This study examined the relationships between students' personality styles and their intentions to become an entrepreneur, after completing a course in entrepreneurship education. Results indicated that, the majority of the students were extroverted, intuitive, thinking-judging, (ENTJ); introverted-sensing, thinking-judging (ISTJ); extraverted-sensing, feeling-judging (ESFJ) or extroverted-sensing, thinking-perceiving (ESTP). The students in this study had moderate intention in a new business start-up. The researchers found that, students with extraversion and sensing personality types had higher level of entrepreneurial intentions than students with introversion and intuitive styles. The result of this study has implications for higher education which entrepreneurship educators should not adopt, a "one style fits all" approach in the classroom.

Peirce's notions of diagrammatic reasoning and hypostatic abstraction are relevant to educational research in areas where diagrams and abstraction play an important role. In this paper, I analyze an example from statistics education in which diagrammatic reasoning created opportunities for hypostatic abstraction. For instance, where students initially characterized data points as being 'spread out,' they later said, 'the spread is large.' This is a prototypical example of hypostatic abstraction-taking a predicate as a new object that can have predicates itself. More generally, the notion of diagrammatic reasoning proved helpful to identify the key learning processes involved in learning to reason about statistical concepts.

Objective. Very little research has focused on the efficacy of Adderall (Shire-Richwood Inc, Florence, KY) in the treatment of children with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and no studies have compared it with standardized doses of Ritalin (Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ). It is thought that Adderall has a longer half-life than Ritalin and might minimize the loss of efficacy that occurs 4 or 5 hours after Ritalin ingestion. We compared two doses of Ritalin and Adderall in the treatment of ADHD in children in an acute study and assessed the medications' time courses.

The authors used meta-analytic procedures to examine the relationship between specified training design and evaluation features and the effectiveness of training in organizations. Results of the meta-analysis revealed training effectiveness sample-weighted mean ds of 0.60 (k ϭ 15, N ϭ 936) for reaction criteria, 0.63 (k ϭ 234, N ϭ 15,014) for learning criteria, 0.62 (k ϭ 122, N ϭ 15,627) for behavioral criteria, and 0.62 (k ϭ 26, N ϭ 1,748) for results criteria. These results suggest a medium to large effect size for organizational training. In addition, the training method used, the skill or task characteristic trained, and the choice of evaluation criteria were related to the effectiveness of training programs. Limitations of the study along with suggestions for future research are discussed.

Teaching effectiveness of the faculty is one of the most critical areas that need to be considered. The success of the students will depend to a great extent, upon how well the teachers have trained them. This paper evaluated the faculty members' level of teaching effectiveness in the teacher education program in Pangasinan State University Asingan Campus, Philippines. Their professional background was assessed. Their level of teaching effectiveness along commitment, knowledge of the subject matter, teaching for independent learning and management of learning were considered. The study used the descriptive and evaluative methods of research. Questionnaire Checklist was used to gather data. The Faculty Evaluation Instrument (QCE of the NBC No.461) was adopted to evaluate the faculty members' level of teaching effectiveness. It further tested significant relationship between the faculty members' level of teaching effectiveness and their professional background. Salient findings are as follows: the teacher education faculty members in Pangasinan State University Asingan Campus are qualified professionals who possessed the maximum educational qualifications and eligibility to work in a state-run university. Only few of them graduated with honors and attended training and conferences in the national and international level.; their level of teaching effectiveness is Very Satisfactory; the profile variable awards/honors received influences the faculty members' level of teaching effectiveness.

https://www.learningclassesonline.com/2019/09/lesson-plan.html
Lesson Plan: Meaning, Definition, Concept, Introduction, Components, Importance, Principles, Characteristics, Steps, Types, Format, Template, Examples
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With special reference to Herbartian approach A teacher who is attempting to teach without inspiring the pupil with a desire to learn is hammering on a cold iron. Horace Mann Teaching is a complex activity. it needs proper preparation and planning. lesson plan is the blue print of those teaching activities that are to be done in the classroom. Every teacher tries to plan the content in his own style so that he can teach systematically and effectively at the right moment. MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF LESSON PLANNING Teaching is a process which involves those teaching activities which a teacher performs in the classroom. It is based on planning and specifically lesson planning. Thus, a lesson plan is a detailed plan prepared by the teacher in advance for the daily teaching. It helps the teacher in systematic, and effective teaching. Lesson plan is a teaching outline of the important point of a lesson arranged in order in which they are to be presented; It may include objectives, points to be made, questions to be asked, reference to materials, assignments etc.. Lesson planning is a special skill that is learned in much the same way as other skills.. When the teacher is able to create his own lesson plans, it means he has taken a giant step toward "owning" the content the teach and the methods he use, and that is a good thing. Acquiring this skill is far more valuable than being able to use lesson plans developed by others. It takes thinking and practice to hone this skill, and it won't happen overnight, but it is a skill that will help to define one as a teacher. Knowing "how to" is far more important than knowing "about" when it comes to lesson plans, and is one of the important markers along the way to becoming a professional teacher. It is also in keeping with a central theme of this site that one should learn to plan lessons in more than one way. The corollary is, of course, that there is no one "best way" to plan lessons. Regardless of the form or template, there are fundamental components of all lesson plans that one should learn to write, revise, and improve. The old adage, "Practice doesn't make perfect; perfect practice makes perfect" is at the core of learning this skill.. The teacher regularly achieves the teaching objectives and processes in the form of lesson planning.. It develops the possibilities of adjustment in the classroom situations which makes the teaching effective.It helps in recalling every step of curriculum unit

We investigated the benefits of strategy-adaptation training for promoting transfer effects. This learneroriented approach-which directly encourages the learner to generalize strategic behavior to new tasks-helps older adults appraise new tasks and adapt trained strategies to them. In Experiment 1, older adults in a strategy-adaptation training group used 2 strategies (imagery and sentence generation) while practicing 2 tasks (list and associative learning); they were then instructed on how to do a simple task analysis to help them adapt the trained strategies for 2 different unpracticed tasks (place learning and text learning) that were discussed during training. Two additional criterion tasks (name-face associative learning and grocery-list learning) were never mentioned during training. Two other groups were included: A strategy training group (who received strategy training and transfer instructions but not strategy-adaptation training) and a waiting-list control group. Both training procedures enhanced older adults' performance on the trained tasks and those tasks that were discussed during training, but transfer was greatest after strategy-adaptation training. Experiment 2 found that strategy-adaptation training conducted via a manual that older adults used at home also promoted transfer. These findings demonstrate the importance of adopting a learner-oriented approach to promote transfer of strategy training.

Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.

Aim: To explore graduating nursing students' perception of nurse educators' teaching of codes of ethics in polytechnics providing basic nursing education in Finland. Background: Codes of ethics are regarded as an essential content in most nursing ethics curricula. However, little is known about how their teaching is implemented. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional design was used in this study. A total of 214 nursing students responded to a structured questionnaire with one open-ended question. The data was analysed statistically by SPSS and content analysis. Findings: Students perceived teaching of the codes as fairly extensive. The emphasis was on the nurse-patient relationship. Less attention was paid to nursing in wider social contexts. Educators' use of teaching and evaluation methods was narrow. Students whose teaching had been integrated into clinical training perceived that teaching had been more extensive. However, students did not perceive integration to clinical training as a much used teaching format. Students assessed their own knowledge and ability to apply the codes as mediocre. Those educators, whose knowledge about the codes students had assessed as adequate, were also perceived to teach the codes more extensively. Conclusions: Regardless of the responding students' positive description of the teaching, the findings should be interpreted with caution, due to the students' limited interest to respond. In teaching ethics, particular attention should be paid to more versatile use of teaching and evaluation methods, organization of integrated teaching, educators' competence in ethics, and student outcomes so that the importance of ethics would come across to all nursing students.

In this paper we analyze the main factors (or indicators) that may be present in the use of technology resources, specifically the use of Personal Computer (PC) and, thus, try to infer about possible ways to take advantage of this resource. The main objective of this research was to determine the perception of university students about the role of secondary mathematics teacher, specifically from the technological perspective. For this purpose, we administered a survey to collect information of 264 students in a course of Introductory Mathematics MAX 084, in the first half of 2010 at the Universidad Nacional in Costa Rica. Principally, regarding how the mathematics teacher influenced the development of technological skills, useful for further training at the University.

Self-harm is a risk factor for further episodes of self-harm and suicide. The most common service used by self-injurers is the emergency department. However, very often, nurses have received no special training to identify and address the needs of these patients. In addition this care context is typically bio-medical and without psychosocial skills, nurses can tend to feel unprepared and lacking in confidence, particularly on the issue of selfharm. In a study that aimed to improve understanding and teach solution-focused skills to emergency nurses so that they may be more helpful with patients who self-harm, several outcome measures were considered, including knowledge, professional identity and clinical reasoning. The think-aloud procedure was used as a way of exploring and improving the solution-focused nature of nurses" clinical reasoning in a range of self-harm scenarios. A total of 28 emergency nurses completed the activity. Data were audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed. The results indicated that significant improvements were noted in nurses" ability to consider the patients" psychosocial needs following the intervention. Thus this study has shown that interactive education not only improves attitude and confidence but enlarges nurses" reasoning skills to include psychosocial needs. This is likely to improve the quality of care provided to patients with mental health problems who present to emergency settings, reducing stigma for patients and providing the important first steps to enduring changeacknowledgement and respect.

Medical Education 2010: 44: 387–395Context  Elective courses are a significant part of undergraduate medical education throughout the world, but the value provided by these courses and the reasons for choosing particular elective courses have not been studied extensively.Objectives  The aim of this study was to investigate medical and dental students’ experiences of elective courses in undergraduate medical education in Croatia and to gather students’ recommendations for the improvement of elective courses.Methods  Medical and dental students studying under the Bologna curriculum were given a questionnaire in which they were asked for their opinions of elective courses and their suggestions as to how they might be improved. Data on elective courses were obtained from medical schools’ administrative offices.Results  The survey response rate was 92% (834/903). Medical students gave elective courses an average grade of 3.44 out of 5, whereas dental students gave a lower average of 3.15. Students’ suggestions for change included introducing more practical work and recognising international student exchanges and attendance at conferences as elective options. A third of students indicated that teachers should be given additional training in leading elective courses. Analysis of the curriculum showed that elective courses in Croatian medical schools are very heterogeneous in terms of their content and the number of credits and assessment methods they involve, and are very conservative in that only structured courses are offered. Students cannot design their own courses or take more elective courses than represent 10% of their total number of credits.Conclusions  Student opinion should be consulted when medical schools venture into the elective curriculum so that students can feel that they are really benefiting from these subjects. Students would welcome new and personally designed strands. Elective courses are a significant part of medical education and therefore their quality and purpose need to be assessed regularly in order to ensure that they meet students’ needs.

Objective To assess the effect of virtual reality training on an actual laparoscopic operation. Design Prospective randomised controlled and blinded trial. Setting Seven gynaecological departments in the Zeeland region of Denmark. Participants 24 first and second year registrars specialising in gynaecology and obstetrics.

This paper describes an effective method for teaching design in a deterministic manner that is especially effective for underrepresented students (e.g. culture, race, gender, physical disability, personality, etc.). Ten years ago we postulated that students can learn a deterministic design process not only to learn about design, but to better study math and science with peers through the use of an ordered peer-review process. The foundation of Deterministic Design is that everything happens for a reason (science, e.g., physics) and a systematic approach should be used first by individuals in a team to ask and answer questions. To ensure participation and to check that items have not been overlooked, work by individuals is followed by a Peer-Review Evaluation Process (PREP) and then the team brainstorms. Deterministic Design has designers describing what is to be done (functional requirements), how it can be done (design parameters), why it will work (analysis), who else has done similar work (references), what are the risks and possible countermeasures. PREP is especially useful for diverse teams of designers with members from various backgrounds and personalities. It is also especially useful for enabling introverted team members to fully contribute to the development of designs.

Tools to evaluate clinical coursework with community groups for basic baccalaureate students are limited and often have not been sufficiently validated. This study developed and tested 2 tools. The initial phase of development involved identifying expected outcomes for clinical course work and specific tool items from 2 sources of information: (a) U.S. and Canadian policy documents on public health and community health nursing and (b) themes and skills identified as important or satisfying by nursing students during their clinical coursework. The tools were then tested for reliability and validity with subsequent classes of students using predefined criteria. The tool ''Confidence in Using Public Health Nursing Skills'' was developed from 2 sources: the themes and skills identified as important by students and beginning practice expectations identified from policy documents. The tool ''Satisfaction With Team Projects'' was developed from student responses to questions on satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Both tools were found to be reliable in terms of internal consistency reliability and valid in terms of content and structure. The tool or the process to develop the tool will be useful for designing and evaluating appropriate clinical education.

The term 'Faculty Development' encompasses all those activities which help faculty members enhance their academic competencies. It comprises three domains: personal development, professional development, and instructional and course development. The objectives of this study were to determine the proportion of medical colleges involved in faculty development activities, to assess the types of faculty development activities, and to identify the factors influencing such activities, along with formulating recommendations for faculty development. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the medical colleges (public and private) of Pakistan from September to December 2010. A questionnaire was designed through literature review, was pre-tested and then sent via mail to principals of the institutions outside Lahore. Questionnaires were self-administered to respondents within Lahore. Apart from describing the data, Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were applied to determine sta...

Cultural differences in the amount of time spent on homework and in beliefs and attitudes about homework were investigated through interviews with more than 3,500 elementary school children, their mothers, and their teachers. The children lived in 5 cities: Beijing, Chicago, Minneapolis, Sendai (Japan), and Taipei. Chinese children were assigned more homework and spent more time on homework than Japanese children, who in turn were assigned more and spent more time on homework than American children. Chinese children also received more help from family members with their homework than did American and Japanese children. Chinese children were found to have more positive attitudes about homework than American children; Japanese children's attitudes were between those of the Chinese and American children. Relations between amount of time spent on homework by children, amount of time parents spent assisting their children with homework, and children's achievement were also explored. The views of both parents and teachers about the value of homework are discussed.

El propósito de esta investigación fue conocer el signifi cado psicológico de los términos Buen Maestro y Mal Maestro en un estudio exploratorio, utilizando la técnica de redes semánticas naturales. La muestra fue de 200 profesores y 200 alumnos de licenciatura de la Universidad Iberoamericana, de ambos sexos, y de cuatro diferentes áreas académicas (Físico-Matemáticas, Químico-Biológicas, Económico-Administrativas y Sociales Artísticas), seleccionada de manera no probabilística. Los resultados ayudan a establecer las características generales que contribuyen a defi nir ambos perfi les y muestran las diferencias que existen en la conceptuación en los dos estímulos para todos los grupos estudiados.

Objective: We sought to develop an objective measurement of residents' laparoscopic ability by using a laparoscopic simulator assessment tool. Methods: An inexpensive laparoscopic simulator was developed. Three laparoscopic assessment procedures were created: 1) bead/pom-pom drop, 2) checkerboard drill, and 3) bead manipulation. Two minimally invasive surgeons and 8 PGY 3/4 and 15 PGY 1 residents were timed performing the 3 procedures. Ten of the PGY 1 residents were retested at the end of their PGY 1 year. Results: The minimally invasive surgeons completed the laparoscopic drills in approximately half the time of the PGY 3/4 (P=0.02), and PGY 3/4 were 60% faster than PGY 1 (P=0.01). PGY 1 completed the drills in half the time at the end of the PGY 1 year (P=0.005). As an objective measurement of residents' laparoscopic surgery competency, by the completion of the academic year, all PGY 1 residents must be able to complete the drills as fast as or faster than the original PG...

performance was evaluated by an examiner who was not connected with the project. Evaluation of results and impact The low performers included 15 men and 6 women aged 19-20 years. All came from high socioeconomic backgrounds and had gained high scores in their entrance examinations. Non-academic causes of low performance were stress resulting from language problems (8 ⁄ 21 students), problems in adjusting to life away from home (6 ⁄ 21), lack of self-confidence (12 ⁄ 21), fear of failure (8 ⁄ 21) and worry about the future (10 ⁄ 21). Academic problems included difficulty in managing study time (17 ⁄ 21), lack of concentration (10 ⁄ 21), inability to retain what was studied (10 ⁄ 21), examination anxiety (8 ⁄ 21), inability to write examinations (5 ⁄ 21), etc. Analysis by paired t-test revealed a statistically significant improvement in the post-programme performance of the 16 students who participated in the sessions (P < 0.001). The pre-and post-programme performances of the 6 low performers who did not participate in the project showed no statistically significant difference (P ¼ 0.518, Wilcoxon signed rank test). A post-programme questionnaire was administered to assess the participants' response to the intervention. The response was positive and majority of them felt that the sessions had helped to improve their performance (average score 3.63 ⁄ 6.00), change their study behaviour (3.69 ⁄ 6.00) and change their attitude (3.50 ⁄ 6.00). They felt that the strong point of this programme was that it gave them more confidence and boosted their self-esteem. It was concluded that poor performers can benefit from individually tailored remedial programmes which include counselling and training in study skills, along with good mentor support.

This short Country Report, a result of a larger infoDev-supported Survey of ICT in Education in Africa, provides a general overview of current activities and issues related to ICT use in education in the country. The data presented here should be regarded as illustrative rather than exhaustive. ICT use in education is at a particularly dynamic stage in Africa; new developments and announcements happening on a daily basis somewhere on the continent. Therefore, these reports should be seen as "snapshots" that were current at the time they were taken; it is expected that certain facts and figures presented may become dated very quickly. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are entirely those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of infoDev, the Donors of infoDev, the World Bank and its affiliated organizations, the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank cannot guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply on the part of the World Bank any judgment of the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. It is expected that individual Country Reports from the Survey of ICT and Education in Africa will be updated in an iterative process over time based on additional research and feedback received through the infoDev web site. For more information, and to suggest modifications to individual Country Reports, please see www.infodev.org/ict4edu-Africa.

Expertise of teachers has been the topic of many studies in the field of teacher education published in recent years. Less attention is, however, given to expertise of teacher educators; the focus of this study. The study examines the issue by discussing some of the literature on the ...

OBJECTIVES Educators often speak of web-based learning (WBL) as a single entity or a cluster of similar activities with homogeneous effects. Yet a recent systematic review demonstrated large heterogeneity among results from individual studies. Our purpose is to describe the variation in configurations, instructional methods and presentation formats in WBL.

Textbooks play an integral role in teaching and learning across disciplines and levels of undergraduate engineering education. In this paper we present an empirically derived framework for evaluating engineering textbooks, based on prior findings from the field of engineering education research. Our more specific focus is content related to DC resistive circuits. We begin with a review of prior literature on textbook analysis in engineering education and other fields, and then provide a detailed description of our analytic framework, which includes three different categories of analysis: presentation features, conceptual content, and use of analogies. To demonstrate the utility of the proposed framework, we apply it to the content of a first-year engineering textbook. Our analysis reveals significant gaps between the textbook's coverage of electric circuit theory and recent advances in engineering education research, which provide many insights about effective teaching and learning techniques based on a conceptual understanding approach. Our analysis is relevant for textbook authors, who can use the framework presented in this paper to guide textbook development and revision. Instructors can also benefit by using our criteria to evaluate and select textbooks, and incorporating supplemental materials to address common conceptual gaps.

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Background: Medical television programs offer students fictional representations of their chosen career. This study aimed to discover undergraduate medical students' viewing of medical television programs and students' perceptions of professionalism, ethics, realism and role models in the programs. The purpose was to consider implications for teaching strategies. Methods: A medical television survey was administered to 386 undergraduate medical students across Years 1 to 4 at a university in New South Wales, Australia. The survey collected data on demographics, year of course, viewing of medical television programs, perception of programs' realism, depiction of ethics, professionalism and role models. Results: The shows watched by most students were House, Scrubs, and Grey's Anatomy, and students nominated watching 30 different medical programs in total. There was no statistical association between year of enrolment and perceptions of accuracy. The majority of students reported that friends or family members had asked them for their opinion on an ethical or medical issue presented on a program, and that they discussed ethical and medical matters with their friends. Students had high recall of ethical topics portrayed on the shows, and most believed that medical programs generally portrayed ideals of professionalism well. Conclusions: Medical programs offer considerable currency and relevance with students and may be useful in teaching strategies that engage students in ethical lessons about practising medicine.

Introductory computer programming courses are inherently challenging for a variety of reasons. With increased demands for online delivery, the use of effective technologies, materials, and methods that best support online learning is essential to maximize student success. This article describes a recent study conducted at our institution with an overall objective to improve the design and online delivery of a

The RULER Approach ("RULER") is a settinglevel, social and emotional learning program that is grounded in theory and evidence. RULER is designed to modify the quality of classroom social interactions so that the climate becomes more supportive, empowering, and engaging. This is accomplished by integrating skill-building lessons and tools so that teachers and students develop their emotional literacy. In a clustered randomized control trial, we tested the hypothesis that RULER improves the social and emotional climate of classrooms. Depending upon condition assignment, 62 schools either integrated RULER into fifth-and sixth-grade English language arts (ELA) classrooms or served as comparison schools, using their standard ELA curriculum only. Multi-level modeling analyses showed that compared to classrooms in comparison schools, classrooms in RULER schools were rated as having higher degrees of warmth and connectedness between teachers and students, more autonomy and leadership among students, and teachers who focused more on students' interests and motivations. These findings suggest that RULER enhances classrooms in ways that can promote positive youth development. Keywords Emotional literacy. Social and emotional learning. Positive youth development. The RULER Approach The field of positive youth development holds that the needs of youth must be addressed by creating environments or settings that provide mutually supportive relationships with adults and peers and that encourage school achievement, problem solving, and civic engagement (Catalano et al. 2004). Efforts to promote positive youth development differ from those aimed at reducing risk factors in that the former are focused on enhancing skills, building assets, and promoting resilience to achieve positive outcomes (Catalano et al. 2002; Greenberg et al. 2003). Accordingly, intervention efforts typically utilize a skillbuilding, whole-child approach that is focused on cultivating assets as opposed to preventing problems. As the predominant settings that youth inhabit, schools are compelling intervention targets. This article presents data from the first year of a clustered randomized control trial (RCT) testing the impact of The RULER Approach ("RULER") on creating classroom settings that promote positive youth development (www.the rulerapproach.org). RULER is a social and emotional learning (SEL) program that is applied universally (i.e., with all teachers and all students within a school; Institute of Medicine 1994), and includes professional development for school leaders, teachers, and staff, as well as classroom instruction protocols to enhance skill-building opportunities and characteristics of the learning environment (Brackett et al. 2009; Maurer and Brackett 2004). The theory of change underlying RULER specifies that by changing the setting of the classroom, RULER will improve youth outcomes, including academic engagement and achievement, as well as relationships with peers and adults.

We use conceptual and empirical lenses to examine synergies between inquiry science and literacy teaching and learning of K-12 (kindergarten through high school) curriculum. We address two questions: (i) how can reading and writing be used as tools to support inquiry-based science, and (ii) how do reading and writing benefit when embedded in an inquiry-based science setting? After elaborating the theoretical and empirical support for integrated approaches, we discuss how to support their implementation in today’s complicated curricular landscape.

The purpose of the study was to identify attitudes towards breastfeeding and support for breastfeeding in public in a group of health teachers in the Department of Education. The study design was correlational descriptive. A self-administered questionnaire was used (Cronbach&#39;s alpha = 0.83) for 125 health teachers. Descriptive and inferential statistics (chi square and t test) were used for data analysis. 89.6% were women, 47.1% had 39 years of age or less, 76.4% were married, the median of years in the profession was 12.5. Only 8.8% had breastfed exclusively, 46.1% used artificial feedings exclusively, and 45.1% combined artificial milk and breast milk. A moderate/negative attitude towards breastfeeding was shown by 53.1%. 60.3% stated they agreed or totally agreed that in order to breastfeed the mother must follow a specific diet, 36.0% agreed or totally agreed that breast milk should alternate with artificial milk, and 100% of participants do not support breastfeeding in publ...

During recent years, many distance teaching as well as residential institutions have started to experiment with mobile learning through pilot projects as part of their e-learning and technology enhanced learning environments. Mobile learning should not be regarded as a medium for distance learning. However, because of the similar affordances of distance learning technologies and online and mobile learning, the established field of distance education can provide valuable insight into strategies, approaches and practical experiences with regard to the conception and organization of this new medium for learning. Distance teaching institutions have a long history and much experience with media-based instruction. This affords them an advantage in the development and application of new information and communication technologies (ICTs) for teaching and learning. Student support systems have existed in traditional distance education for decades. ICTs – especially mobile devices – open up ne...

This study examines the interaction between the fidelity of implementation of a set of research-based strategies-Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR)-and outcomes for students with mild to moderate disabilities using data from two nonoverlapping studies in middle school language arts and reading classrooms (Study 1) and middle school social studies and science classrooms (Study 2). The authors use a definition of fidelity that includes both the amount of CSR instruction delivered by teachers and the quality of implementation. Although there were no main effects for quality or amount of CSR instruction, in both studies there was an interaction effect between quality of implementation and special education status. The study used a within-groups design and multilevel analyses, and the results demonstrate that higher quality CSR instruction was associated with higher reading outcomes for students with disabilities. This finding was consistent across Study 1 and Study 2. Implications fo...

The use of modern communicative language teaching approaches in the language classrooms and the wide-spread use of English language have increased the demand to learn good communication skills but the existence of feelings as anxiety, apprehension and nervousness in learners may prevent them from learning to speak a second/foreign language. This study has attempted to investigate the factors that language anxiety can possibly stem from, both within the classroom environment and out of classroom in the wider social context, and the motivation needed for improving that anxiety by giving recommendations of a variety of strategies to cope with it. The past researchers, considering it a complex and multi-faceted psychological phenomenon, have suggested using a variety of perspectives and approaches to investigate the subject. A total of 50 participants, ESL/EFL learners participated in the investigation by answering the statements provided in three questionnaires. The findings suggest th...

The authors tested the hypothesis that race bias in teacher evaluations may be problem specific by examining the extent to which ratings of child behavior were influenced by the interaction between the race of the child and the type of presenting behavior. Teachers (N ϭ 197) were presented with three vignettes (overcontrolled, undercontrolled, and "normal"), systematically paired with a photograph of a male child (African American, Asian American, or Caucasian). Respondents rated the seriousness, referability, and typicality of the behavior; the child's family life; academic ability and performance; and causal dimensions. Although results did not reveal a bias in the ratings of African American students, data suggest that stereotypes remain embedded in teachers' interpretive framework for Asian Americans, particularly regarding expectations of overcontrolled traits.

In this article, the author synthesizes 25 years of his research on the personal therapy of mental health professionals. The author summarizes the high prevalence of personal treatment, its use by seasoned practitioners, its personal and professional goals, its typically positive outcomes, and its lasting lessons concerning the practice of psychotherapy. Particular attention is devoted to the therapist's selection of a personal therapist and the conduct of treatment with patients who are themselves psychotherapists in comparison with patients who are laypersons. The cumulative results indicate that personal therapy is an emotionally vital, interpersonally dense, and professionally formative experience that should be central to the development of health care psychologists.