Growing numbers of newcomers and refugees to Canada compel careful consideration to the risks they may be exposed to, including criminal involvement. This paper explores immigrant youths' exposure in their adopted country and the impacts of peer relationships affected by substance abuse, violence, and education in new cultural milieus.

The Canadian Journal of Family and Youth, 2020

Canada's population of immigrant youth between the ages of 15 and 35 is approaching 3 million and growing rapidly. Youth are critical to Canada's goal of recruiting immigrants to expand the economy, but there is insufficient information about their school and work experiences and inadequate support to ensure their successful integration into the workforce. This literature review investigates the connection between education and work for Canadian immigrant youth. It documents obstacles in the form of underfunded settlement services, lack of diversity in the school curriculum, inadequate English-language instruction at all levels of schooling, racially and ethnically biased streaming of students into the lowest educational track in high school, rejection of foreign school transcripts and work credentials, employers' prejudice and discrimination, and workplace exploitation. The number and magnitude of these systemic impediments create significant obstacles for immigrant youth. A major cause of these issues is insufficient funding for immigrant services under neoliberal economic policies. The outcomes for immigrant youth include failure to finish secondary and postsecondary education, a long-term cycle of employment in low-skill, low-wage jobs, and socioeconomic hardship such as poverty and homelessness. The authors call for greater attention to this critical population and make nine recommendations that would contribute to solutions in each major issue area impacting the education of Canadian immigrant youth and their entry into the workforce.

1998

Direction générale de la recherche appliquée Politique stratégique Développement des ressources humaines Canada The views expressed in this document are the authors' and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of Human Resources Development Canada or of the federal government. Les opinions exprimées dans le présent document sont celles des auteurs et ne reflètent pas nécessairement le point de vue de Développement des ressources humaines Canada ou du gouvernement fédéral. # The Working Paper Series includes analytical studies and research conducted under the auspices of the Applied Research Branch of Strategic Policy. Papers published in this series incorporate primary research with an empirical or original conceptual orientation, generally forming part of a broader or longer-term program of research in progress. Readers of the series are encouraged to contact the authors with comments and suggestions. La série des documents de travail comprend des études analytiques et des travaux de recherche réalisés sous l'égide de la Direction générale de la recherche appliquée, Politique stratégique. Il s'agit notamment de recherches primaires, soit empiriques ou originales et parfois conceptuelles, généralement menées dans le cadre d'un programme de recherche plus vaste ou de plus longue durée. Les lecteurs de cette série sont encouragés à faire part de leurs observations et de leurs suggestions aux auteurs.

2005

One in every five children living in Canada was either born somewhere else or born into immigrant and refugee families, and Canada expects a lot from them. The literature about immigrant and refugee children is riddled with paradoxes, inconsistent results and unanswered questions. Longitudinal research, employing sufficiently large samples of children in differing situations, living in different regions of the country, and using culturally and situation-sensitive measures is badly needed. The NCCYS is one attempt to address this need. R arely has so much return been expected from so little investment. One in every five children living in Canada was either born somewhere else or born into immigrant and refugee families, and Canada expects a lot from them. On the one hand, we expect their achievements to help justify our relatively large immigration rates. On the other hand, we act as if this will happen even though we choose to largely ignore their health, development, and adaptation. Take, for example, Statistics Canada's National Longitudinal Study of Children and Youth (NLSCY). On a simple probability basis, the NLSCY sample of more than 23,000 should include about 4,600 immigrant and refugee children. However, a single study-not even one of the scope and quality of the NLSCYcan accomplish everything. For various reasons, immigrant and refugee households were undersampled: instead of the expected number, the NLSCY sample contains only 358 immigrant and refugee children.

Canadian Ethnic Studies, 2010

Research on the second generation is relatively recent, but growing quickly in Canada and internationally. This issue of Canadian Ethnic Studies/Études ethniques au Canada has its origins in a workshop held at the Tenth National Metropolis Conference, which was held in Halifax. In many ways it continues a conversation left unfinished in that session. The nine articles deal with various experiences of second-generation Canadian youth through qualitative and quantitative research and in-depth and nuanced analyses. Several of the articles discuss the conceptual challenges and ambiguities of the second generation (Byers and Tastsoglou; Gallant; Hébert et al). The majority deal with the term in a pragmatic way according to their research needs. A broad definition of second generation is adopted to include the 1.5 generation (those born outside Canada but coming to Canada at an early age (Hassan et al.; Amarasingam), as well as the new generation youth from visible minority immigrant families, which also includes the 1.5 generation (Miu et al.). The focus of the issue is on youth-the stage in life when major transitions usually take place, such as graduating from school, entering post-secondary institutions, entering the labour market, forming new households, but also coming to terms with ethno-cultural identities. It is in these junctures that the most "telling examples of the things that make the second generation distinctive" (Kobayashi 2008, 3) take place. The majority of articles in this issue center on the nature of ethno-cultural identification in the second generation and beyond, its difference from that of the immigrant parents, as well as its relationship to being Canadian, and how this relationship plays out in particular localities, cities, and regions of Canada or within particular ethno-cultural groups. Jurva and Jaya deal with the identity and ethnic identification experiences of Finnish second-generation youth in Ottawa and how the latter balance their Canadian identity and appreciation of multiculturalism with their ethnocultural roots. Being Canadian in the context of multiculturalism includes the possibility of being Finnish. Although the connections with "Finnishness" vary greatly, overall the Canadian cultural identity is highly salient, while the meaning and practice of "Finnishness" is selective and symbolic. Gallant's findings speak

Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie, 2008

2000

Twelve to seventeen year-old children born outside Canada have lower levels of self-reported life satisfaction and are less likely to feel a strong sense of "belonging" to their local community than native- born teens (based on preliminary analysis using public use data from the Canada Community Health Survey for 2005). This is troubling from a policy perspective. Not only might

McGill journal of education, 2010

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Despite genuine efforts by Federal and Provincial policy makers and community service providers, immigrants and Newcomers to Canada are still facing major barriers to successful post-secondary education leading to employment. These barriers prevent Newcomer youth from fully realizing their potential, thus impeding their integration into the very fabric of Canadian society. The same can be said about Newcomer youth integration in schools, colleges, and universities. This segment of the population, whose members will eventually become an integral part of Canada’s future and citizenry, are not equipped with levels and quality of programs and services commensurate with their needs and expectations. The study investigates challenges and opportunities to access and success in post-secondary education for immigrant youth aged 16 to 24 who, at the time of the study, had been in Canada for less than 5 years.

2023

It is no exaggeration to say that immigration has transformed Canada. Until the 1960s, immigration policies entrenched Canada’s identity as a self-declared “white man’s country.” Today, Canada is among the most culturally diverse industrialized democracies in the world. Most Canadians support relatively high levels of immigration and official multiculturalism. Populist anti-immigration politics, a bane of governments in many other democracies, is a marginal phenomenon in Canada. Some commentators have referred to Canada as “exceptional” and emulation of the “Canadian Model” of immigration is commonplace. This course explores Canada’s development into a multicultural immigration country, probing the degree to which Canada’s reputation as an exceptionally welcoming, tolerant country is warranted. We begin by tracing the evolution of Canadian immigration policy from Confederation to the present, asking why anti-immigration positions have generally failed since the late-1990s. We consider the politics of refugee resettlement and asylum, noting that in this area Canadian hospitality has distinct limits. We then turn to citizenship policy, an area where Canada is indeed unique, as most immigrants acquire Canadian citizenship. We move on to consider Canada’s policy of official multiculturalism, charting its origins, development, and shortcomings. We conclude by asking whether recent changes to immigration policy spell the end of the “Canadian Model.”