Cerebellar afferent Raphe interpositus Biotinylated dextran amine Single axon reconstruction a b s t r a c t Integration of cortical Purkinje cell inputs and brain stem inputs is essential in generating cerebellar outputs to the cerebellar nuclei (CN). Currently, collaterals of climbing and mossy fiber axons, noradrenergic, serotoninergic and cholinergic axons, and collaterals of rubrospinal axons are known to innervate the CN from the brain stem. We investigated whether other afferents to the CN from the medulla exist in the rat. Retrograde labeling revealed the presence of neurons that project to the CN but not to the cerebellar cortex in the median reticular formation in the rostrodorsal medulla (tentatively named 'caudal raphe interpositus area', CRI). Anterograde tracer injection into the CRI labeled abundant axonal terminals in the CN, mainly in the ventral parvocellular part of the posterior interposed and lateral nucleus. Axonal reconstruction showed that a single CRI axon projected to the CN with 170-1086 varicosities, more broadly and densely than collaterals of a mossy or climbing fiber axon. CRI axons had no or a few collaterals that projected to the granular and Purkinje cell layers of the cerebellar cortex with some small terminals, indicating that these axons are different from mossy fiber axons. CRI axons also had http://dx.Abbreviations: 4V, forth ventricle; 5-HT, 5-hydroxytriptamine; V, trigeminal nucleus; VI, abducens nucleus; VII, facial nucleus; AIN, anterior interposed nucleus; BDA, biotinylated dextran amine; C, caudal; CN, cerebellar nuclei; CRI, caudal raphe interpositus area; D, dorsal; DAB, 3,3 0 -diaminobenzidine; DLH, dorsolateral hump of the anterior interposed nucleus; DLP, dorsolateral protuberance; DMC, dorsomedial crest of the anterior interposed nucleus; gVII, genu of the facial nerve; GL, granular layer; GRN, gigantocellular reticular nucleus; HRP, horseradish peroxidase; icp, inferior cerebellar peduncle; IO, inferior olive; IN, interposed nucleus; L, lateral; L.II-VI, lobules II-VI; LN, lateral nucleus; LN-parvo, ventral parvocellular subdivision of the lateral nucleus; Lt, left; LVN, lateral vestibular nucleus; M, medial; ML, molecular layer; MN, medial nucleus; MN-CM, caudomedial subdivision of the medial nucleus; MN-M, middle subdivision of the medial nucleus; mlf, medial longitudinal fasciculus; MVN, medial vestibular nucleus; nVII, tract of the facial nerve; NRTP, nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis; PC, Purkinje cell; PCG, pontine central gray; PCL, Purkinje cell layer; PHA-L, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin; PIN, posterior interposed nucleus; PIN-parvo, ventral parvocellular subdivision of the posterior interposed nucleus; PrH, prepositus hypoglossi (I. Sugihara).

This paper investigates the accuracy and effectiveness of the face detection and recognition algorithms using OpenCV and C# computer language. The adaboost algorithm [2] is used for face detection and PCA algorithm[1] is used for face recognition. This paper also investigates the robustness of the face recognition system when an unknown person is being detected, wherein the system will send an email to the owner of the system using SMTP [7]. The door lock can also be accessed remotely from any part of the world by using a Dropbox [8] account.

Circularly polarized (CP) antennas are used in space applications for telemetry tracking and command (TT&C). In this paper, we present an antenna for a TT&C system that can employ only four antennas to achieve a wide quasi-isotropic coverage. The proposed single-feed circular polarized annular patch antenna is low profile and compact. It exhibits a wide impedance bandwidth of 19.7%, wide-angle circular polarization with an on-axis maximum gain higher than 6 dBi and an axial ratio below 4 dB in the frequency band 2.0–2.3 GHz. The developed low-cost antenna can be used for small-satellite data downlink where only two right hand circular polarized (RHCP) antennas and two left hand circular polarized (LHCP) antennas would be required since each antenna has an adequate CP gain on a wide angle. A prototype antenna has been fabricated and measured. The experimental validation shows a good agreement of the measured impedance bandwidth, axial ratio, and far-field pattern with the ones predic...

This paper focuses on the effects of nonbinding recommendations on bargaining outcomes. Recommendations are theorized to have two effects: they can create a focal point for final bargaining positions, and they can decrease outcome uncertainty should dispute persist. While the focal point effect may help lower dispute rates, the uncertainty reduction effect is predicted to do the opposite for risk-averse bargainers. Which of these effects dominates is of critical importance in the optimal design of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) procedures, which are becoming increasingly utilized to help resolve disputes in a variety of settings. We theoretically examine the effects of recommendations on the bargaining contract zone. Our theoretical framework, which allows bargainers ’ final positions to influence a binding outcome should negotiations fail, provides for a more stringent test of focal points than previously considered. We also present data from controlled laboratory bargaining ...

Increasing demand for automotive vehicles with reduced weight, improved crashworthiness and passengers safety has steamed the research of new Twinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steels. In this work the effect of annealing between 400 and 900oC on the microstructure and mechanical properties of hot and cold rolled 0.06C-24Mn-3Al-2Si-1Ni (wt%) steel with TWIP effect was investigated. The results have shown that steel exhibits fast recrystallization kinetics with a low amount of recovery, which results in a high driving force for the former. Mechanical properties were determined using Vickers microhardness and tensile tests. Tensile strength of 670 MPa with 54% of total elongation, and strain hardening exponent of 0.57 were reached after annealing at 900°C. $OO ULJKWV UHVHUYHG 1R SDUW RI FRQWHQWV RI WKLV SDSHU PD\ EH UHSURGXFHG RU WUDQVPLWWHG LQ DQ\ IRUP RU E\ DQ\ PHDQV ZLWKRXW WKH ZULWWHQ SHUPLVVLRQ RI 773 ZZZWWSQHW ,' 5HFU\VWDOOL]DWLRQ DQG *UDLQ *URZWK ,9 &36 'LIIUDFWLRQ $QJOH T J J J J J J J J J &36 'LIIUDFWLRQ $QJOH T J )LJ ;UD\ GLIIUDFWLRQ RI KRW UROOHG VDPSOH D DQG FROG UROOHG VDPSOH E

Most of our knowledge about deep-sea habitats is limited to bathyal (200-3000 m) and abyssal depths (3000-6000 m), while relatively little is known about the hadal zone (6000-11,000 m). The basic paradigm for the distribution of deep seafloor biomass suggests that the reduction in biomass and average body size of benthic animals along depth gradients is mainly related to surface productivity and remineralisation of sinking particulate organic carbon with depth. However, there is evidence that this pattern is somewhat reversed in hadal trenches by the funnelling of organic sediments, which would result in increased food availability along the axis of the trenches and towards their deeper regions. Therefore, despite the extreme hydrostatic pressure and remoteness from the pelagic food supply, it is hypothesized that biomass can increase with depth in hadal trenches. We developed a numerical model of gravitational lateral sediment transport along the seafloor as a function of slope, using the Kermadec Trench, near New Zealand, as a test environment. We propose that local topography (at a scale of tens of kilometres) and trench shape can be used to provide useful estimates of local accumulation of food and, therefore, patterns of benthic biomass. Orientation and steepness of local slopes are the drivers of organic sediment accumulation in the model, which result in higher biomass along the axis of the trench, especially in the deepest spots, and lower biomass on the slopes, from which most sediment is removed. The model outputs for the Kermadec Trench are in agreement with observations suggesting the occurrence of a funnelling effect and substantial spatial variability in biomass inside a trench. Further trench surveys will be needed to determine the degree to which seafloor currents are important compared with the gravity-driven transport modelled here. These outputs can also benefit future hadal investigations by highlighting areas of potential biological interest, on which to focus sampling effort. Comprehensive exploration of hadal trenches will, in turn, provide datasets for improving the model parameters and increasing predictive power.

The four human IgG isotypes are highly conserved in amino acid sequence, but show differential ability to activate complement (C'): IgG3 and IgGl are very active. IgG2 is active under certain conditions, and IgG4 is inactive. Although the second constant domain (C,2) is critical for C' activation, the individual amino acids that confer isotype-specific activity have not been identified. We have generated a series of mutants between IgG2 and IgG3, resulting in the exchange of the four N-terminal and six C-terminal polymorphic residues within C"2. Mutants containing the N-terminus of the C,2 of IgG3 were as effective as wildtype IgG3 in Clq binding, Cl activation and terminal complex (MAC) formation, but had reduced ability to effect C/-mediated lysis. IgG2 and mutants containing the N-terminal portion of the CH2 of IgG2 were reduced compared to IgG3 in activating Cl, binding Clq and inducing assembly of the MAC, and were inactive in mediating lysis of target cells. Thus, the amino acid sequence differences in the N-terminus of C,,2 play a critical role in determining the relative abilities of IgG2 and IgG3 to bind Clq and activate the C' cascade although additional residues of C,2 must be involved in mediating optimal target cells lysis. The sequence of the N-terminus of C,2 was less critical in determining C4 and C3 binding. Characterization of domain exchange mutants suggests that intermediate steps may be partly dependent on domains other than C,2. IgGs that do not direct target cell lysis nevertheless activate intermediate steps in the pathway, which may contribute to immune complex-associated disorders. pi;, 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

The maintenance portion of the software lifecycle represents a major drain on most software company's resources. The transition from programmers to maintainers is high risk, since usually the maintainers have to learn the system from scratch before they can begin modifying it appropriately. This paper introduces a method for automatically extracting important traceability information from a C# software project's source code. Using this traceability information, maintainers (and programmers) are better able to evaluate the impacts their actions will have on the entire project.

We may not be able to make you love reading, but the disappearance of the social in american social psychology will lead you to love reading starting from now. Book is the window to open the new world. The world that you want is in the better stage and level. World will always guide you to even the prestige stage of the life. You know, this is some of how reading will give you the kindness. In this case, more books you read more knowledge you know, but it can mean also the bore is full. Yeah, when trying to read a new book as this the disappearance of the social in american social psychology, you can start from certain time and place. Building interest in reading this book or every book is needed. The soft file of this book that is provided will be saved in such certain library. If you really have willing to read it, just follow the kindness of the life. It will improve your quality of the life however is the role. To see how you can get the book, this is much recommended to as soon as possible. You can take different time of the start to read. When starting to read the the disappearance of the social in american social psychology is in the proper time, it will allow you to ease pass the reading steps. It will be in undergoing the exact reading style. But many people may be confused and lazy of it. Even the book will show you the truth of life it doesn't mean that you can really pass the process as clear. It is to really offer the presented book that can be one of referred books to read. So, having the link of the book to visit for you is very joyful. You can quickly finish them to visit the page and then enjoy getting the book. Having the soft file of this book is also good enough. By this way, you may not need to bring the book everywhere. You can save in some compatible devices. When you have decided to start reading the disappearance of the social in american social psychology again, you can start it everywhere and every time as soon as well done.

Recent cross-country empirical evidence indicates that the money-prices relationship depends on the level of inflation. This relationship is close to proportional for high inflation economies, but weakens when mean inflation is lower. Based on these findings, we focus on the Argentine experience along the last 30 years. Using descriptive analysis as well as cointegration tests we find that proportionality holds for the high inflation period but weakens under the low inflation regime. Money velocity is quite volatile but keeps a positive correlation with inflation in the long run. Under low inflation, velocity correlates negatively with money growth, a result consistent with the empirical evidence in the literature. We use VAR analysis to study the short-run dynamics of money and prices under high and low inflation. Including relevant macroeconomic variables such as the nominal interest rate, the exchange rate depreciation and GDP growth we study the transmission of nominal shocks to...

A persistent system is a system in which data structures and data itself persist through executions of any process, as shown in reference 1. Under an object-oriented paradigm, the entities we need to make persistent are classes and objects, as explained in reference 2, and even compiled functions in some systems such as Barbados. A class is probably going to be changed many times along the software life cycle, due to software maintenance. In a non-persistent system, the class would be changed and then the programmer would have to manually write procedures (for example, at load time, converting data in the old format to the new one), in order to adapt all existing stored data to the new class structure. In a persistent system programmers don't have to worry about data storage, therefore it's the system itself which has to cope with the problem of objects being out-of-sync with their class definition. To solve this problem, there are three major approaches described in literature (for example, in reference 3): (a) the system can convert stored objects to its new type immediately or in deferred way; (b) support different versions of the software for the different versions of a class, or (c) simply prevent programmers from changing any data type, compelling users to define new types when needed. This last possibility is unacceptable most of the time.

Intensive use of the Coastal Plain aquifer in Israel, as well as its ongoing contamination by agrochemicals and domestic and industrial waste, has resulted in the deterioration of its water quality. As a result, suggestions of abandoning this aquifer, which is a major source of potable water, have been seriously considered. The Coastal Plain aquifer is divided into a number of calcareous sandstone units separated by continental and marine lenses composed of silt and shale. Whereas the uppermost units are unconfined and are recharged directly from land suface by precipitation, wastewater, and runoff, the lower aquifers are partly confined. Although the presence of subaquifers is geologically well documented, the aquifer has been traditionally managed as a single water reservoir. The prevailing notion has been that the separation into subunits exists only up to 5 km from the shoreline, whereas, in the east, the aquifer is considered unlayered and uniform. However, hydraulic data, isotopic age determinations and variations in chemical composition, suggest that the clay lenses form an effective hydraulic partition between the different sand units, both in the western and eastern parts of the aquifer. The results of this study indicate that the prevailing conceptualization of the aquifer as one homogeneous water body is incorrect.

Within days of the Singapore parliamentary election in May 2011, Lee Kuan Yew and Goh Chok Tong announced that they had decided to leave the nation's Cabinet, where they had been serving as "Minister Mentor" and "Senior Minister," positions created for them as former Prime Ministers. 2 The reason was that the People's Action Party (PAP), which Lee Kuan Yew had founded with others in the 1950s and which had governed the nation since its separation

Guilanyà es un asentamiento localizado en las primeras estribaciones del Prepirineo de Lleida, a 1.150 m de altitud. En este artículo se exponen las observaciones preliminares derivadas de un sondeo realizado en el verano del 2008, que ha permitido definir los niveles arqueológicos K y EJ. Paralelamente, se presentan nuevas dataciones por 14 C AMS que contextualizan cronométricamente la secuencia Tardiglaciar de este yacimiento. Estos resultados permiten identificar la gestión recurrente de los ecosistemas de montaña durante la mejora Bolling/Allerod. Las características tecno-tipológicas que se reconocen en estos niveles nos permiten asignarlos al Aziliense, tradición cultural escasamente visualizada en la vertiente sur de los Pirineos.

Aim of the study: The aim of the present study is to determine in a procedurally uniform manner the mescaline concentrations in stem tissue of 14 taxa/cultivars of the subgenus Trichocereus of the genus Echinopsis (Cactaceae) and to evaluate the relationship (if any) between mescaline concentration and actual shamanic use of these plants. Materials and methods: Columnar cacti of the genus Echinopsis, some of which are used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes by South American shamans in traditional medicine, were selected for analysis because they were vegetative clones of plants of documented geographic origin and/or because they were known to be used by practitioners of shamanism. Mescaline content of the cortical stem chlorenchyma of each cactus was determined by Soxhlet extraction with methanol, followed by acid-base extraction with water and dichloromethane, and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: By virtue of the consistent analytical procedures used, comparable alkaloid concentrations were obtained that facilitated the ranking of the various selected species and cultivars of Echinopsis, all of which exhibited positive mescaline contents. The range of mescaline concentrations across the 14 taxa/cultivars spanned two orders of magnitude, from 0.053% to 4.7% by dry weight. Conclusions: The mescaline concentrations reported here largely support the hypothesis that plants with the highest mescaline concentrations-particularly E. pachanoi from Peru-are most associated with documented shamanic use.

Sentiment analysis on Twitter data has attracted much attention recently. One of the system’s key features, is the immediacy in communication with other users in an easy, user-friendly and fast way. Consequently, people tend to express their feelings freely, which makes Twitter an ideal source for accumulating a vast amount of opinions towards a wide diversity of topics. This amount of information oers huge potential and can be harnessed to receive the sentiment tendency towards these topics. However, since none can invest an innite amount of time to read through these tweets, an automated decision making approach is necessary. Nevertheless, most existing solutions are limited in centralized environments only. Thus, they can only process at most a few thousand tweets. Such a sample, is not representative to dene the sentiment polarity towards a topic due to the massive number of tweets published daily. In this paper, we go one step further and develop a novel method for sentiment le...

Severe violent behavior is almost always the product of predisposing individual differences and precipitating situational factors (Huesmann, 1998). One important environmental experience that contributes both to predisposing a person to behave more violently in the long run and to precipitating violent behavior in the short run is exposure to violence. Psychological theories that have emerged over the past few decades now explain the short-term precipitating effects mostly in terms of priming, simple imitation, and excitation transfer. However, the long-term predisposing effects involve more complex processes of observational learning of cognitions and of emotional desensitization. In this chapter these theories are elaborated, and the compelling empirical evidence in support of these theories from experiments and longitudinal field studies is reviewed. We explain why the processes operate equally well from exposure to reallife violence or exposure to dramatic violence in the mass media. We focus particularly on the role of low emotional arousal and diminished emotional reactions to violence as consequences of exposure to violence and precursors of violent behavior. We argue that anticipated emotional responses play an important role in the cognitive processing that controls violent behavior. Abnormal violent behavior is not viewed as a consequence of "deficient" processing, but rather as a consequence of "different" processing.

One of the largest long-runout landslides in the modern history of the Czech Republic originated on the southern slopes of the Girová Mountain (Outer Western Carpathians) at the end of extreme rainfalls in May 2010. The structurally predisposed Girová Mountain rockslide occurred very quickly within fault-weakened, deeply-weathered flysch bedrock. Its main phase, during which a wedge-like block collapsed in the upper part of slope, lasted for a few hours. The overloaded slope collapsed and its motion lasted for the following 3 days. The May 2010 Girová Mountain rockslide is an excellent case of a recurrent long-runout landslide nested within a deep-seated gravitational slope deformation with a long history of Late Quaternary mass movements. The chronology of slope failures within the studied slope was reconstructed by means of radiocarbon dating and dendrogeomorphological analysis. At least one Holocene long-runout landslide (7.4 cal ka BP) and several smaller failures (~1.5 and~0.6 cal ka BP) preceded this recent catastrophic failure. Dendrogeomorphological analysis showed that the failure had been preceded by at least 80-year-long creep movement that accelerated over the years due to extreme rainfall events. Despite the fact that extreme precipitation of May 2010 represented the last incremental change before catastrophic collapse of the slope, its main reason was gradual weakening of rock massif and concentrated creeping (with some accelerated phases) in the upper part of the slope deformation.

C++ template metaprogramming has been used with great success to build software applications and libraries. In practice, however, template metaprogramming suffers usability, reliability, and capability shortcomings, and it is not well understood in theory. Template metaprogramming has these problems because it relies on emergent properties of disparate language features that were tailored to other purposes. As a step toward solid and sound language support for metaprogramming, this paper establishes firm semantic foundations for select capabilities of template metaprogramming. We analyze C++ and the idioms of template metaprogramming and isolate, in a language-neutral fashion, fundamental capabilities of C++ that enable metaprogramming. Guided by this analysis, we present a design for a core calculus that directly expresses fundamental metaprogramming capabilities, including static computation, code generation, and type reflection. We prove a typesafety property for compile-time eva...

Al~tract--The history of computer programming languages is reviewed, with emphasis on the influences of early languages on later efforts. Four generations of software are presented, beginning with machine code, and continuing through fourth generation languages, paradigms, and environments.

In the present article, we describe the use of highly fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) for the preparation of an effective water-based carbon dot ink (CD-ink) for gravure printing. Carbon dots were prepared hydrothermally from citrate and triethylenetetramine, and mixed properly with certain resins that are used in gravure inks. The as-produced CD gravure ink was used successfully for printing high quality fluorescent images.

During the last years, Graphene based Field Effect Transistors (GFET) have shown outstanding RF performance; therefore, they have attracted considerable attention from the electronic devices and circuits communities. At the same time, analytical models that predict the electrical characteristics of GFETs have evolved rapidly. These models, however, have a complexity level that can only be handled with the help of a circuit simulator. On the other hand, analog circuit designers require simple models that enable them to carry out fast handcalculations, i.e., to create circuits using small-signal hybrid-π models, calculate figures of merit, estimate gains, pole-zero positions, etc. This paper presents a comprehensive GFET model that is simple enough for being used in hand-calculations during circuit design and at the same time it is accurate enough to capture the electrical characteristics of the devices in the operating regions of interest. Closed analytical expressions are provided for the drain current ID, small-signal transconductance gain gm, output resistance ro, and parasitic capacitances Cgs and C gd. In addition, figures of merit such as intrinsic voltage gain AV , transconductance efficiency gm/ID, and transit frequency fT are presented. The proposed model has been compared to a complete analytical model and also to measured data available in current literature. The results show that the proposed model follows closely to both the complete analytical model and the measured data; therefore, it can be successfully applied in the design of GFET analog circuits.

Changes made as a result of publishing processes such as copy-editing, formatting and page numbers may not be reflected in this version. For the definitive version of this publication, please refer to the published source. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite this paper.

The years 2001, 2002, and 2003 experienced significant downsizing of the Information Technology (IT) industry. In 2004, outsourcing or off-shoring gave another blow to the IT job market. The future enrollment of computer science, computer information system, management information system majors might decrease. Most of us, the faculty who presented papers at the ISECON conferences, will have fewer students to

C++ is a very successful object-oriented language. It is a required language for more and more students. It takes great effort and practice for these students to learn how to program in C++ and how to make object-oriented programs. One potential failure is that they have learned programming in C++ but do not know how to program in an object-oriented (OO) style. To avoid such failures, this paper proposes that first an object-oriented methodology is taught, and then the language itself. A six-step approach to teach the OO methodology is presented, followed by some innovative ways to teach different mechanisms in C++. In this way, students can master both object-oriented programming and C++ programming. The proposed teaching method is applicable to teaching other languages like Java and C#.

The technology of e-metering (Electronic Metering) has gone through rapid technological advancements and there is increased demand for a reliable and efficient Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) system. This paper presents the design of a simple low cost wireless GSM energy meter and its associated web interface, for automating billing and managing the collected data globally. The proposed system replaces traditional meter reading methods and enables remote access of existing energy meter by the energy provider. Also they can monitor the meter readings regularly without the person visiting each house. A GSM based wireless communication module is integrated with electronic energy meter of each entity to have remote access over the usage of electricity. A PC with a GSM receiver at the other end, which contains the database acts as the billing point. Live meter reading from the GSM enabled energy meter is sent back to this billing point periodically and these details are updated in a central database. A new interactive, user friendly graphical user interface is developed using Microsoft visual studio .NET framework and C#. With proper authentication, users can access the developed web page details from anywhere in the world. The complete monthly usage and due bill is messaged back to the customer after processing these data.

The current situation in philosophy of science generally, and in philosophy of biology in particular, is most unsatisfactory. There are at least three general problems that many philosophers thought themselves near to solving twenty years ago, only to find that the anticipated solutions have come unglued. These are (1) the problem of characterizing and understanding the dynamics of conceptual change in science; (2) he problem of understanding the interrelationships among theories including particularly the reduction of one theory to another); and (3) he problem of scientific realism (i.e., the problem of how seriously to take the claims of theoretical science or, at least, of some theoretical scientists, to be describing the world literally--in terms of such theoretical entities as genes and protons, DNA molecules, and quarks). This general situation has significant effects on the philosophical study of particular sciences. In philosophy of biology, for example, although one finds a large number of elegant studies of particular topics, the sad fact is that there is no generally satisfactory large-scale synthesis n sight. We have no agreed-on foundation, no generally acceptable starting point from which to delimit and resolve the full range of theoretical problems of interest to scientists and philosophers regarding biology.

Geologic studies indicate that prior to --40 Ma the Drake Passage was closed and the Central American Isthmus was open. The effect of these changes has been examined in an ocean general circulation model. Several sensitivity experiments were conducted, all with atmospheric forcing and other boundary conditions from the present climate, but with different combinations of closed and open gateways. In the first experiment, the only change involved closure of the Drake Passage. In agreement with earlier studies the barrier modified the geostrophic balance that now maintains the circumpolar flow in the southern ocean, with the net effect being decreased transport of the Antarctic Current and an approximate fourfold increase in outflow of Antarctic deep-bottom waters. The very large increase in Antarctic outflow suppresses North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation. In addition to corroboration of results from earlier studies, our simulations provide several new insights into the role of a closed Drake Passage. A more geologically realistic closed Drake/open central American isthmus experiment produces essentially the same pattern of deepwater circulation from the first experiment, except that Antarctic outflow is about 20% less than the first experiment. The resultant unipolar deepwater circulation pattern for the second experiment is consistent with paleoceanographic observations from the early Cenozoic. A third Copyright 1993 by the American Geophysical Union. Paper number 93PA00893. 0883-8305/93/93PA-00893510.00 experiment involved an open Drake and open central American isthmus. In this experiment, Antarctic outflow is diminished to slightly above present levels but NADW production is still low due to free exchange of low-salinity surface water between the North Pacific and North Atlantic. The low level of thermohaline overturn should have reduced oceanic productivity in the Oligocene (.--30 Ma), a result in agreement with geologic observations. Finally, simulations with an energy balance model demonstrate that the changes in surface heat flux south of 60øS due to breaching of the Drake barrier do not result in temperature changes large enough to have triggered Antarctic glaciation. This last result suggests that some other factor (CO27) may be required for Antarctic ice sheet expansion in the Oligocene (-•30-34 Ma). Our results lend further support to the concept that even in the absence of changing boundary conditions due to ice sheet growth, variations in the geometry of the ocean basins can significantly influence ocean circulation patterns and the sediment record. The results also suggest that the primary polarities of the Cenozoic deepwater circulation may have been controlled by opening and closing of these two gateways. Cox, M.D., An idealized model of the world ocean, Part I, The global-scale water masses, J. Phys. Climate model comparison of Gondwanan and Laurentide glaciations, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 9217-9226, 1991.

1. Introduction, 2. Brothers and sisters â€" adelphoi, 3. The believers, 4. The saints â€" hoi hagioi, 5. The assembly â€" hÄ" ekklÄ" sia, 6. Disciples â€" mathÄ" tai, 7. The way â€" hÄ" hodos, 8.'Christian'â€" Christianos, 9. Conclusions.

An experimental test facility has been established for measuring the secondary electron yield (SEY) of materials thought to be suitable for low yield vacuum electronic applications such as collectors in high-power microwave (HPM) tubes. Experiments can be broadly divided into two energy-regimes: a high-energy (1-50 keV) and a low-energy (10 eV-1 keV) regime. Measurements of SEY at high energies are presented for the following materials: copper, titanium, and Poco graphite. Observation of time-dependent SEY behavior in these samples suggests that surface processes play an important role during measurements. In addition, SEY at low energies and as a function of the angle of incidence of primary electrons has been measured for plasma sprayed boron carbide (PSBC). The experimental results presented here are benchmarked with existing SEY data in the literature, empirically and to first principle formulae.

Binary NiTi based shape memory alloys can be produced starting from the pure elements (Ni-pellets, Ti-rods) by using vacuum induction melting (VIM). VIM ingot metallurgy is known to produce materials with a good chemical homogeneity; it, moreover, is cheaper than vacuum arc melting (VAM) when small quantities of laboratory materials are needed. In a VIM procedure, graphite crucibles are attractive because they have appropriate electrical properties. For NiTi melting, graphite crucibles are interesting because they are reasonably priced and they show a good resistance against thermal cracking. On the other hand, it is well known that melting of Ti alloys in graphite crucibles is associated with a vigorous interface reaction. And the carbon concentration of NiTi alloys needs to be kept below a certain minimum in order to assure that the functional properties of the alloys meet the required targets. Therefore, it is important to minimize the carbon pick up of the melt. The present work presents experimental results and discusses thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the reaction of NiTi melts with graphite crucibles; a method is suggested to keep the carbon dissolution into the melt at a minimum.