This study aims to explore the effects of compensation and benefits and employees" involvement on employees" outcomes. There is limited research devoted to the compensation and benefits, employees" involvement, and employees" outcomes within the Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL). The main objective of this study is to analyse the influence of compensation and benefits and employees" involvement on employees" outcomes. This is a quantitative research study; sample size of the study was 272. The data was analysed using SPSS. The descriptive statistical analysis, correlation and regression were employed for evaluation. The results show that compensation and benefits and employees" involvement was positively associated with employees" outcomes. .

Dans un environnement instable et incertain, exigeant une forte capacité à donner du sens, mobiliser, réagir et s’adapter, les modes d’organisation et de management traditionnels en entreprise ont atteint leurs limites. Plutôt que la défiance, l’autorité et le contrôle comme principes clés, l’entreprise a plus que jamais besoin de faire confiance à « ceux qui font », les responsabiliser, libérer leurs initiatives et s’appuyer autant que possible sur l’intelligence collective.

Plusieurs entreprises se sont déjà engagées dans cette voie et des témoignages existent pour montrer tous les bienfaits de ces expériences. Mais quel crédit leur accorder, surtout quand on sait qu’ils émanent généralement soit de dirigeants qui sont à l’initiative de la transformation de leur entreprise, soit de salariés qui sont le plus souvent choisis pour témoigner ? Sans parler du fait que les entreprises qui ont connu des difficultés ou échoué à mener à bien leur transformation rechignent, bien souvent, à témoigner. Pour réussir à croire ces témoignages, il faudrait pouvoir observer les nouvelles formes d’organisation en action, les questionner et évaluer, d’un point de vue aussi indépendant et objectif que possible, leurs effets réels. Or, force est de constater que peu de travaux ayant adopté cette perspective ont été publiés à ce jour. D’où la question qui reste en suspens et que pose cet ouvrage : libérer l’entreprise, ça marche ?

Pour y répondre, 8 études de cas ont été réunies dans cet ouvrage. Ces études sont portées par des disciplines variées : sciences de gestion, psychologie, ergonomie, philosophie. Chacune d’elles concerne une entreprise particulière (parfois deux), dont elle a cherché à comprendre l’origine et les modalités de la transformation ainsi que les effets qu’elle avait eus à travers plusieurs questions : comment la « libération » d’une entreprise impacte le management, son rôle et ses pratiques ? Comment est affectée la vie des collectifs de travail avec des acteurs rendus responsables et autonomes ? Est-ce que les principes de responsabilités et d’autonomie conduisent ces acteurs à réaliser leur travail différemment ? Si oui, est-ce que leurs performances en sont améliorées ? Et quels effets un tel changement a-t-il sur leur santé ?

Les entreprises étudiées sont diverses de par leur taille et leurs secteurs d’activité. Cette diversité permettra au lecteur de découvrir différentes façons de mettre en pratique les principes de responsabilisation et d’autonomie. Et de constater que les effets réels que ces principes produisent sont parfois attendus, parfois beaucoup moins.

Ont contribué à cet ouvrage : Matthieu Battistelli ; Thibaud Brière ; Jean-Luc Christin ; Thomas Coutrot ; Patrick Gilbert ; Théo Holtz ; Laurent Karsenty ; Domitille Léonard ; Sophie Marmorat ; Brigitte Nivet ; Nathalie Raulet-Croset ; Xavier Rétaux ; Ann-Charlotte Teglborg

One of the main accepted functions of museums is to exhibit things. The organization of exhibitions is an important activity: exhibitions must run to timetable, keep within budget, attract high audience figures and be academically respectable; and the implementation of ...

Online purchase, in the clothing industry of Pakistan, is currently extremely high. There are various factors that affect the brand trust of online consumers. This research is aimed to find the correlation between security and privacy of personal information, name of the brand, word-of-mouth, prior online experience and information quality on the one hand and the online brand trust of consumers on the other. The study is conducted in relation to a single brand, named Gul Ahmed. The sample for this study contained 387 respondents. The results of the study show that all these factors have a significant relationship with online brand trust. Word of mouth however, has been found to have the strongest correlation with the online brand trust.

Studies on structural changes as an integral part of studies on organizational change, have received great attention starting from Chandler (1962) who developed the strategy-structure paradigm. It promotes organizations in M- form suggesting adaptation of the organizational structure to align as well with its strategic goals. This approach became very important assuming that strategic changes governing structural changes.This paper is focused in the field of management, and structural changes as an integral part of studies on organizational change in Albania. The impetus to this work is related to a number of important transformations of Albanian society after the 90‟. Nowadays, with significant trends towards globalization, innovation has become the dominant element in the context of social and economic developments, identifying clearly what we call now the knowledge society, poses new challenges to the business and its management. It is important for everyone, especially for man...

This study investigates the impact of the leader's behavior on employee's readiness for change and whether the organizational culture mediates this relationship. A sample of 205 responses is drawn from employees having junior or senior level of managerial responsibilities in Karachi. The method of both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses is employed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the measurement model. The structural equation modeling method was then applied to examine the theoretical framework with the help of seven frequently reported goodness-of-fit indices. The results indicate that leader's change-promoting behavior has a significant positive impact on change readiness and the organizational culture partially mediates the positive relationship between the leader's change-promoting behavior and change readiness. The present study supports the theory of one of the six conceptual formations of change readiness which is referred to as an employee's capacity to change. Therefore, managers should clearly advocate the desired change with the help of their own change-prompting behavior as well as establishing a trusting culture in their organization. Future studies may ascertain the impact of employees readiness for change on their commitment to change in the context of Pakistan which could further lead to passive or active change-related behaviors.

Ahmad Yousef Areiqata, Yacoub Hamdanb, Ahmad.M.A.Zamilc, Omar Horanid, Abeer Fayez Al-Khourye, aProfessor, Department of Business Administration, Business School, Al-Ahliyya Amman University. Amman Jordan, bAssociate Professor, Department of Business Administration, Business School, Al-Ahliyya Amman University. Amman Jordan, cAssociate Professor, Department of Marketing, College of Business Administration, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, 165 Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia, dLecturer, Department of Electronic business and Commerce, Business School, AlAhliyya Amman University. Amman Jordan, eAssociate Professor, King Talal School of Business Technology, Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Email: aahmadareiqat@ammanu.edu.jo, by.hamdan@ammanu.edu.jo, cam.zamil@psau.edu.sa, do.horani@ammanu.edu.jo, ea.khoury@psut.edu.jo

This paper highlights the factors affecting customer acceptance of online banking in Pakistan. The factors include Perceived Credibility, Perceived Usefulness, Social Risk and the moderating effect of Technophobia on all three relationships of independent variables with Customer Acceptance. Online banking is growing in Pakistan at a gradual pace, and tapping this growth is cardinal for banks. The primary rationale of this research is to scrutinize the customer acceptance of online banking in Pakistan. As a conceptual framework an extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was developed to investigate the influencing determinants of customer acceptance. The study was conducted in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, and data was collected through questionnaires administered both personally and online. The regression results of the study showed that Customer Acceptance is affected by the three independent variables, and that Technophobia only moderates the relation between Perceived Credibility ...

Hotel companies can adopt so many green practices
as preventative measures to save unnecessary costs. Those
practices are like Pollution prevention, wise waste disposal,
justified energy consumption and recycling. To name some
other popular cost cutting measures for the short-, mid- and
long-term are use of compact fluorescent lights for saving
energy, reuse of linens which saves water, detergent, energy
and greenhouse gases, Low-flow shower systems saving water
and energy, use of local products which save transportation
costs, installation of green roofs for saving energy, Installation
of solar heaters or other renewable energy sources for saving
energy and so on. The hospitality industry is grappling with
issues of competition, tighter profit margins, discerning guests
and reduced disposable income among patrons. In such a
scenario, hotels are employing lean management principles,
making business decisions with long term perspective and of
course keeping costs in check, green technology, is thus an
inevitable choice for sustainability.

Using objective measures of investor protections in 170 countries, I establish that the level of investor protection matters for cross-country differences in GDP growth: countries with stronger protections tend to grow faster than those with poor investor protections.

This Impact Report identifies and summarises the diverse impacts, resulting from the £500m of UK funding of Science and Technology in 2013, using numerous quantitative metrics and short case study extracts.  It shows how the varied impacts of a national science and technology organization and its many funded programmes can be annually identified, captured, tracked, and summarised in a public document.

The report was produced for, and by, the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) -  the UK Research Council responsible for funding: (1) all UK astronomy, particle and nuclear physics research, (2) related UK science and technology facilities (e.g. as Harwell and Daresbury), (3) the UK contribution to international science (e.g. CERN, international telescopes and space missions), (4) innovation and business spin-off programmes, and (5) UK public engagement activities.

The Report was co-researched and co-authored by the STFC Impact Team, including myself while Impact Evaluation Manager in 2013, with Dr. Claire Dougan-McCallie (lead author/Head of Impact) and Jenny Beard, with additional input from senior managers, and many data and case study contributions from other key managers across STFC.

Varied key impacts are identified and reported including:

• Research amongst the best (by citation impact) in astronomy, nuclear and particle physics.
• Supported research of 226 Principal Investigators in 70 universities, led to 1,100 peer-reviewed papers in 2012.
• Facilities (the Diamond Light Source, ISIS and CLF) were used in 2012/13 by over 4,200 unique users , in over 2,400 experiments, producing over 1,000 papers in peer-reviewed journals.

• Technology from CERN benefited the UK economy by over £100 billion every year.
• Funding the development of the UK’s space, internet and computer animation industries, returned over £500 billion to the UK economy per annum.
• Funded Innovation Campuses hosted over 230 enterprises and supported over 5,000 jobs.
• UK industry won £43 million in contracts from the international subscriptions funded, and had accumulated a total of £150 million since 2005.

• Funded research inspired future generations to study STEM subjects, attracting 90% of UK undergraduates to study physics, funded 782 PhD students  and 16,800 student training days.
• Between 2009 to 2012 public engagement programmes engaged people on 58 million occasions, with 2 million people engaged in face-to-face activities in 2013 alone.

This MS Excel Workbook provides a facilitation to learn the Project Cash Flow Estimates from an Accounting Perspective. This workbook provides the basic explanations of cash flow estimates in consideration of project investment, expenses, depreciation, scrap value, and time value of money for project evaluation. In this context, some exhibits are illustrated with an aim of making the learners to practice with their own, but other suitable figures.

This course is structured to introduce the fundamental techniques of using data to make informed management decisions. In particular, there is focus on various ways of modeling, or thinking structurally about, decision problems in order to enhance decision-making skills. Rather than survey all of the techniques of management science, only fundamental concepts that are most important for the practical analysis of management decisions will be tackled.

The scope of this assignment will tackle two types of decision making methods: [1] Heuristic method – defined as proceeding to a solution by trial and error or by rules that are only loosely defined; [2] Quantitative method – a systematic and computational analysis of data and statistics.  The Quantitative and Analytics methods (collectively called Management Science) are used interchangeably to mean models, structures,
and techniques to enhance the management skill of making informed decisions.  A brief exploration of the basic techniques in using data to make decisions will also be done; and focus will be on the most important and practical only.  It is not the intent of this assignment to delve into algorithms and computational techniques which is reserved
to a dedicated research on decision support systems (DSS).  An introduction to DSS though will suffice in highlighting the Quantitative method.

The Heuristic method will likewise be discussed.  After all, quantitative methods are only as good as the readiness and maturity of organizations, driven largely by the analytical decision-making culture (Popovič, et al., 2011).  The Heuristics method may seem rather crude, but sound judgment and effective decisions are resultant factors of a painful and difficult discovery, exploration, and self-learning process (Popovič, ibid.). 

In Description: From Data to Actionable Insight, there is a further look at how data is transformed and translated to information, to insight, then to actionable intelligence; as well as the part that technology plays in the enablement of each stage.  This will serve as an introduction to the basic techniques in using data: the tools, structures, and models that leaders use to support them in making decisions. 

The section on Discussions present a comparison of two decision making methods within a defined and set criteria.

A case study done on participatory and group decision making (Lunenberg, 2011) for a global shared services organization will be presented in the section on Actualization.  In a facilitated exercise, the objective of the Country Head is to formulate a medium term business strategy within a neutral and balanced framework, increase legitimacy and buy-in from the leadership team, while breaking dominant organizational patterns.  Elements of individual and group decision making methods  using the business model approach are demonstrated as the leaders went through the strategic planning exercise (Hacklin and Wallnöfer, 2015).

This assignment concludes with a conceptual model – a proposal on the collective interplay of leadership skills, organizational maturity, and technology tools along the decision making process. With this model, the underlying objective is to equip individuals aspiring to lead and drive analytics efforts on critical business, people, and operations metrics – with management tools to analyze, interpret trends, and act within an environment of voluminous structured and unstructured data.  It goes without saying that the overarching goal is all towards the purpose of them becoming effective leaders and decision makers.

Globally corruption costs governments and businesses trillions of dollars each year. It distorts public policy objectives and damages trust. This makes for great difficulties for public administration, however scholarly analysis of public corruption is meager, especially in public administration and related fields. This symposium seeks to better understand how corruption affects public administration and how public administration can mitigate corruption. It is intended to advance research and generate a comprehensive knowledge base on public corruption.

ÖZET Liderlik kavramı insanlık tarihi kadar eskidir. İnsanların toplu halde bir arada yaşamaları ve örgütlenmeleri onların yönetilme gerekliliğini beraberinde getirmiştir. Lider ve onu izleyenler birçok bilimsel araştırmaya konu olmuştur. Liderlikle ilgili değişik yaklaşımlar ve tarzlar bulunmaktadır. Bu liderlik yaklaşımları ve tarzları işletmelerin ve çalışanlarının başarısı açısından oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı İzmir'de bulunan 3 üniversitenin iktisadi ve idari bilimler ve mühendislik fakülteleri öğrencilerinin liderlik tarzlarını belirlemeye yöneliktir. Çalışmanın sonuçları öğrencilerin cinsiyet, fakülte türü ve sınıfları ile liderlik tarzları arasında anlamlı ilişkiler olduğunu göstermektedir. Öte yandan öğrencilerin gelir durumu ile liderlik tarzları arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmamıştır. ABSRTACT The term of leadership is as old as the history of human being. Mass living style and organizing of humans brought the necessity of management of them. Leaders and their followers have become the subjects for scientific researches. There are different types of leadership approaches and types. These approaches and types of leadership are very important for the success of enterprises and their employees. The purpose of this study is to identify the leadership styles of students in the faculties of economics and administrative sciences and engineering in 3 different universities of Izmir. The results of the study showed that there is a significant relationship between the leadership styles and gender, types of faculty and degree of

The cash flow estimation is important to evaluate projects in view of adding values to the owners' equity of a firm. Cash flow estimation is a primary requirement for capital budgeting and using project evaluation techniques. Hence, this paper provides cash flow estimation methods from an accounting perspective to facilitate a reader understand the basics and bases of cash flows estimation with suitable exhibits from an accounting point of view. This paper provides explanations on basic principles of project cash flow estimation, the meaning of incremental cash flow, a trade-off between the equity and debt capitals used in projects, the reason for excluding the cost of financing a project, tax concern, opportunity cost consideration, and the process and methods of estimating cash flows.

Araştırmanın amacı İstanbul ili sınırları içerisinde yaşayan ve iş tecrübesine sahip olan X, Y ve Z kuşaklarını motivasyon araçları açısından karşılaştırmak ve kuşakların birbirlerine göre farklılıklarını ortaya koymaktır. İş hayatında aktif olarak yer alan ve farklı özellik ve beklentileri olan X, Y ve Z kuşağı bireylerini iş yapma konusunda motive eden faktörler bakımından bir farklılık olup olmadığını tespit etmek araştırmanın temel amacıdır. Bununla birlikte cinsiyet, medeni durum, eğitim durumu gibi demografik değişkenler açısından da bireyleri iş yapma konusunda motive eden faktörler arasında anlamlı bir farklılık olup olmadığını belirlemek de amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada veri toplama yöntemi olarak anket yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın verileri SPSS programında analiz edilmiş olup gruplar arasındaki farklılıkları tespit etmek için Anova ve t testi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada sonuç olarak motivasyon araçlarının kuşaklara göre anlamlı farklılıklar gösterdikleri tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca demografik değişkenler açısından eğitim durumu değişkeni için motivasyon araçları açısından anlamlı farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir.

This paper examines what motivates employees the most in A.T.B. University, and also to examine their level of job satisfaction, using Herzberg's Two-factor theory. Review of literature in the areas of motivation theories and job satisfaction was done. Convenience sampling was used to select and administered questionnaires to senior staff of A.T.B. University, Bauchi. The research is quantitative in nature, where 100 questionnaires were administered, 88 per cent response was obtained. Correlation and linear regressions were adopted in the analysis. The analysis was carried out using Statistical Package for Social science (SPSS version 17.0). The results show that motivator factors were the dominant motivators of A.T.B.U staff. It was found that the respondents received job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction from both the motivating and the hygiene factors. This evidence is sufficient to conclude that motivator factors are more effective than hygiene in motivating staff of A.T.B. University, Bauchi Nigeria.

This study aims at examining the relationship amongst motivation theories applied by universities on employee retention and their performance. It is an interesting insight in the current era in terms of realizing that motivation theories still have their impact on management practices. Retaining employees and managing their performance to the best level has always remained a dream for managers. The methodology adopted is quantitative using a closed ended questionnaire which helped in response generation from 219 teaching and non-teaching university employees. Results revealed that managers who used theory X approach to manage employee retention and performance had weaker outcomes than the ones using theory Y and Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory. The results are beneficial for university management in terms of motivating employees as majority of employees are well qualified and tend to rise using their own skills and capabilities rather than guiding themselves using strict compliance.

https://doi.org/10.1080/20479700.2019.1621021 | International Journal of Healthcare Management (preprint).

This paper provides an introduction and an applied case study for primary care givers and healthcare executives interested in ‘Six Sigma’ theories and methodologies. The paper provides a brief background into ‘Six Sigma’s’ capabilities, quality trends in the healthcare field, and ‘Six Sigma’s’ practical relevance to home healthcare itself. Hereafter, an executive briefing covering key ‘Six Sigma’ theories, concepts, and methods is presented. Finally, the accompanying case study traces and explains in detail how ‘Six Sigma’ methods can be applied to improve the accuracy, consistency, and turnaround time of home care reporting, processing, and billing functions.

Brand preference as previously discussed that depends on the customer's choice of one product over and another product on the basis of product features. These features are created by focusing on branding of a product so that customer can recall it easily. The word "brand"is revealed from the word of "brandr" which is the word of Old Norse which means that to burn as. Farmers used to indentify their animals and livestock by marking them and stamp them with a burning steel rode so they can declare their ownership of that animal they called it brandr (Keller, 2003). So now in today's market it become a critical task for marketing managers to build and maintain a brandin order to make the successful brand. When the brand name is strong it will become a tool for mangers to dominate the market and it will have sustainable competitive advantage which is dynamic reason for any business growth and also helpful in long term vision.

Corrupt exchanges are often brokered by a third party, but this phenomenon has not been satisfactorily explored by researchers of corruption. Literature on brokerage in general provides interesting models but they have not previously been applied to corrupt exchanges. Based on in-depth qualitative interviews with respondents who participated in actual corrupt transactions, this paper identifies several distinct brokerage types in low-level corruption in contemporary Hungary. The paper also provides explanation of variation in corruption brokerage in terms of actors' group affiliations, forms of the corrupt exchanges, brokerage mechanisms, as well as neutrality, benefit and motivation, risk distribution, and stability of the brokerage structure. Finally, we discuss some policy implications of corruption brokerage.

Purpose of this research paper is to find out relationship between varying color scheming in advertising and buying behavior. Data for this purpose were collected from 200 people through questionnaire. Results indicated that buying behavior is greatly influenced by color scheming of a product and its advertisement. Strategies discussing how to enhance color scheming of product and use of colors in ads are also discussed.

The study was conducted in Nakuru County and the main focus of the study was inventory management and profitability level. The objectives of the study included, to assess the inventory management systems used by firms and to determine the factors that influence the adoption of the inventory system. Data was obtained from text books, reports, journals, and internet with clear comparisons of the information made by different scholars. Primary data was got from the questionnaires administered to the respondents. The findings indicated that there is a very strong relationship between inventory system used and the size of the firm, it revealed that a large firm will use a complex inventory system
 

The development of information and communication technology is developing very rapidly, including the development of smartphones. The development of smartphones has been able to change people's shopping lifestyles, especially among students, to like shopping online through e-commerce applications. The objective of the research was to find out the influence of e-service quality on e-satisfaction and its impact on repurchase intention in using e-commerce applications on students of Universitas Sumatera Utara. This type of research is quantitative research with causality research design. The type of data used is primary data and secondary data obtained from questionnaires and literature studies. The populations in this study were all regular undergraduate students from 2014 to 2018 who are still actively studying at the Universitas Sumatera Utara, who at least twice had shopped using e-commerce applications. The sample in this study were 96 people.The sampling method uses nonprobability sampling method with incidental sampling technique.The method of data analysis used is descriptive analysis and inferential statistical analysis with path analysis. The results showed that e-service quality had a positive and significant effect on e-satisfaction, e-service quality had a positive and significant effect on repurchase intention, e-satisfaction had a positive and significant effect on repurchase intention, and e-service quality had a positive and significant effect on repurchase intention through e-satisfaction.

It has been observed by several researchers that office design has an impact on employee's productivity. But in the context of Pakistan this effect was not identifies up to higher extent, especially in the banking sector. Therefore the major reason for writing this paper is to analyze the impact of office design on the employees of Islamic banks operating in Pakistan, and after studying prior research work a systematic research model was developed having eight independent and one dependent variable. However collecting data from the Islamic banks was not easy, but through the analysis of prior research work we became able to develop closed ended questionnaire which were circulated among the employees of Islamic banks. The type of investigation we performed was causal and after the analysis of collected data through SPSS we have found that data is reliable for conducting research and through the implementation of regression on the selected data we have concluded that all the factors associated with the office design except office furniture, office equipment and communication does not have any impact on employees productivity in the Islamic banking sector of Pakistan.

This research, conducted by the author when a Senior Researcher at Newcastle University, UK, was funded by a UK governance organisation to help them assess, integrate and improve their understanding of the governed population.

ABSTRACT: Governance organisations have been urged to develop more holistic evidence-based approaches with partners to better deal with issues affecting the governed population. This presupposes an understanding of the population, yet there has been little research work addressing how governance organisations come to understand their governed population, nor how this understanding can be improved upon within such organisations.

This case study examined in-depth how understanding of a governed population was developed within one UK local governance organisation and it explored how such understanding might be developed and improved through more holistic and evidence-based organisational learning within the organisation and its governance partnerships.

The research methodology involved placement within the governance organisation, participant observations on several projects and innovative initiatives, observations within, across, and outside the organisation, and also interviews with varied key stakeholders.

The study examined:

- stakeholder engagement and networks
- current and varied understandings of the population
- mechanisms actually used for developing understandings
- the influence of context on organisational learning

and analysed these to arrive at a recommendations to improve organisational understanding of the governed population.

In the case studied, significant strengths were found: including innovative past learning trials for development, extensive ongoing networking activities, and many varied and accumulating quantitative datasets available across partnerships.

However, entrenched organisational approaches and practices constrained the development of holistic evidence-based understanding, for instance: the absence of systematic maintained collective learning processes; weak recording and forgetting of understandings; methodological exclusion of stakeholders from the development of understanding; the relative neglect of qualitative data, explanations, investigations, interpretations, and reflexivity; and also implicit organisational acceptance of such limitations and low aspirations.

Nonetheless, untapped opportunities existed to enable change including: latent practitioner knowledge and innovative management champions, the desire for improvement and raised aspirations within learning networks, and the development potential of alterative learning approaches.

It was concluded that more holistic evidence-based understanding was possible, but required new learning approaches beyond those then in use in both local government or academia.   

Recommendations are made to utilise and develop improved organisational learning approaches trialed and reported in the case study.

It is argued that the case study findings, conclusions, and recommendations may be applicable to other similar local governance organisations and partnerships that seek to better understand local populations, services and interventions.

The work was also submitted for, and awarded, an MPhil (at Newcastle University, supervised by Prof. Patsy Healy)

This paper tries to identify the impact for measuring OB. About 400 survey questionnaires were distributed. Multiple follow-ups yielded 300 statistically usable questionnaires. Survey responses were 75%. The research has reached a number of results, the most important of which are: (1) there is a causal relationship between WH and OB. In other words, increasing the level of WH leads to improved OB. The positive impact of WH will encourage workers and motivate them to distinguish the University of Sadat City, (2) the results of the analysis showed that the faculties in SCUy, having increased level of WH, reflect positively on the process of OB, and (3) the results of the analysis showed that WH has a significant impact on OB (brilliance of leaders, brilliance of service and innovation, and brilliance in the field of knowledge). The research has drawn the following conclusions: (1) the employee's happiness may vary in different cultural contexts. Therefore, further research on happiness issues should be explored to include diverse cultures as well as different types of organizations, (2) the concept of happiness is crucial to organizational performance and productivity. Therefore, HR managers need to design and manage the workplace to promote the employee's happiness, (3) happy staff brings their happiness from the office to their home country. Similarly, they also convey their happiness from their home country to the office. Therefore, this indicates a close relationship between the individual's work and his life, (4) the importance of administrative leadership at SCU to achieve WH, which has a major role in achieving OB, and to bring about positive change within the individual and the organization and society as a whole, (5) it is essential that the administrative leaders of SCU focus on the constraints and limitations that prevent WH, attention to the well-being of employees and the creation of an appropriate environment, as they contribute significantly to the OB of the University, (6) it is essential that the administrative leadership at SCU pays close attention to reducing the process of negative emotional impact, and focus on the positive emotional impact and the achievement of satisfactory work, in order to maintain the level of WH, (7) the attention of the administrative leaders at SCU to positive behaviors that lead to achieving the OB represented by the brilliance of the leaders, the brilliance of service and innovation, and the brilliance of the field of knowledge. There is an essential need to move away from the negative behaviors that limit the process of OB, (8) it is necessary to reward the employees of SCU who enjoy and achieve brilliance in their work and encourage them to provide creative and innovative ideas that contribute to improving the service provided by the university.

 Lyndall Urwick, mengemukakan 20 prinsip manajerial, yaitu: coordinative principle, authority, scalar process, assignment and correlation of functions, leadership, delegation, functional definition, determinative functionalism, applicative functionalism, interpretative functionalism, general interest, centralization, appropriate staffing, esprit de corps, selection and placement, rewards and sanctions, initiative, ewuity, discipline, dan stability.  Henry Fayol, mengemukakan 14 prinsip manajeral, yaitu: division of work, authority and responsibility, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual to general interest, ramuneration, centralization, scalar chain or hierarchy, order, equity, stability of tenure, initiative, dan esprit de corps.

Securing information system is one of the most essential concerns in today’s organization.  This paper is theoretical research and it studies the concept of securing information system. The relevant literature studies were reviewed as well as the theoretical framework. This paper further gave an insight on the reasons for securing information system in an organization, the methods and the benefits of securing information system. This paper concluded and recommended that system development life cycle (SDLC) should be adopted by organization in securing their information system, organizations should have backup copies of securing information for easier retrieving and that the selection of best techniques to securing information and information systems should depend on the level of an organizational technology competence and exposure.
Keywords: Information, information system, information security system, information security.

— An extant research on Review of Literature on Performance Management indicates that it is a complete logical move-toward to ensure a link between efforts to individual employees with vision, mission and goals of the organization, to achieve excellence in organization on one side and contentment and growth of employees on the other side. Therefore the performance management system is an important instrument to facilitate organization to accomplish its goal. Both Individual skills and contributions and organizational objective measurement is needed to develop the important element of the organization, which is human capital. Employees are the critical factor in performance management system, where glowing designed model of system will result strong management guarantee and better employees' performance which show the way to organization's achievement.

Salah satu persoalan yang sering digunakan pada model jaringan adalah analisis proyek. Misalnya proyek konstruksi bangunan, perkembangan obat-obatan, ataupun instalasi system computer dapat ditampilkan dengan menggunakan model jaringan. Model jaringan ini mengilustrasikan bagaimana mengatur dan menjalankan proyek, dan untuk menentukan durasi waktu pengerjaan proyek. Teknik jaringan yang digunakan dalam analisis proyek adalah CPM dan PERT. 1

Leadership and organisational culture are considered two sides of the same coin and are regarded as the most crucial organisational elements that help firms compete successfully and gain sustainable advantage. We aim to examine the interconnection between these elements and conduct an in-depth theoretical research paper focusing on these elements and the different variables related to them. The study deeply examines the theoretical literature associated with various definitions of culture and its correlation with leadership, and comes up finally with results and recommendations. The researchers are also examining whether the nature of the relationship can be determined by market conditions, like the level of competition and the organisational age and scale. Market competition appears to affect the direction of the relationship, with the corresponding impact of operational age and size. Such findings show that both organisational factors contribute significantly, while the alignment of factors (identical cultural type and leadership style) improves this connection. Such observations refer to the work of Hofstede (1980), the most commonly quoted work on the subject (Bond, 2002). Hofstede used the five-dimension method (power distance, individualism vs. collectivism, avoidance of confusion, long-term orientation) for the development of national-cultural profiles. Since no significant market changes took place over the last five years (in terms of reform or privatisation), leadership and culture are most likely associated with a transparent system. Some studies argue that leaders are cultural, but they also transform culture by imposing new values, trends and standards of behaviour. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change. www.ijicc.net Volume 13, Issue 4, 2020 124

Electronic Human Resource Management (E-HRM) is a relatively new term for developing countries like Bangladesh. Its practice is relatively low for the manufacturing industry since most of the manufacturing industry is labor-intensive, so E-HRM is ignored. With the new era of the twenty-first century where most of the work will get automated, the scale of production will increase and human resource management will become dramatically complex, so E-HRM is the solution. In this research, we find the current level of E-HRM practices on the manufacturing industry in Bangladesh and its impact on organizational performance. 
There are three levels of E-HRM named “Informational, Interactional and Transformational”. For measuring organizational performance, we look at Six dimensions namely ‘’ Effectiveness, Efficiency, Quality, Timeliness, Finance’’. For measuring E-HRM practices we chose nine components which are “Recruitment System, Employee System, Information Management System, Salary Management System, Learning and Training System, Idea and Creativity Exchange System, Assessment System, Welfare System, and Career Development System”.
We took NO E-HRM practicing organization as base performance and compare it with E-HRM performing organization to see whether organizational performance increase or not. We found that Informational E-HRM practicing organization performance increases 73%, Interactional E-HRM practicing organization performance increases 197% and finally, Transformational E-HRM practicing organization performance increases 242% than No E-HRM practicing organization.
We also compare nine E-HRM practices with organizational performance to see whether there is a significant relationship exist or not. We found that ‘’Learning and Training System, Salary Management System, Assessment System, Welfare System, Recruitment System, and Career Development System have a positive relationship with organizational performance. On the other hand, Idea and Creativity Exchange System, Information Management System, Employee System have a negative relationship with organizational performance. The more humanistic approach is required in case of idea and creative exchange system and Employee management system since there is a transition period going on in HRM. Information Management is negative due to the size of the organization. Most of the organization in Bangladesh is not large enough to reap the benefits of the information management system. So, in case of a smaller organization, it acts as a burden. Overall There is a significant relationship between E-HRM practices and Organizational performance.
E-HRM benefits to cost must be compared when Implementing E-HRM. Organizations need must consider before implementing E-HRM. Most importantly remember E-HRM is just the advancement of HRM functionality based on sophisticated information, communication, and technology. So, a study must be conducted before implementing E-HRM to see whether the expense worth it or not.

The objectives of the research are to explore how entrepreneurial identities influence the entrepreneurial passion and how entrepreneurial passion affects the entrepreneurial behavior among Pakistani entrepreneurs. Data was collected through 123 Pakistani entrepreneurs, who worked as founder of a new start-up business or early-stage business. The empirical result found the associations between entrepreneurial identity centrality and entrepreneur's passion and also validates the relationship between entrepreneur's passion and entrepreneurial behavior. The variation in the present study may be helpful to strengthen and validate the literature of entrepreneurial passion and also the constructs examined in this research.

The study assessed the extent of ICT
utilization in accounting education in the tertiary
institutions in Enugu and Anambra States. There are
varieties of conclusions and the level of utilisation
of ICT facilities for teaching accounting courses in
tertiary institutions in Enugu and Anambra States
seems not to be evidently known. Research
questions and hypotheses were formulated. The
study adopts descriptive survey research design. The
whole populations of 229 lecturers were adopted for
the study and questionnaire was used in collecting
data from 224 respondents; data were analyzed
using Univariate-ANOVA via Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Results indicated
that the availability and utilization of ICT in tertiary
institutions in Enugu and Anambra States is low,
there are no specific differences among challenges
confronting ICT utilization in tertiary institutions in
Enugu and Anambra States. The study recommends
among others that government should make
provision for electricity and ICT teaching accounting
courses in Anambra and Enugu States’ tertiary
institutions.

Ce travail doctoral se fixe comme point de départ de comprendre l’intérêt des organisations d'hier et d'aujourd'hui à considérer l’acte de formaliser l’éthique comme performatif. A savoir, que cet acte ne se borne pas seulement à décrire un énoncé - comme les expressions « lutte contre la corruption » ou « protection de l’environnement » par exemple - mais qu’il participe à sa réalisation. La formalisation éthique (Mercier, 1997) est la notion généralement employée pour décrire la profusion d’expressions sémantiques qualifiant un document écrit traitant de l’éthique. Celle-ci a l’inconvénient de masquer une réalité plus confuse, indécise sur le fonctionnement qui donne sens à son utilisation et mobilise les acteurs de l’éthique. Comment se constitue l’acte de formaliser et par là même de conférer le pouvoir de fabriquer des « faits éthiques » ? Qui est compétent pour générer un tel pouvoir ? Comment émerge et se stabilise ce processus ? La démarche qualitative notamment l’approche ethnographique est ici utilisée comme un moyen d’ouvrir cette “boite noire” que représente la fabrique de l’éthique. A partir de l’étude de cas d’une entreprise spécifique et de sa mise en perspective par une approche historique, il en émerge un constat : cette « chose » qu’on appelle l’« éthique » appartient au monde des idées. Pour qu’elle puisse s’incarner dans notre monde, elle doit nécessairement passer par un processus de conception. La théorie de l’acteur-réseau (Callon, 1986 ; Latour, 2007) est ici utilisée comme technologie de la description. L’analyse proposée met en évidence que le concept de rapport de prescription (Hatchuel, 2008) est un facteur déterminant du processus de fabrique de l’éthique et, par extension, de l’efficacité de la formalisation éthique à encadrer les comportements.

This thesis intend to understand the interest of organizations to consider as performative the act of formalizing ethics. Namely, that this act is not only limited to describing a statement - as the expressions "fight against corruption" or "environmental protection" for example - but actually participating in its implementation. The ethical formalization (Mercier, 1997) is the commonly used term to describe the numerous semantic expressions describing a written ethics document. This term has the disadvantage of masking a more confusing reality, undecided, on the operation that gives meaning to its use and mobilizes ethics actors. How is designed the act of formalizing and thereby confer the power to make "ethical facts"? Who is responsible for generating such power? How emerges and stabilizes this process? The qualitative method including the ethnographic approach is used here as a means to open the "black box" that represents the design of ethics. From a specific case study of a unique company completed by a historical approach, an observation is highlighted: this "thing" that we are calling "ethics" belongs to the world of ideas. To be incarnated in our world, it must necessarily go through a design process. The actor-network theory (Callon, 1986; Latour, 2007) is used as a technology description. The proposed analysis shows that the concept of “prescription report” (Hatchuel, 2008) is a determinant of ethics design process and, by extension, of the capability to regulate behavior.

There is a widespread idea that in grounded theory (GT) research, the researcher has to delay the literature review until the end of the analysis to avoid contamination – a dictum that might turn educational researchers away from GT. Nevertheless, in this article the author (a) problematizes the dictum of delaying a literature review in classic grounded theory, (b) presents arguments for using extant literature in the substantive field within a constructivist grounded theory, and (c) suggests data sensitizing principles in using literature, which are: theoretical agnosticism, theoretical pluralism, theoretical sampling of literature, staying grounded, theoretical playfulness, memoing extant knowledge associations, and constant reflexivity.

A wide range of definitions exists of what constitutes value creation and -generation in private equity buyouts. At the core of the problem is that our understanding of the diverse set of levers, drivers and mechanisms by which financial value is generated has been inconsistent and incomplete. This paper attempts to address extant deficiencies in the literature by proposing a novel and cohesive conceptual model of value generation that connects various strands of research in the field.