Oral dosage forms are the most popular way of taking medication, despite having some disadvantages compared with other methods like risk of slow absorption of the medicament, which can be overcome by administering the drug in liquid form, therefore, possibly allowing the use of a lower dosage. However, instability of many drugs in liquid dosage form limits its use. Effervescent technique can be used as alternate to develop a dosage form which can accelerate drug disintegration and dissolution, is usually applied in quick release preparations. Along with the development of new pharmaceutical technique, effervescent tablet are more and more extensively to adjust the behaviour of drug release, such as in sustained and controlled release preparations, pulsatile drug delivery systems, and so on. This review demonstrated the new applying of effervescent technique in effervescent tablets. Keywords: Effervescent Tablet, Sustained release, Floating Delivery System

The aim of the present study was to formulate and evaluate Metformin HCl microspheres to produce a drug delivery system with better pharmaceutical and therapeutic properties. Metformin HCl microspheres were prepared by using ethyl cellulose as a release retardant polymer by solvent evaporation method .Formulations F1, F2 and F3 were prepared using ethyl cellulose in the drug polymer ratio of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3. A plasticizer (N-dibutyl phthalate) was added in formulations F4,F5 and F6 .The prepared microspheres were evaluated for the parameters like Percentage yield, Particle size analysis, Micromeritic properties like angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, Hausner’s ratio, melting point determination, drug content estimation, microencapsulation efficiency and in vitro drug release studies. The in vitro release of Metformin HCl was slow and extended over longer period of time. As the concentration of polymer was increased, the drug release was decreased. The drug release was found to be slow in formulations F4, F5 and F6 when compared to F1, F2 and F3. Thus the study clearly indicated a promising potential of sustained release Metformin HCl microspheres containing ethyl cellulose as rate controlling polymer for effectively treating diabetes mellitus.

The objective of research work was to evaluate and perform stability study of prepared and developed Sennoside A
and B capsule. The Sennoside A and B capsule was successfully develop by adding optimum necessary active
ingredient and all the prepared formulations were evaluated by different methods such as HPLC and dissolution
study Moreover, stability study was performed as per ICH guidelines. All five formulations were identified by
chromatogram of HPLC as well as performing dissolution and disintegration study. In addition to, organoleptic
qualitative and quantitative evaluation of calcium sennoside was carried by consideration of its pH, loss on drying,
tapped density, ash value and its assay. The results obtained in this research work clearly indicated that out of all
five formulation, formulation IV significantly increased the frequency and wet weight of stools to 31.5 ± 4.25 and
8.29 ± 1.21 g, and showed tendency to increase the frequency and wet weight of stools. The frequency and the wet
weight of stools following gum arabic for 14 days were 16.3±3.98 and 4.79±1.14 g respectively.
Key words: Sennoside capsule, Formulation, ICH, Stability study
_____________________________________________________________________

A novel is ligand namely 5,5'-(6-(4-methoxyphenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)bis (azanediyl)diquinolin-8-ol (PBDQ-6)  has been prepared and characterized. This ligand was characterized by IR, 1H-NMR, and elemental analysis. Coordination polymers of this bis-ligand (NBDQ) were prepared with Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Mn(II), and Zn(II) metal ions. All of these coordination polymers were characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectral and diffuse reflectance spectral studies. The thermal stability was evaluated by thermo gravimetric analyses (TGA). In addition, all of the coordination polymers have been characterized by their magnetic susceptibilities. All the novel synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities.

An evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) based HPLC method that requires minimal sample preparation has been developed to quantitate polysorbate 80 (PS80) in therapeutic proteins. The method utilizes a mixed-mode chromatography column and a step gradient of formic acid and acetonitrile to separate PS80 from proteins and formulation excipients. Proteins and hydrophilic formulation excipients are not retained in the column and elute in void volume. The retained hydrophobic, heterogenous PS80 species can be quantified as a single peak using ELSD. A universal standard curve for PS80 in HPLC grade water was utilized in this method. The method accurately quantified PS80 in18 different sample formulations including monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies, antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), and bispecific ADCs, thereby establishing a truly selective method free of matrix interference. The assay performance evaluated for precision, specificity, accuracy, and linearity demonstrated the method qualification in the range of 0.05 - 0.6 mg/ml PS80 concentrations and up to 150 mg/ml protein concentration. The method also accurately monitored the reduction of PS80 in samples subjected to thermal and long-term storage stresses. The methodology was found to be applicable for quantitation of the polymers PLGA and pluronicF127. The method was further modified to create a 2-dimensional liquid chromatography ELSD system and quantitated other formulation excipients histidine, arginine, and sucrose in the presence of PS80.

In the pharmaceutical industry today, R & D often struggles to generate returns on capital above its cost of capital, leading to low to no creation of financial value for investors. Slowing returns on R & D investment is a trend that has been unfolding for years given increasingly expensive, long, risky development programs required by regulators and payers for new therapeutics. Once they reach the market, new products face increasing competitive pressures and decreasing willingness to pay by commercial and government-sponsored insurers. Given these difficulties, funding, particularly of early-stage drugs, has slowed and large pharmaceutical companies and financial sponsors of biotechnology companies have begun questioning the sustainability of the current R & D model. The industry is looking for alternative development and funding options to ensure much-needed new therapies can be brought to market efficiently. These new development and funding models require pharmaceutical companies to manage the value equation more effectively-i.e., increasing the return on capital and decreasing the cost of capital. This article outlines a method that more closely and explicitly ties the way R & D teams pursue the science to how these efforts are financed. This proposed approach includes four distinct steps: 1. Optimize trial design by changing specifications along the four key drivers of value: trial costs, development risk, duration of program and revenue potential of the asset. 2. Create investment vehicles around the trial design with varying risk-reward profiles to attract different types of investors (options, insurance, etc.) 3. At the portfolio level, develop a more real-time capital allocation program to continually reassess where capital will be most productive and generate the most value. 4. Communicate this enhanced financial profile (i.e., improved value) of the pipeline to internal and external investors. Working with a global pharmaceutical company, we demonstrate how taking just this first step (linking trial design to value via adaptive trials) could substantially increase the value a development-stage program. The company redesigned the development plan for an early stage oncology asset to incorporate several approaches to decrease time and risk relative to their status quo, including a Phase 2/3 hybrid design and two interim analyses. This approach ultimately led to a significant increase in the program's risk-adjusted NPV, from $5.1 M to $34.9 M.

The aim of present research was to fabricate Levocetrizinedihydrochloride (LCTZ) lozenges, with good mechanical properties, dissolution and producing an acceptable taste when placed on tongue. In the present investigation Levocetrizinedihydrochloride lozenges were formulated as high boiled sugar hard candies to provide slow release of medicament for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Levocetrizinedihydrochloride, an antihistaminic was incorporated to relieve the symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Fifteen batches of lozenges with drug were prepared using different combinations of sugar, liquid glucose, various grades of HPMC and Xanthan gum, citric acid, sodium citrate and aspartame. The hard candy lozenges were formulated using sugar as a base and the usage of corn syrup in the formulation made the lozenges transparent and smooth which helped in improving the elegancy of formulation. Designed lozenges were subjected to physico-chemical evaluation tests. Hard candy lozenges FL13, FL14 made with Xanthan gum and had shown in-vitro drug release of 99.1%,98.2% of drug which were the best release amongst all.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is essentially a debilitating disease symptomatized by a gradual loss of articular joint cartilage, causing painful impairment among the population of different ages, particularly patients over the age of 50 y. Nutraceuticals; namely glucosamine and chondroitin have been widely used in the treatment of OA. The chondroprotective properties of the aforementioned agents have been reported, allowing the repair and recovery of the articular surface in OA. The purpose of this review article is to report the current evidence for the use of glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate in the treatment of knee OA with emphasis on their indications for clinical use, effectiveness and safety. It also highlights the role of some advanced formulation technologies in optimizing the delivery of those drugs.

Abstract - Eye is a unique organ which exerts various limitations for the delivery of drug due to its physiology barriers. Therefore, the posterior part of the eyes remains a major concern for formulation scientists to develop ocular drug delivery system which can overcome the barriers of theeye and provide local or systemic effect with immediate or sustained release dosage forms. Conventional ophthalmic dosage forms such as eye drop, ointment and gel provide low bioavailability and less pre-corneal drug residence time due to nasolacrimal drainage of the eyes. The major challenge is to formulate a system to improve the contact time of the drug in eyes. This is achieved by in situ gel system where the drugs are incorporatedwith various types of polymers which exhibit solution to gel phase transition. An in situ gelling technique provides greater bioavailability by resisting ocular drainage leading to longer residence time. This paper proposes the formulation of in situ gels for effective delivery of Erythromycin used to treat conjunctivitis and to evaluate dosage form characteristic such as pH, gelling capacity, gel strength, sterility testing, drug content, in vitro diffusion study, antibacterial activity and accelerated stability studies to ensure the safety and stability of the dosage form. Hence an attempt will be made to develop novel in situ gelling systems using Erythromycin, antimicrobial agent as a promising alternative to the conventional dosage forms for the effective treatment of various eye infections. Keywords--In situ gel; ophthalmic; conjunctivitis

The present investigation concerns the design and evaluation of floating tablets of Amoxicillin trihydrate, which after oral administration, are designed to prolonged the gastric residence time and to obtain site-specific drug delivery for the stomach and increased drug bioavailability. Amoxicillin is a Semisynthetic antibiotic, belonging β-lactum family, which is effective for bacterial treatment, especially for helicobacter pylori infection. The dosage form was designed by using HPMC K100M, HPMC K15M and HPMC K4M polymers as gelling agents, sodium bicarbonate as gas-generating agent and other excipients. The interaction between drug and excipients in prepared floating tablets were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and FT-IR. Floating tablets prepared by direct compression technique. The prepared floating tablets were evaluated in terms of their pre-compression parameters, physical characteristics like hardness, friability, uniformity of weight, uniformity of drug ...

A  simple,  fast  and  accurate  method  has  been  developed  for  the  estimation of  benzene content  in  Lovastatin  by  Gas  Chromatography.  The analysis was carried out on Perkin Elmer Clarus 600 GC-HS Chromatograph. The column used was DB-624 30m X 0.32 mm X 1.8 µm fused silica analytical column (6%  cyanopropylphenyl  94 %  dimethylpolysiloxane  as  a stationary  phase).The  detector  used  was  FID  detector.

Carvedilol is an antihypertensive drug use for management of Hypertension. It has the half-life of 6 hr and oral bioavailability of 25% due to first pass metabolism. The total daily dose of Carvedilol is 25 mg, hence it required frequent dosing. Transdermal patches of Carvedilol were prepared for sustained release and improve bioavailability of drug and patient compliance. Different formulations were prepared by varying the amount of HPMC-K4M and Eudragit RS-100 by solvent casting method. The prepared formulations were evaluated for various parameters like thickness, tensile strength, folding endurance, % elongation, % moisture content, % moisture uptake, % drug content, In-vitro drug release, In-vitro permeation and skin irritation study. A 32 full factorial design was applied to check the effect of varying the amount of Eudragit-RS 100 (X1) and amount of HPMC-K4M (X2) on the responses i.e. tensile strength and percentage drug released in 20 hr (Q20) as dependent variables. Regression analysis and analysis of variance were performed for dependent variables. In-vitro release data were fitted to various models to ascertain kinetic of drug release. The best selected formulation is subjected to in-vitro skin permeation and skin irritation study. Batch F7 was considered optimum batch which contained 400 mg of Eudragit RS-100 and 600 mg of HPMC-K4M, showed release 95.73% up to 24 hr and was more similar to Zero order release kinetics (r2=0.982). Batch F7 showed flux of 125.8 μg/cm2/h, hence the patch area of 1.33 cm2 would be expected to deliver targeted flux of 83.72μg/cm2/h.

A  simple  UV-Visible  spectrophotometric  method  has  been
developed for the determination of Atorvastatin in its pure form as
well as pharmaceutical dosage form using Methyl Orange reagent.
The  method  is  based  on  the  measurement  of  absorbance  of
Atorvastatin in methanol at 410 nm. The Beer’s law is obeyed
over  the  linear  range  50-300μg  /ml  of  Atorvastatin.  All  the
variables were studied to optimize the reaction conditions. No
interference  was  observed  in  the  presence  of  common
pharmaceutical excipients. The validity of the method was tested
by analyzing the drug in its pharmaceutical preparations. Good
recoveries were also obtained. Assay for the tablet preparation was
performed using UV-Visible spectrophotometric method and the
results were found to be within acceptable limits.

Recently, fast dissolving drug delivery systems have started gaining popularity and acceptance as new drug delivery systems, because they are easy to administer and lead to better patient compliance. Usually, Metformin hydrochloride is to reduce glucose absorption intestinally into the systemic circulation, to decrease glucose synthesis in liver, and to increase up take of glucose into the tissues. These formulations were subjected to various evaluation parameters like hardness, friability, drug content, in-vitro release studies drug and polymer interaction . Aim of this study was to formulate Effervescent tablet with sufficient mechanical integrity and to achieve faster disintegration in the water. They are intended to be dissolved or dispersed in water before use. Effervescent compositions in the form of tablets comprising a therapeutic agent, a granulating agent, a micro particulate effervescent component and an effervescent system which dissolve rapidly in water to yield an effe...

A new simple, accurate, precise and reproducible Ion chromatography method has been developed for the estimation of Methane sulfonic acid in Busulfan injectable dosage. The method which is developed is also validated in complete compliance with the current regulatory guidelines by using well developed analytical method validation techniques and tools which comprises with the analytical method validation parameters like Linearity, LOD and LOQ determination, Accuracy, Method precision, Specificity, System suitability, Robustness, Ruggedness etc. by adopting the current method the linearity obtained is near to 0.999 and thus this shows that the method is capable to give a good detector response, the recovery calculated was within the range of 85% to 115% of the specification limits.

Pharmacoeconomics is a subdivision of health economics and result from that discipline coming of age through consolidation to diversification. Health economics, as a branch of economics is itself relatively young. Economics, indeed, there are a still health economist who regards the growth of Pharmacoeconomics as an unnecessary over specialization. As a discipline which is still is the process of growth any definition would become outdated by the time this book is published. Earliest definitions of Pharmacoeconomics are very narrowly focused on the “analysis of the cost of drug therapy to health care systems and society”. This perception of Pharmacoeconomics research is solely concerned with cost and does not consider the outcome from the use of pharmaceutical products.  Pharmacoeconomics research is about: “Assessing the implications of projected outcomes and costs of pharmaceutical products for the decision whether to continue or stop development of a drug and for global pricing strategy”. This expanded definition has got the advantage of incorporating Pharmacoeconomics research into the process of drug development from inception (pre phase one) up to phase four when post-marketing surveillance is taking place.

Context: Flaxseed constituents provide to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and wound healing benefits. Aims: To systematically review the experimental evidence on the wound healing ability of flaxseed extracts and formulations. Methods: Comprehensive searches in six databases (Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar and Dimensions) were carried out from the beginning of databases until December 2020, according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. The terms used in searches were (Linum usitatissimum L., flaxseed, linseed, flax) AND (extract) AND (wound heal, heal, heal type, wound) for collection of articles, with only articles in English and research articles were included. Transgenic term were excluded. AXIS tool was chosen to assess the quality and risk of bias. The data were then categorised in term of extracts, laboratory formulation, and wound healing. Results: In total, 999 articles were collected and screened based on the predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 10 articles were included in the review. The majority of publications reported significant findings of flaxseed oil on wound healing regardless of extraction method and formulation. Healing parameters on excision, incision, and burn wound models were studied. Lack of laboratory formulation mentioned in the collected articles gave limitation impact on this study. Conclusions: Flaxseed oil formulation appears to exert a positive effect on wound healing. Therefore, extensive studies needed to evaluate the transportation of flaxseed phytochemicals into skin dermis by advanced drug formulation.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possibility of taste masking of Levocetirizine dihydrochloride (L-CTZ) by means of inclusion complexation and ion exchange resin. Initially an attempt was given to mask the bitter taste of the drug by inclusion complexation with β-Cyclodextrin using kneading method. But from gustatory evaluation, it was found that β-Cyclodextrin was not proven good for effective taste masking. So, another attempt was given to mask bitter taste of Levocetrizine diHCl by Kyron T-114 (weak cation exchange resin). It is a water-insoluble, high molecular weight, cross linked polymer of methacrylic acid. Kyron T-114 is inexpensive and this method is simple, rapid and cost-effective method for taste masking. Ion exchange resin complex was prepared by the batch technique and various parameters viz. resin activation, drug: resin ratio, pH, temperature, swelling time and stirring time were optimized to successfully formulate the tasteless Drug Resin Complex (DRC). Maximum drug loading was obtained when the resin was activated by acid treatment, with 1:3 drug: resin ratio, soaked in water for 90 min. and stirred with the drug for 240 minutes, pH maintained 5.5 and temperature maintained 30áµ’C. Complexation was confirmed by FT-IR and DSC study. The drug resin complex was evaluated for taste in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation. The volunteers rated the complexes as tasteless and agreeable. Drug release from DRC in salivary pH was insufficient to impart bitter taste. Complete drug release was observed at gastric 0.1 N HCl (pH 1.2). Formulation of drug resin complex was confirmed by FT-IR and DSC studies.

The objective of present study was to develop pharmaceutically elegant and stable enteric coated tablet formulation for highly unstable drug in acidic environment using pH dependent polymers. Omeprazole is a specific and non-competitive inhibitor of the enzyme H+/K+-ATPase. It is unstable in conditions of low pH and required protection from the effects of gastric acid when given orally so it is formulated in the form of enteric coated dosage forms. The core tablets were prepared by direct compression method using different concentration of crospovidone as a super disintegrant. Formulations showing less disintegration time were first subcoated with HPMC 15 cps upto 3% weight gain, followed by enteric coating with Eudragit L 100, Eudragit L 100-55 and Cellulose acetate phthalate. Pre and post compression evaluation of core and coated tablets were carried out. In vitro drug release studies were conducted in acidic and basic media to determine the appropriate coating ratio. All batches enteric coated with 8% weight gain of three polymers showed stable coating in 0.1 N HCl for 2 hours. Formulated batch F11 with 7% weight gain of Eudragit L 100-55 showed stable coating in 0.1 N HCl and had shown complete drug release in phosphate buffer pH 6.8. The prepared enteric coated tablets exhibited good physical and chemical stability, when subjected to accelerated stability studies. Further, when compared to marketed formulation (OPT tablet 20 mg Omeprazole), the prepared enteric coated tablets showed excellent similarities with marketed product (with respect to drug content, disintegration time and drug release) thereby establishing bioequivalence with marketed product.

Physical health is a precious but can also be easily ruined. There present lots of minor ailments excluding major/chronic disease that do not cause noticeable harm to one’s health. Those minor ailments include headache, diarrhea, cold, nausea, coughs, constipation, allergies, mild eczema and so on. Among these minor problem, food poisoning is perhaps one of the most dreadful that can last for several days and can even be life threatening if not treated wisely.

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are sub-micron colloidal carriers having a size range of 50-1000 nm. These are prepared with physiological lipid and dispersed in water or aqueous surfactant solution. Dasatinib (DST) is a BCS Class II drug having very low solubility and high permeability. Low aqueous solubility and poor dissolution of DST leads to poor bioavailability, Thus, limited aqueous solubility is the bottleneck for the therapeutic outcome of DST. Animal data suggests that the absolute bioavailability of DST is about 14 to 34% due to an extensive first-pass effect. To overcome hepatic first-pass metabolism and to enhance oral bioavailability, lipid-based drug delivery systems like solid lipid nanoparticles can be used. These systems enhance the lymphatic transport of the lipophilic drugs and therefore increase the bioavailability. Dasatinib can be conveniently loaded into solid lipid nanoparticles to improve the oral bioavailability by exploiting the intestinal lymphatic transport. The objective of this present investigation is enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of the drug dasatinib by incorporating with different lipids such as dynasan 114, 116 and 118 by exploiting the intestinal lymphatic transport. The dasatinib loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (DST-SLN) were prepared by hot homogenization followed by ultra-sonication method. The prepared SLN's were characterized for particle size, PDI, Zeta potential, EE, Total drug content and in vitro release study and its kinetic models.

Impurity profiling is the process of acquiring and evaluating data that establishes biological safety of an individual impurity. Impurity is considered as any other organic material, besides the drug substance, or ingredients, arise out of synthesis or unwanted chemicals that remains with API’s. The control of impurities is currently a critical issue to the pharmaceutical industry. International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) formulated guidelines regarding the control of impurities. Various regulatory authorities like ICH, USFDA, Canadian Drug and Health Agency are emphasizing on the purity requirements and the identification of impurities in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient’s (API’s). Identification of impurities is done by TLC, HPLC, The advent of hyphenated techniques has revolutionized impurity profiling, by not only separation but structural elucidation of impurities as well. The most exploited techniques, for impurity profiling of drugs are LC-MS-MS, LC-NMR, LC-NMR- MS, GC-MS, and LC-MS.

A straightforward, efficient and more sustainable solvent-free method has been developed for the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives to achieve yields that were comparable to or better than, those in conventional media. It is noteworthy that the reaction was exclusively carried out in Zinc chloride catalysis system, rendering the methodology highly valuable from both environment and economic points of view. The various benzimidazoles were synthesized by the reaction of o-phenylenediamine with different types of aldehydes and characterized by their Physical constant, FT-IR Spectra, 1H NMR Spectra and LCMS. The excellent chemo selectivity, mild reaction condition, short reaction times and excellent yield made the best method then other methods.

Abstracts: Aceclofenac is a Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug, used in the treatment of inflammation and degenerative disorder of the musculoskeletal system. It is widely prescribed for the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, dysmenorrheal, acute ...

An accurate, precise, simple and economical High Performance Liquid Chromatographic method for the Estimation of Bortezomib in its lyophilized dosage form has been developed. The method developed is Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic method using Hypersil BDS C18 column (Length: 150 mm, Diameter: 4.6mm, Particle size: 5μ) with a simple 0.1 % TFA buffer and Acetonitrile mixed in the proportion of 20:80v/v as a mobile phase, and Methanol: Water (90:10) as a diluent. The method so developed was validated in compliance with the regulatory guidelines by using well developed analytical method validation tool which comprises with the analytical method validation parameters like Linearity, Accuracy, Method precision, Specificity with forced degradation, System suitability, Robustness and Ruggedness. The results obtained were well within the acceptance criteria.

The  present  research  was  aimed  to  develop  the  meclizine
hydrochloride-polyethylene  glycol  20000  solid  dispersions  to
enhance the solubility and dissolution rate. They were prepared using
solvent  evaporation  method  and  evaluated  for  solubility  studies,
drug-carrier  compatibility  studies  and  in  vitro  dissolution  studies.
From  the  solubility  studies,  formulation  F4  was  selected  to  prepare
the  fast  dissolving  tablets  and  compared  with  control  tablets
(conventional  tablets  using  pure  drug).  From  the  results  of  in  vitro
dissolution  study,  tablets  containing  polyethylene  glycol  20000
showed almost complete drug release within the 15 min. The percent
drug  release  in  15  min  (Q15
)  and  initial  dissolution  rate  for
formulation  F4  was  98.46±1.24%,  6.56%/min.  These  were  very
much higher compared to control tablets (32.49±1.29 %, 2.17%/min).
The  relative  dissolution  rate  was  found  to  be  3.03  and  dissolution
efficiency was found to be 54.44 and it is increased by 3.4 fold with
F4  formulation  compared  to  control  tablets  (16.55).  Thus  the
formulation  of  polyethylene  glycol  20000  solid  dispersions  is  a
suitable  method  to  enhance  the  solubility  and  dissolution  rate  of
meclizine hydrochloride.

The  present  investigation  concerns  with  the  development,
optimization  and  evaluation  of  an  enteric  coated  tablets  of
Erythromycin  stearate.  Tablets  were  prepared  by  wet  granulation
method. Enteric coating of  Erythromycin stearate tablets were done
using  two  hydrophilic  polymers  like  ethyl  cellulose  and  pectin  by
multivariate ANOVA method by alternating the 2 variables X and Y
in rows and columns.  Polyethylene glycol was used as a plasticizer
while Isopropyl alcohol & water was incorporated as a solvent. The
effects of polymers and Isopropyl alcohol as a binder on drug release
profile, gastro-resistant properties and matrix integrity of tablet were
investigated.  Developed  formulations  were  evaluated  for  their
physical  characteristics,  drug  content,  disintegration  time,  friability,
hardness,  thickness,  swelling  index,  weight  variation,  In  vitro  drug
release  profile  etc.  On  the  basis  of  various  physical  characteristics
parameters, it was found that all the formulat ions shows good result.
On  comparative  kinetic  modeling  study  such  as  (Zero  order,  First
order,  Higuchi  model  and  Korsmeyer-Peppas)  it  was  found  that  all
the  formulations  follow  Higuchi  model  and  correlation  coefficient
(R
2
)  values  were  nearer  to  unity.  Among  those  formulations,  F4
showed  R
2
value  of  Higuchi  model  more  near  as  compared  to  the
other formulation.

Free radical scavenging activity of O/W sunscreen cream using calendula oil was measured using DPPH method, Nitric oxide method and H 2 O 2 assay method. For this, Flowers of calendula were collected for oil extraction. Calendula oil in concentration ranging 1-5% was used as dispersed phase in O/W sunscreen cream. The free radical scavenging activity was evaluated for equally diluted samples and the activity was found in concentration dependent manner by all three adopted methods. The sunscreen activities of cream formulations may be related to the free radical scavenging properties of flavonoid compounds in the oil phase incorporated in it. Calendula oil is one of the well-known drugs for its therapeutic potential in traditional system of medicine. In the present study, the O/W cream was screened for its free radical scavenging activity. All the formulations especially F5 showed good antioxidant activity. The comparisons were made with marketed formulation FS. The IC 50 value by DPPH methods for diluted cream samples was 0.24±0.02 whereas by NO method, it was 0.38±0.014. When measured by H 2 O 2 method, it was found to be 0.45 ± 0.03. All the formulations were stable and it was concluded that calendula oil sunscreen cream diluted formulation F55 is very pronounced antioxidant activity.

Quality by Design (QbD) refers to a holistic approach towards drug development. The purpose of research was to implement quality by design to study prospective process validation of 4 mg Salbutamol Sulphate Tablets with risk-based approach. Validation is one of the important steps in achieving and maintaining the quality of the final product. Quality Target Product Profile, Critical Quality Attributes, Critical Process Parameters, Design Space and control strategy are identified with the help of Quality Risk Management. Three initial batches of same size, method, equipment was taken for process validation. The critical parameters involved in sifting, dry mixing, preparation of granulating solution, wet mixing, drying, sizing, lubrication, compression were identified and evaluated. The formulation properties of three initial batches of process validated tablets are compared with the marketed products of Salbutamol Sulphate Tablets (Astahlin tab and Salbetol tab). Results obtained with this process validation data provides high degree of assurance that manufacturing process produces product meeting its predetermined specifications and quality attributes. The output of process validation can be used to increase productivity, its consistent quality and decreasing the need for processing and market complaints.

Pioglitazone Hydrochloride is an oral anti-diabetic agent, which acts primarily by increasing insulindependent glucose disposal. There is a need for sustained release Pioglitazone formulations, which overcome the various problems associated with the use of this drug in the prevention and treatment of diabetes. In the present work efforts have been made to develop floating drug delivery system for Pioglitazone Hydrochloride containing HPMC of different viscosity grades and poly vinyl pyrollidine to achieve a sustained release for 24 hrs. The tablets of all formulation were subjected to various physicochemical evaluation parameters such as thickness, diameter, weight variation, hardness, friability, drug content, in-vitro buoyancy lag time, total floating time, tablets density, swelling index and in-vitro dissolution study. The results of all these tests were found to be satisfactory within the prescribed limits. The formulations showed higher R 2 values for zero order plots indicating that drug release followed zero order kinetics and drug release from these floating tablets were by both diffusion and erosion.

The  medicinal  plants  are  widely  used  by  the  traditional  medical
practitioners for curing various diseases in their  day to day practice.
Canthium  coromandelicum  (Rubiaceae)  is  one  of  traditional
medicinal  plant  in  India  which  is  used  for  treatment  of  various
ailments. Different parts of plants (ie., leaves, bark, stem, fruits, root
and even whole plant) have shown to have various pharmacological
activities  like  antimicrobial  activity,  antioxidant activity  ,
hepatoprotective activity, antimalarial activity, anti-diabetic activity,
anti asthmatic and antibacterial Activity. Phytochemicals reported in
the  plants  have  been  listed  based  on  their  pharmacological  activity.
Although  Phytopharmacological  reports  are  very  less,  still  it  is
considered as a valuable source of treatment against various diseases.
The present review highlights a literature on botanical, chemical and
pharmacological discussion of Canthium coromandelicum.

In this 21 st century, Lyophilization emerges to be a novel trend for the drying of pharmaceuticals and biological that are thermolabile or are unstable in aqueous form but stable for longer periods in their dried form. This article provides an overview on the process of lyophilization, how the freeze drying cycle is designed, discussing several important parameters which are important for understanding of this process as well as their role in the designing of an optimized freeze drying cycle, so that a robust and economical process of lyophilization can be developed which does not impact the product quality. It also describes the use of this process in various industries.

Herbal drugs are traditional method of treating the disease in the world wide, the plant having ability to treat the disease is known as medicinal plants. Several types of medicinal plants are exists in the nature and effective in different type of disease. Peptic ulcers are a broad term that includes ulcers of digestive tract in the stomach or the duodenum. The formation of peptic ulcers depends on the presence of acid and peptic activity in gastric juice plus a breakdown in mucosal defenses. There are two major factors that can disrupt the mucosal resistance to injury: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) example, aspirin and Helicobacter pylori infection. Numerous natural products have been evaluated as therapeutics for the treatment of a variety of diseases, including peptic ulcer. This article reviews the anti-acid/anti-peptic, gastro-protective and/or antiulcer properties of the most commonly employed herbal medicines. This article will be concerned only the pharmacology of that plant which shows the antiulcer and gastro-protective effects and among all the plants which one is more potent for anti-ulcer activity.

Ziziphus oenoplia Linn., Mill, is a commonly occurring thorny shrub found to have many uses such as anthelmintic, antiseptic, hepatoprotective, stomachalgia, digestive etc. It is also used in ascaris infection and healing of wounds. The plant is reported to possess alkaloids, tannins and carbohydrates. Alkaloids have also been reported to posses many biological activities like anticancer, hepatoprotective, antihelmintic etc. Therefore, this plant offers much scope to investigators on different perspectives such as Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology. The following studies highlight the botanical as well as phytochemical constituents, macroscopic, microscopic and preliminary studies of roots. These observations will help in the botanical identification and the standardization of drug in crude form and also to distinguish the drug from its adulterants. Hopefully, this little work will help to inform the people who are not aware of the plant Ziziphus oenoplia Linn., mill (Rhamnaceae) which has multi-farious beneficial properties for medicine, agriculture and husbandry.

The present study was designed for the preparation of sunscreen gel
with different combination of herbs in it. Herbs like Neem
(Azadirachta indica), Aloe vera (Aloe barbadenisis) and Beet root
(Beta vulgaris) were added. These plants are well known for their
therapeutic values in traditional medicine. Hydroalcoholic extraction of
the plant parts was performed. Carbopol 940 was used as the gelling
agent and the prepared gel was then evaluated for its colour, odour,
pH, spreadability, phase separation, etc. UV protective study was also
performed by UV-Spectrophotometer at the range of 200-400nm. The
maximum absorption for the gel and the extraction was found between
220-300nm.

Tablets are the most prescribed dosage form of pharmaceuticals due to their ease of administration, transportation, stability and low production cost. Tablets could be fabricated by direct compression which has fewer individual steps and thus is faster and less expensive than other granulation-based table fabrication processes. However, direct compression for tablets covering high drug dosage is challenging, since adequate flow and compressibility properties are difficult to achieve. The aim of this study was to obtain tablets containing 750 mg of calcium carbonate by direct compression. Calcium carbonate is used to treat and prevent diseases related to calcium deficiency and high quantities are necessary for meeting daily requirements of this nutrient. Different blends of excipients were prepared and evaluated in terms of flow and compressibility properties. Tablets were characterized by weight, hardness and friability, disintegration, dissolution, and unitary dose uniformity measurements. The final tablet formulation was in compliance with the requirements from Brazilian, British and the United States pharmacopeias, presenting satisfactory quality for further in vivo bioavailability studies and production at industrial scale.

Microcapsules are tiny capsules containing materials as adhesive or medicine which release when the capsules are broken, melted, or dissolved.
Micro-encapsulation is a process in which tiny particles or droplets are surrounded by a coating to give small capsules. In a relatively simplistic form, a microcapsule is a small sphere with a uniform wall around it. The material inside the microcapsule is referred to as the core, internal phase, or fill, whereas the wall is sometimes called a shell, coating, or membrane. Most microcapsules have diameters between a few micrometers and a few millimeters.

Aceclofenac is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with marked anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. It is indicated for the relief of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Aceclofenac is BCS class II drug with low solubility and high permeability. Micronization technique is used to increase the solubility and thus dissolution of Aceclofenac. The micronization was done using jet mill micronizer. The initial particle size of drug is 297.33 µ (D90) which was reduced to particle size 121.87 µ (D90) with single micronization, particle size 116.08 µ (D90) with double micronization and 89.23 µ (D90) with triple micronization of drug. It was observed that the solubility and thus dissolution of Aceclofenac was increased in principle media of 6.8 phosphate buffer and discriminating media 4.5 Acetate buffer with single, double and triple micronization. Thus, it can be justified that micronization is one of the good technique for enhancement of solubility of Aceclofenac by reduction of particle size of drug.

This paper reviews constructed drug delivery systems applying osmotic principles for controlled drug release from the formulation. Osmotic devices which are tablets coated with walls of controlled porosity are the most promising strategy based systems for controlled drug delivery. In contrast to common tablets, these pumps provide constant (zero order) drug release rate. When these systems are exposed to water, low levels of water soluble additive is leached from polymeric material i.e. semipermeable membrane and drug releases in a controlled manner over an extended period of time. The main clinical benefits of oral osmotic drug delivery system are their ability to improve treatment tolerability and patient compliance. These advantages are mainly driven by the capacity to deliver drugs in a sustained manner, independent of the drug chemical properties, of the patient’s physiological factors or following food intake. This review brings out the theoretical concept of drug delivery, history, advantages and disadvantages of the delivery systems, types of oral osmotic drug delivery systems, factors affecting the drug delivery system and marketed products.

Shampooing is the most common form of hair treatment to remove dirt, grease and debris from the hair, scalp and other parts of body without damaging the natural gloss of hair and to keep the hair fragrant, lustrous, soft and manageable. The selection of the shampoo by the customer depends upon the safety, efficacy, well-being, hygienic and comfortable after its regular use as cosmetic product. So the prepared shampoo must meet the expectations of the customers which should make its use persistent. The present review emphasizes about the cosmetic shampoo requirement, its role in cleaning, composition, types and evaluation.

Previous studies have shown that crude ethanolic extract of Tinospora rumphii Boerl exhibit pediculocidal activity (Lagarejos et al., 2006). This study involves the formulation of a pediculicidal shampoo from the Makabuhay ethanolic extract using compatible excipients and the determination of its activity using Permethrin (Kwell) as positive control.

Stems of the plant Tinospora rumphii Boerl was percolated with 80% ethanol and was formulated together with a base to determine its pediculocidal effect. The stability of the crude ethanolic extract with three (3) shampoo formulations was determined by organoleptic, pH, and density determination. Patch and scratch test on test animal was also performed to determine its skin sensitivity and reaction in animals. No apparent irritation was noted after 72 hours of application. In-vitro study was also conducted to determine its lice killing activity. Preliminary clinical studies were also employed to five (5) respondents to test for the possibility of hypersensitivity and to further test its effectivity on human subjects.

Single-Factor ANOVA showed a significant difference between the mean killing time of the adult lice using the Makabuhay shampoo, Permethrin and the shampoo base (p<0.001). Human patch test result in thirty (30) subjects showed no significant irritation with the Makabuhay shampoo. ANOVA for Repeated Measures showed no significant interaction effect between the treatment used and the duration it was applied – amount of adult lice (p = 0.077), nits (p=0.580) and pruritus (0.519). Also, there was no significant difference on the number of adult lice (p=0.233) and nits (0.580) killed but a significant difference in pruritus (p<0.001) in regards to the treatment. However, in regards to the duration of treatment, there was no significant difference on the decrease of the number of adult lice (p<0.001) and pruritus (p=0.071) but a significant difference on the nits killed (0=0.02). Therefore, the shampoo formulated with the crude ethanolic extract from Tinospora rumphii has equal efficacy as that of the commercially available positive control (Permethrin).

The present study was designed to analyze the various phytoconstituents present in different extracts of seeds of Calotropis gigantea. Extracts of seeds of C. gigantea were prepared in different solvents viz. methanol, chloroform, petroleum ether, di-ethyl ether and water. The screening was performed for alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and glycosides. The color intensity or the precipitate formation was used as analytical responses to these tests. The phytochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, carbohydrates, fixed oils and fats.