, (Col)
Adapted from Muir's Historical Atlas: (1911)- Images
- Pope Urban II
- 1095 Pope Urban II Preaching at Clermont [BNF: Miniature of 1490]
- Town of Clermont-Ferrand Today
- A Crusader
- A Relic Collection
- A Clerical Procession [BNF: 14th Cent MS Illustration]
- Alexios I Komnenos
- Massacre of Peter the Hermit's Army [BNF: Miniature of 1490]
- 1097 The Battle of Dorylaeum [BNF: Miniature of 1490]
- Antioch: Ruins
- Crusaders Capturing Jerusalem [From MS illustration]
- Crusaders Attacking Jerusalem [BNF]
- Crusaders Capturing Jerusalem
- Jerusalem: Holy Sepulcher | Another View | Aeriel View | Door | Inside
- Jerusalem: Temple Mount: Dome of the Rock | Another | Another
- Jerusalem: Temple Mount: Dome of the Rock Interior | Another |
- Jerusalem: Temple Mount: Aerial View | Another | Another | Another
- Jerusalem: Temple Mount: Al-Aqsa Mosque
- Jerusalem: Temple Mount: Western Wall
- Jerusalem: Mount of Olives
Questions for Discussion
- Identify the various elements of Urban II's appeal at Clermont. What emotional or cultural themes did he hit upon?
- What distinguishes the various accounts of Urban's speech?
- What was the appeal of Peter the Hermit?
- How did Alexios I Komnenos deal with the Crusaders?
- If the Crusades were a matter of greed and violence, why was the miraculous so important in accounts of the struggle in the Levant?
- What was the initial Arab reaction to the Crusaders?
Section 4: The Kingdom of Jerusalem
Presentation Topics: The Ibelin family; Defence techniques; "Feudalism"; St. Jean d'Acre; Eastern Christians in Palestine; William of Tyre.
Reading
- Riley-Smith. The Crusades: A Short History. Chaps. 3-4.
- Gabrieli. Arab Historians of the Crusades. Part I: Chap. 9.
- OHC 4 = Riley-Smith, Jonathan. "The Minds of Crusaders to the East, 1095-1300." In The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, ed. Jonathan Riley-Smith. 66-90. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
- OHC 6 = Phillips, Jonathan. "The Latin East, 1098-1291." In The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, ed. Jonathan Riley-Smith. 112-40. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
- #Smail, R.C. "Crusaders' Castles of the Twelfth Century." Cambridge Historical Journal 10 (1951): 133-49.
- Recommended but optional for undergraduates
- Lay, Stephen. "A Leper in Purple: the Coronation of Baldwin IV of Jerusalem." Journal of Medieval History 23:4 (1997): 317-34. [Online via Elsevier Science Journals]
Extra Reading
- La Monte, John L. “The Lords of Caesarea in the Period of the Crusades. “ Speculum 22:2 (1947): 145-61. [Online via JSTOR]
- Pringle, Denys.. "The State of Research: The Archaeology of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Review of Work 1947-97." Journal of Medieval History 25:1 (1997): 389-408. [Online via Elsevier Science Journals]
- Favreau-Lilie, Marie-Luise. "The German Empire and Palestine: German pilgrimages to Jerusalem between the 12th and 16th century." Journal of Medieval History 21:4 (
1995): 321-341 [Online at Elsevier Science Journals] - Smail, R.C. Crusading Warfare, 1097-1193, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Online Sources
- The Latin Kings of Jerusalem (chronology).
- Crusader Letters.
- William of Tyre (c.1130- 1190): History of Deeds done Beyond the Sea, excerpts.
- Chronique du Templier de Tyr, from Les gestes des Chiprois as edited by Gaston Raynaud.
- William of Tyre: Godfrey of Bouillon Becomes "Defender of The Holy Sepulcher.
- The Taxes of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
- Fulcher (Fulk) of Chartres: The Latins in the East (Chronicle, Bk III).
Multimedia
- Maps
- The Crusader States in the Early 12th Century (BW)
Source: George Richard Potter, The Autobiography of Ousama, (New York: 1929 [copyright seems to be expired])- Crusader States, (Col)
Adapted from Muir's Historical Atlas: (1911)- Crusader Settlements
- Crusade States and Castles
- Images
- Crusader Castle: Jaffa
- Crusader Castle: Kerak
- Crusader Castle: Krak des Chevaliers | Another | Another
- Crusader Castle: Montreal
- Crusader Castle: Shaizar
- Web Sites
- Jerusalem in the Crusader Period
- War Machines
Questions for Discussion
- How was the conquered land in Palestine divided? On what basis were such decisions made?
- What were the powers of the King of Jerusalem?
- What were the central institutions of the Kingdom of Jerusalem?
- What have historians discovered about settlement and population issues in Palestine?
- Did the Crusaders become "luxurious"?
Presentation Topics: Usmah Ibn Munqidh; Commercial Growth; Medieval Slave Trade; Medieval "World Systems"; Epic poetry; Crusader music.
Reading
- The Song of Roland [Trans. Moncrieff] or Another Version [Trans O'Hagen] or Excerpts ]
- OHC 5 = Routledge, Michael. "Songs," In The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, ed. Jonathan Riley-Smith. 91-111. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
- OHC 7 = Folda, Jaroslav. "Art in the Latin East, 1098-1291." In The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, ed. Jonathan Riley-Smith. 141-59. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995
- Attiya, Hussein M. "Knowledge of Arabic in the Crusader States in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries." Journal of Medieval History 25:3 (
1999): 203-13. [Online via Elsevier Science Journals]- Recommended but optional
- Mertens, Volker. " Religious Identity in Middle High German Crusader Epics." History of European Ideas 20:4-6 (
1995): 851-57.[Online via Elsevier Science Journals] - Jordan, William Chester.. "The Representation of the Crusades in the Songs Attributed to Thibaud, Count Palatine of Champagne." Journal of Medieval History 25:1 (1999): 27-34. [Online via Elsevier Science Journals]
Extra Reading
- Newberry Consort: To Jerusalem! Crusaders' and Pilgrims' Songs
A discussion of Crusading music.- Music of the Crusades [At UMich]
[Note that the music files do not work.]Online Sources
- Usmah Ibn Munqidh (1095-1188): Autobiography: Excerpts on the Franks, c.1175 CE.
- The Tale of Two Hashish-Easters (Traditional), and another Hashish Tale, from Arabian Nights [At Drug Library]
- A Christian-Muslim Debate [12th Century].
- Bills of Sale for Saracen Slave Girls, 1248
Multimedia
- Maps
- Images
- The Holy Grail
- The Saracens Disguised as Devils Try to Frighten the Army of Charlemagne [BNF: 14th Cent MS Illustration]
- Funeral Costumes of the People of Asia [BNF: Catalan Map MS Illustration]
Questions for Discussion
- What was the financial value to Italian cities of a base in Palestine?
- What were the central nodes of world trade in the 12th and 13th century?
- Did the Crusaders learn anything from the Muslims?
- What can be considered "Crusader" music?
- Is the Song of Roland "Crusader literature"?
Section 6: Europe and the Second Crusade
Presentation Topics: Bernard of Clairvaux; Origins of Portugal; Criticism of Crusading; The Hospitallers; Crusades and Antisemitism.
Reading
- Riley-Smith. The Crusades: A Short History. Chap. 5.
- Gabrieli. Arab Historians of the Crusades. Part I: Chaps. 7-8.
- OHC 9 = Forey, Alan, "The Military Orders, 1120-1312." In The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, ed. Jonathan Riley-Smith. 184-216. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Extra Reading
- Tyerman, Christopher J. "Were there Any Crusades in the Twelfth Century." English Historical Review 110 (1995): 553--78. [Online via Infotrac Onefile]
Online Sources
- William of Tyre: The Fall of Edessa.
- Otto of Freising: The Legend of Prester John.
- Eugenius III: Call for Second Crusade, Dec. 1, 1146
- Evolution of Crusader Privileges 1095-1270
- Osbernus: De expugnatione Lyxbonensi [The Capture of Lisbon], 1147. The first, and most lasting, military encounter of the Second Crusade was the Capture of Lisbon.
- Conrad II: Letters to the Abbot of Corvey, 1148.
On the failures of the Germans' Crusade.- Odo of Deuil: The Crusade of Louis VII.
Odo, Louis VII's chaplain, recounts the preaching of St. Bernard, and the journey of the army.- William of Tyre: The Fiasco at Damascus, 1148.
- William of Tyre: On the Failure at Damascus, 1148 (from Hallam. Chronicles of the Crusades (1989), 146-7)
- Ibn al-Qalanisi. On Damascus, 1148 (from Gabrieli. Arab Chronicles of the Crusades, 56-9)
- Annales Herbipolenses, s.a. 1147: A Hostile View of the Crusade.
- St. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153): Apologia for the Second Crusade.
- St. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153): In Praise of the New Knighthood, early 12th Century, on the Templars.
- William of Tyre: The Foundation of the Order of Knights Templar.
- Primitive Rule of the Templars, 1129. [At ORB]
Multimedia
- Maps
- Second and Third Crusades, (Col)
Adapted from Muir's Historical Atlas: (1911)- Images
- The Fall of Edessa
- Departure for the Second Crusade [BNF: 14th Cent MS Illustration]
- St. Bernard of Clairvaux [BNF: 14th Cent MS Illustration]
- Templars [Catholic Enc. Image]
- Seal of the Templars
- Hospitallers [Catholic Enc. Image]
- Cross of Knights of Malta [Hospitallers]
- Teutonic Knights [Catholic Enc. Image]
- Knights
- A Dubbing Ceremony
- Knights Fighting Saracens [BNF:MS Illustration]
- Images of Jousting [BNF: 14th Cent MS Illustration]
- Images of Hunting [BNF: 14th Cent MS Illustration]
Questions for Discussion
- What was the source of St. Bernard's influence?
- How important was criticism of the Crusades? Identify different types of criticism.
- What new ideals were associated with the Templars?
- What were the root causes of Latin Christian Anti-Semitism?
Section 7: Islamic Response and Hattin
Presentation Topics: Zengi and Nureddin; Saladin; Muslim battle techniques; Muslim Egypt.
Reading
- OHC 10 = Irwin, Robert. "Islam and the Crusades, 1096-1699." In The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, ed. Jonathan Riley-Smith. 217-59. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
- Gabrieli. Arab Historians of the Crusades. Part I: Chaps. 5-6; Part II: Chaps. 1-3.
- Dajani-Shakeel, Hadia. "Some Medieval Accounts of Salah al-Din's Recovery of Jerusalem (Al-Quds)" in Hisham Nashabe (ed) Studia Palaestina: Studies in honour of Constantine K. Zurayk, Institute for Palestine Studies, Beirut 1988.
Extra Reading
- Richard, Jean. "An Account of the Battle of Hattin referring to the Frankish Mercenaries in Oriental Moslem States." Speculum 27 (1952): 168-77. [Available online via JSTOR ]
- Hillenbrand, Carole. The Crusades : Islamic Perspectives. New York : Routledge, 2000.
- Maalouf, Amin. The Crusades through Arab Eyes. Translated by Jon Rothschild. New York : Schocken Books, 1985.
Online Sources
- Philip K. Hitti : The Assasins [At Drug Library]
- Qur'an: On Jihad
Multimedia
- Maps
- The Empire of Sultan Salah Al-Din(1171-1193) and the Crusaders' Principalities in Syria and Palestine [At UPenn]
- Images
- Muhammad Leading an Army [Arabic Manuscript]
- Muslims Fighting Crusaders [Arabic Manuscript]
- Latin View of Saracens [From Roman de Fauvel]
Questions for Discussion
- Identify the stages of the Muslim response.
- Where was Saladin's power based?
- What military techniques did each side adopt?
- Did the Crusades affect Islamic thought and action in other areas?
Presentation Topics: Richard I "Lion Heart"; The Ayyubid dynasty; Chivalry; Rise of Western monarchies; Crusader military architecture.
Reading
- Riley-Smith. The Crusades: A Short History. pp. 109-19.
- Gabrieli. Arab Historians of the Crusades. Part II: Chaps 4-8.
- Brand, Charles M. "The Byzantines and Saladin, 1185-1192: Opponents of the Third Crusade." Speculum 37 (1962): 167-81. [Available online via JSTOR]
- Markowski, Michael. "Richard Lionheart: Bad King, Bad Crusader?" Journal of Medieval History 23 (1997): 351-65. [Online at Elsevier Science Journals]
Extra Reading
- Richard, Jean. "An Account of the Battle of Hattin referring to the Frankish Mercenaries in Oriental Moslem States." Speculum 27 (1952) [Available online via JSTOR]
- Mayer, Hans Eberhard. "Henry II of England and the Holy Land." English Historical Review 97 (1982) [Available online via JSTOR]]
- Nicholson, Helen. "Women on the Third Crusade." Journal of Medieval History 23 (1997): 335-49. [Online at Elsevier Science Journals]
Online Sources
- William of Tyre: Latin Disarray, 1150-1185.
- Aymeric, patriarch of Antioch: The Decline of Christian Power in the Holy Land, 1164, Letter to Louis VII of France.
- Ansbert: Letter from the East to the Master of the Hospitallers, 1187.
- Ernoul, a Frank: The Battle of Hattin, 1187. [At Hillsdale]
- Ernoul: The Battle of Hattin, 1187.
- De Expugatione Terrae Sanctae: The Battle of Hattin, 1187.
- De Expugatione Terrae Sanctae: The Capture of Jerusalem by Saladin, 1187.
- Roger of Hoveden: The Fall of Jerusalem, 1187.
- Henry II, King of England: The Saladin Tithe, 1188
- The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: Letters, 1189.
Letters by Frederick I and Ex-Queen Sibylla blaming the Byzantine Emperor for problems.- Historia de Expeditione Frederici Imperatoris: Death of Frederick Barbarossa, 1190.
- Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi: Richard the Lion-Hearted Conquers Cyprus, 1191.
- Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi: The Siege and Capture of Acre, 1191.
- Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi: Philip Augustus Returns to France, 1191.
- Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi: Muslim Hostages Slain at Acre, 1191.
- Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi: Richard the Lionheart Makes Peace with Saladin, 1192.
- The German Crusade, 1197.
Letter of the Duke of Lorrain to the Archbishop of Cologne, 1197 - before the crusade was checked by the death of Henry VI.Multimedia
- Maps
- Second and Third Crusades, (Col)
Adapted from Muir's Historical Atlas: (1911)- Third Crusade [R. Natkiel]
- Germany Under Frederick Barbarossa, (Col)
Adapted from Muir's Historical Atlas: (1911)- Italy in the 12th and 13th Centuries, (Col)
Adapted from Muir's Historical Atlas: (1911)- The Angevin Empire, c. 1174 (Col)
Adapted from Muir's Historical Atlas: (1911)- The Growth of the French Royal Domain, 1182-1350 (Col)
Adapted from Muir's Historical Atlas: (1911)- Images
- Frederick I Barbarossa
- Philip II Lays Siege to Acre, 1191 [BNF: 14th Cent MS Illustration]
- Meeting at Acre of Philip II and Richard I 1191 [BNF: 14th Cent MS Illustration]
- A Bishop and Jews
- Jews Poisoning a Well
Questions for Discussion
- What went wrong in the Kingdom of Jerusalem?
- How did the rise of Western monarchies affect the nature of crusading?
- Was Richard I a "gentleman"?
Presentation Topics: Venice and Genoa; Niketas Choniates; The Komnenoi dynasty; Latin Greece.
Reading
- Riley-Smith. The Crusades: A Short History. pp. 119-30.
- Villehardouin. The Capture of Constantinople
- Angold, Michael. "The State of Research: the Byzantine Background to the Fourth Crusade." Journal of Medieval History 25:3 (1999): 257-78. [Online via Elsevier Science Journals]
Extra Reading
- Brand, Charles M. "A Byzantine Plan of the Fourth Crusade." Speculum 43 (1968): 462-75. [Available online via JSTOR]
- Queller, Donald E. "The Fourth Crusade: The Neglected Majority." Speculum. 49 (1974): 441-65. [Available online via JSTOR]
- Queller, Donald E. and G.W. Day. "Some Arguments in the Defense of the Venetians on the Fourth Crusade." American Historical Review 81 (1976): 717-37. [Available online via JSTOR]
- Wolff, Robert L. "Baldwin of Flanders and Hainhault: First Latin Emperor of Constantinople: His Life, Death, and Resurrection, 1172-1225." Speculum 27 (1952): 281-332. [Available online via JSTOR]
- Wolff, Robert L. "Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople." Speculum 23:1. (1948): 1-34. [Available online via JSTOR]
- Swietek, Francis R. "Gunther of Pairis and the Historia Constantinopolitana." Speculum 53: 1. (1978): 49-79. [Available online via JSTOR]
- Harris, Jonathan. "Distortion, Divine Providence and Genre in Nicetas Choniate's Account of the Collapse of Byzantium, 1180-1204." Journal of Medieval history 26:1 (2000): 19-31. [Online at Elsevier Science Journals]
Online Sources
- The Fourth Crusade 1204: Collected Sources.
Texts from Villehardoun, Robert de Clari, Choniates, etc.- Geoffrey de Villehardouin: Chronicle of the Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople, full text
- Robert de Clari: The Capture of Constantinople, selections.
- Niketas Choniates: Capture of Constantinople, 1204.
- Innocent III: Letter 136: Reprimand of Papal Legate, 1204.
Multimedia
- Maps
- Constantinople (Col)
- Constantinople, (Col)
Adapted from Muir's Historical Atlas: (1911)- Fourth Crusade, (Col)
Adapted from Muir's Historical Atlas: (1911)- The Fourth Crusade [R. Natkiel]
- Images
- Pope Innocent III [MS Illustration]
- Pope Innocent III [Subiaco Fresco]
- The Siege of Constantinople 1204 [BNF: 14th Cent MS Illustration]
Questions for Discussion
- Why did the Byzantine Empire weaken in the late 12th century?
- Identify the stages or Orthodox-Catholic schism?
- Did the Venetians intend to divert the Fourth Crusade from the beginning?
- How was the government of Latin Greece set up?
- Can we trust Villehardouin?
Presentation Topics: Pope Innocent III; The 4th Lateran Council; Origins of Dualism
Reading
- Riley-Smith. The Crusades: A Short History. pp. 130-41.
- Catholic Encyclopedia: The Military Orders
Extra Reading
Online Sources
- Anna Comnena: The Bogomils, c. 1110
The Bogomils where the source of Catharism in the West.- Cathar Gospel: Book of John the Evangelist.
- Cathar Rites: Traditio: Immersion in the Perfect Community, from the Lyons Ritual.
- Cathar Rites: The Apparelhamentum, from the Lyons Ritual.
- Raynaldus: Annales: Accusations against Cathars
- Bernard Gui: Inquisitor's Manual: Accusations against Cathars
- Fourth Lateran Council: Canon 63 - on Heretics.
- Bernard Gui: Technique of Interrogations [1307-1323]
- Jacques Fournier, Bishop of Pamiers 1318-1325: The Inquisition Record. [At SJSU]
English translation by Nancy P. Stork of selected confessions by Cathar heretics and Jews to Bishop Jacques Fournier and the Inquisition at Pamiers.Multimedia
- Maps
- Images
- A Dominican Friar
- Albi: From the River
- Carcassone: View at Night
- Carcassone: View from Air | Another View
- Web: Carcassone
- Montsegur | Another View
- Spanish Jews, 14th Cent: Fresco with Jews Wearing the Roule.
Questions for Discussion
- Why isn't Innocent III called "the Great"?
- What was the appeal of heresy?
- Who benefited from the Albigensian Crusade?
- Identify the stages of the Drang nach Ostern.
Section 11 The Northern Crusades
Presentation Topics: German expansion.
Reading
- Riley-Smith. The Crusades: A Short History. pp. 130-41.
- Urban, William. "An Historical Overview of the Crusade to Livonia"
http://www.the-orb.net//encyclop/religion/crusades/cruurban.html- Recommended but optional for undergraduates
- Christiansen. The Northern Crusades
Extra Reading
Online Sources
- The Rule and Statutes of the Teutonic Knights, 1264. [At ORB]
Multimedia
- Maps
- Images
Questions for Discussion
- Identify the stages of the Drang nach Ostern.
Section 12 13th Century Crusades
Presentation Topics: Frederick II; Louis IX; The Mongols; The Mamelukes.
Reading
- Riley-Smith. The Crusades: A Short History. pp 141-204.
- Gabrieli. Arab Historians of the Crusades. Parts III-IV.
- Joinville. Life of St. Louis.
Extra Reading
- Munro, Dana C. "The Children's Crusade." The American Historical Review 19:3. (1914): 516-24. [Online via JSTOR]
- Molin, Kristian. "The Non-Military Functions of Crusader Fortifications, 1187-circa 1380." Journal of Medieval History 23:4 (1997): 367-88. [Online via Elsevier Science Journals]
Online Sources
Cologne Chronicle: The Children's Crusade, 1212.
- Innocent III: Summons to a Crusade, 1215.
- Philip de Novare: The Crusade of Frederick II, 1228-29.
- Frederick II's Crusade: Letters, 1229.
Letters by Frederick II: To Henry III of England, and by Gerold, Patriarch of Jerusalem, To All the Faithful, 1229.- The Capture of Jerusalem, 1244.
Letter from the Master of the Hospitalers at Jerusalem, to Lord De Lamaye.- Jean de Joinville: Memoirs, full text. [At Virginia]
- Al-Makrisi: Arab Account of the Crusade of St. Louis.
- Guy, A Knight: Letter from the Sixth Crusade, 1249.
Multimedia
Questions for Discussion
Section 13: The Spanish Reconquista and European Expansion
Presentation Topics: Muslim Spain; Cordoba; Spanish Jewry; Santiago de Compostela; "Repopulation"; Viking exploration; Marco Polo.
Reading
Extra Reading
Online Sources
Multimedia
Questions for Discussion
Section 14: Later Medieval Crusades
Presentation Topics: Medieval Hungary; Rise of Ottomans.
Reading
Extra Reading
Online Sources
Multimedia
Questions for Discussion
Section 15: Later History of the Crusading Ideal
Presentation Topics: The Battle of Lepanto; Allenby and Jerusalem; Eisenhower.
Reading
Extra Reading
Online Sources
Multimedia
Questions for Discussion
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