This article comparatively studies non-traditional trade marks that have recently gained popularity in the European Union (EU) and Japan. Businesses invest in sensory marketing strategies to build a long-lasting and unforgettable experience with their consumers. The strategies include branding colour, sound, or the scent of products in a manner that challenges the traditional understanding of what a trade mark is. Despite their clear market advantages, nontraditional trade marks leave the question of drawing the borders of protection to relevant authorities. This study refers to the expansion of trade mark protection to non-traditional signs through the trade mark-balloon phenomenon. The practical significance of this article lies in the analysis of the different responses to the inflating trade mark balloon in the EU and Japan, as well as the boundaries of trade mark protection and the flexibility of the requirements of distinctiveness and representation in these jurisdictions. The scope of this study limits the definition of nontraditional trade marks to colour (colour per se and colour combinations), sound and scent marks. The trade mark laws and case law of the EU and Japan have been utilized to outline the non-traditional signs that are afforded trade mark protection.

598 DEPAUL LAW REVIEW [Vol. 50:597 oped in analog environments, we have found this thesis perhaps even more pertinent in digital contexts. In The Cultural Life of Intellectual Properties,2 Rosemary Coombe explored mass commercial culture and popular cultural ...

The effects of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) is one of the economic mysteries of the current literature. However, at sectoral-level, it has still failed to provide any obvious empirical evidence regarding any direct link between patents and productivity. The chief contribution of this research paper is to provide empirical evidence on how chemistry patents relate to productivity growth in the case of a low-tech intensive industry (Food, Beverage and Tobacco). In order to support both the theoretical and empirical findings of the literature a dynamic regression model is tested and found a valid representation of the negative relationship between food chemistry patents granted and productivity growth in the long run. Subsequently, some conclusions and policy implications are suggested in order to support the enhanced productivity growth performance of these food industries, highlighting the importance of changes in current property protection systems

Intellectual Property, Nollywood, Creative Industry, Nigerian Copyright Laws, Digital Copyright, International Trade & Development, Transactional Negotiation, Animation Rights, Naijacomedy, Folklore, Traditional Cultural Expressions, Celebrity Branding, Fashion Design, Trademarks, Cyberspace law, Contract laws, Creative Human Capital, Technology law, Technical Protection Measures, Nigerian Copyright Commission, U.S. Copyright Office, Afrollywood, Afrondise, Technical Protection Measure, Digital Copyright Millennium Act, ECOWAS, WTO, TRIPS, WIPO, Cultural Appropriation, Cultural Anachronism, Fair Use, Fair Dealing, Bollywood, Ghallywood, Hollywood, Kennywood, Jollywood, Joziwood, Vollywood, Piracy, Cinematography, Films, Animation, Fashion design, Folklore, Customary law, Nigerian Legal System, Music, Derivative Rights.

Trademarks, or brands, are symbols whose initial purpose is providing information about the source of a product. Yet, with the course of time, high-end brands have developed into symbols providing information about their owner's status rather than about the sold goods. This phenomenon naturally attracts imitation and status cheating, offering new challenges to established trademark doctrines. This chapter outlines the different legal perceptions of imitation in the U.S. and Continental Europe, while placing these perceptions into broader cultural contexts. It then focuses on the U.S. legal view on imitation of trademarks that serve as status symbols, pointing out that this view is “non-traditional” in American context, in the sense that it is inconsistent with U.S. traditional cultural values.

O artigo objetiva identificar aspectos da concepção de moralidade que orienta o procedimento administrativo de exame dos pedidos de registro de marcas pelos analistas do INPI. Em especial, nos interessam os sinais que foram indeferidos por terem sido classificados como ofensivos à moral e aos bons costumes. Neste sentido, o cerne da análise se volta para os casos em que os pedidos de registro foram negados com base inciso III, do art. 124, da Lei de Propriedade Industrial, que fixa que não são registráveis como marca “Expressão, figura, desenho ou qualquer outro sinal contrário à moral e aos bons costumes ou que ofenda a honra ou a imagem de pessoas ou atente contra liberdade de consciência, crença, culto religioso ou ideia e sentimento dignos de respeito e veneração”. Mas que moralidade é essa? Em levantamento efetuado no banco de dados do Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (INPI), referentes a pedidos de registros de marcas depositados entre setembro de 1987 a outubro de...

Nel mercato globale del vino i marchi d’impresa diventano sempre più importanti. Permettono facilmente di riconoscere aziende e prodotti e rappresentano un forte segno di identità che supporta i consumatori nel momento delle loro scelte.
Sono strumenti essenziali e preziosi per la comunicazione del vino e per la sua commercializzazione sul mercato nazionale e internazionale.
La creazione dei marchi per il vino, la loro gestione, la loro difesa è un’operazione strategica per le cantine che oggi si confrontano con un mercato complesso, non privo di insidie e di concorrenze non sempre leali.
Questo libro, per la prima volta nel panorama editoriale italiano dedicato all’Enologia, affronta tutti i temi relativi ai marchi in questo specifico, affascinante settore. Suggerisce opportune accortezze, fornisce consigli essenziali, illustra il contesto normativo che regola il mondo dei marchi nel settore enologico.
È di assoluta attualità essendo aggiornato con le modifiche legislative appena entrate in vigore in sede europea.
A fianco di una minuziosa parte teorica, ricca di esempi pratici, il libro presenta un vero e proprio “percorso” che, passo dopo passo, tocca tutte le tappe di un caso reale di scelta e registrazione di un marchio per una bottiglia di vino.

Re-enactment is a material response to the pervasive invisibility of Lilly Reich’s work. It arises with a clear motivation: to reveal the architecture designed by Lilly Reich for the German sections of the 1929 International Exposition inside eight Noucentista Palaces, an area that is fifty times greater in magnitude than the Pavilion itself.

Re-enactment occupies the heart of the Pavilion with the reconstruction of two of the display cases Lilly Reich originally designed for the Palaces. The intervention transforms a vertical element of light – the milky-colored double-glazed screen– into a lengthy horizontal display case and adds a vertical display case to a visitor’s path toward the inner reflecting pool. This reconstruction was possible thanks to the blueprints that Lilly Reich saved, moving them to Mühlhausen (Thuringia) during World War II, the originals of which are nowadays a part of the Lilly Reich Collection in the Mies van der Rohe Archive at the Museum of Modern Art in New York.

By presenting documents from another dozen of archives and private collections from Barcelona, Berlin, Dessau, Frankfurt am Main, Madrid, and Weimar, the horizontal display case provides an unprecedented tour through the Palaces. A letter from 1944, in which Lilly Reich regretted having lost “the big photos of Barcelona” after a bombing in Berlin, forges now a continuity with the photos –some of them unknown– exhibited in this intervention. All of them show how her display cases accomplished the scalar transition from the great variety of German products to the very diverse spatial structures of the Palaces. By means of two short films, the vertical display case highlights the immaterial heritage of the work made in Barcelona and reveals the Pavilion as an anteroom to more than 16.000 m2 of industrial exhibitions.

Virtual worlds may be the future of e-commerce. The game designers who created these thriving virtual worlds have discovered a much more attractive way to use the Internet: through an avatar. This avatar is your identity. It will be your trade mark. Trademarks, more than other species of intellectual property, are one step further from tangible property. Stephen Carter has called trademarks “owning what does not exist.” Every kind of intellectual property requires participants, users, to acquire value. What makes trademarks different is that they require participants to acquire meaning. This article deals with the complex problem of creating intangible property interests (i.e., trade marks) in what does not exist except in virtual reality. How do two parties with competing interests (game developers and the players) work to create trademarks within pre-trademarked worlds?

Using objective measures of investor protections in 170 countries, I establish that the level of investor protection matters for cross-country differences in GDP growth: countries with stronger protections tend to grow faster than those with poor investor protections.

This engaging and accessible study looks at the origins, evolution, purpose, and limitations of intellectual property. Detailing how intellectual property affects industry, politics, cultural expression, and medical research, Aram Sinnreich takes a multidisciplinary approach to uncover what’s behind the current debates and what the future holds for copyrights, patents, and trademarks.

Based on the notion that intellectual property law is not merely a property right but also a mechanism of cultural and economic regulation with significant consequences for democratic institutions, global businesses, arts, and the sciences, Sinnreich draws on media studies, communications, law, economics, and cultural studies as he provides a blueprint for understanding intellectual property rights and underlines the important and pervasive role that they play in everyone’s lives.

Publication Date (Yale Press): May, 2019.
Available for pre-order on Amazon: http://bit.ly/sinnIP

This article shows the results of an empirical study on the relationship between the economic and trademark activity. A collection of more than half a million trademarks with the Nice classification and the CNAE classification of the firms holding that marks has been used. This collection has been prepared thanks to the open data policy of the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office and the cooperation of firms using our TM data.  Merging the data produced by the trademark system with the firm databases produces added value and shows the benefits of the public open data initiatives. Crossing information from economic activity and trademark classification helps us to deepen in the activity of different economic sectors and in the characteristics and relation between both classification systems. Information theory concepts have proven very adequate in this work to describe these relationships. 

Hemos procedido a un estudio empírico relacionando la actividad económica con el uso de las marcas. Este estudio se ha llevado a cabo con una colección de más de medio millón de registros de marcas con las clasificaciones económicas de sus titulares basadas en la clasificación CNAE. Esta colección ha sido posible gracias a la política de datos abiertos de la OEPM. La fusión de datos de marcas con datos empresariales nos aporta un gran valor añadido y evidencia el interés de extender la política de datos abiertos en la administración. El cruce de datos de actividad económica y la clasificación de las marcas nos permite conocer las prácticas de los diferentes sectores económicos, así como la relación entre las clasificaciones CNAE y Niza.  Las herramientas estadísticas aportadas por la teoría de la información utilizadas han probado ser efectivas en la descripción de estas relaciones.

Protection of Trademark is of utmost importance for growth of the business in general, the Trademark is what distinguishes your business from others. The client might not even know the name of the Manufacture of his favorite product, but what drives him to buy such product is the Trademark which makes him recognize the product.
This paper entails all about Trademark Protection in Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar, explaining how Trademarks are registered, renewed,assigned and protected in both regions of the United Republic of Tanzania

A When approaching the topic of parody, questions usually arise as to the boundaries between parody and the original work, namely in the context of copyright. e legislative technique for settling those boundaries within the copyright context is not uniform throughout Europe. In particular, di culties can be detected at the primary level, concerning issues such as the nature of parody. Despite the uncertainties that surround the subject of parody in the eld of copyright, parody is no longer con ned to that domain and has in fact found its way into area of trademarks. Other unresolved problems also exist. In particular, whereas a common rationale concerning parody can be established for both copyright and trademarks, that rationale represents merely a starting point when it comes to ascertaining the limits of parody. e weighing of interests at stake and other relevant criteria are considered in this article with the intention of clarifying this matter. A comparative study of three chosen jurisdictions is also undertaken in order to shed light on this issue. e primary goal of this article, then, is to establish common standards in the speci c context of admissible parody, thereby providing some guidelines for future disputes.

La creatividad en la industria de la moda merece protección y uno de los vehículos más importantes son las marcas comerciales, pues es un activo intangible que permite distinguir productos y servicios. Es por ello que la tecnología es relevante para brindar una robusta protección y ello se realiza por un sistema de vigilancia adecuado.
De esta manera su busca evitar los conflictos en Internet o por el registro de otras marcas comerciales.

Il danno da contraffazione del marchio rimanda a un quantum debeatur spesso di non agevole determinazione
e si ispira a diversi criteri economici, di volta in volta applicabili alla specifica fattispecie. L’applicazione
di best practices e di standard di valutazione integrata, come ad esempio l’ISO 10668, proposti a livello
internazionale, riduce i margini di discrezionalità del valutatore e va opportunamente adattata al
danno che di volta in volta rileva, considerando aspetti economici e finanziari (come le mancate royalties),
ovvero un depauperamento anche di natura patrimoniale. La contabilizzazione dei marchi e dei costi e ricavi
che da essi promanano, pur con le criticità tipiche degli intangibili, rappresenta una preziosa e spesso
insostituibile base informativa storica per stime di danno emergente e lucro cessante, anche a livello
prospettico.

This paper deals with the registrability of non-conventional marks after the EU reform of trade marks and some technological developments, including the Internet of Things (IoT). Even if olfactory marks (scents or smells) are the chosen prism, most considerations apply also to other non-conventional marks, such as holograms, movements, and tastes. In the UK, whereas in theory olfactory trade marks can be registered, there have not been successful applications since the EU Court of Justice's decision in Ralf Sieckmann v Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt. This paper suggests that scents may be more easily registered in the near future as a consequence of the EU reform of trade marks and of technological innovation. The impact of Brexit is critically assessed and the implementation of the EU reform is foreseen.
The yet-to-be-transposed Trade Marks Directive introduces a new definition of trade marks where the graphic representation of the mark is no longer required. Under the new regime, those who want to register a smell will only need to represent it ‘in a manner which enables the competent authorities and the public to determine the clear and precise subject matter of the protection afforded to its proprietor’ (art 3(b)). Some difficulties may remain because the Trade Marks Directive incorporated the so-called Sieckmann criteria, that the (then graphical) representation must be ‘clear, precise, self-contained, easily accessible, intelligible, durable and objective’ (recital 13). However, even not going as far as arguing that ‘the amendments will abolish the Sieckmann judgement’ (Sahin 2016, 513), it is not excluded that the seven criteria may be interpreted differently in the future, for example as meaning that a combination of description, chemical formula and sample may meet the new requirements for registration. Indeed, with the new definition of trade marks there is a shift from the ‘how’ to the ‘who’. It is immaterial how the trade mark is represented (whether graphically or otherwise), as long as the competent authorities and the public can determine the subject matter of the protection. Arguably, the said combination of description, chemical formula, and sample may suffice from the authorities’ perspective. When it comes to the public, it is likely that this requirement will be absorbed by the distinctiveness. An unusual scent used consistently on a range of products or services of a single undertaking and accompanied by heavy advertising would easily put the public in the position to determine the subject matter of the protection, especially if distinctiveness is acquired through use; thus, the requirement could be easily made out. One could foresee a return to the case law ante Sieckmann that valued the customers’ viewpoint and stated, for instance, that an olfactory mark described as freshly cut grass will be recognised immediately by anyone, reminding ‘of spring, or summer, manicured lawns or playing fields, or other such pleasant experiences’ (Senta Aromatic [14]). The customers’ scent-related power of imagination cannot be underestimated. A number of scents can evoke clear memories and feelings.

A dare manforte alla pubblicità contribuiva in maniera assai cospicua
l’utilizzo, da parte delle ditte produttrici, di accattivanti marchi e segni distintivi di fabbrica, talmente incisivi da rimanere indissolubilmente legati, nell’immaginario collettivo, al prodotto cui erano apposti. Come non citare, a titolo di esempio, i marchi nominativi ed emblematici della « Singer », primo tra tutti quello con la ragazza che cuce a macchina tra le curve della lettera « S », o i disegni di stile egiziano e di fantasia, caratteristici di numerosi modelli di fine Ottocento e della prima metà del Novecento?

instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and/or universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at action@deped.gov.ph.

Ulusal ve uluslararası mevzuatlarda yerini alan marka kavramı süregelen zaman içerisinde birçok farklı türüyle hukuk aleminde özel ve önemli bir yer edinmiştir. Ülkemizde marka konusu ilk olarak 1995 yılında 556 sayılı Markaların Korunması Hakkında Kanun Hükmünde Kararname ile kodifiye edilmiştir. Akabinde ilgili KHK’nın mülga olmasıyla 10 Ocak 2017 tarihinde Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan 6769 Sayılı Sinai Mülkiyet Kanunu yürürlüğe girmiştir. Kanun’un 4.maddesinde marka kavramının tanımına yer vermiştir. Bu tanımla beraber marka olabilme koşullarına yeni bir koşul daha eklenerek; markanın işaret, ayırt etmeyi sağlama ve koruma konusunun kesin ve açık olarak anlaşılmasını sağlama olmak üzere üç temel düzlemde incelenmesi olanak tanımıştır.

Can  I  consent  to  an  infringement  of  my  Trademark? Yes.  In  a  case,  a  party  sued  the  defendants  for  infringement  of  trademark,  the defendants  defended  themselves  by  saying  the  party  had  acquiesced  to  the  use  of  the infringing  trademark.  The  Court  decided  that  since  the  defendants  had  used  the infringing  trademark  since  1958  and  since  they  had  done  good  business  without opposition;  their  use  of  the  trademark  was  honest  and  concurrent.  The  Court  further stated  that  the  party  openly  acquiesced  in  the  concurrent  use  of  the  trademark  similar  or indeed  identical  with  their  own  for  a  considerable  length  of  time  and  it  would  be  unjust at  this  time  (about  14  years  later)  to  ask  the  defendants  to  stop  using the  mark.  The  Court thus  refused to  remove  the  infringing  trademark  from  the  Register.

El fallo bajo comentario se inserta en el amplio problema de la responsabilidad de proveedores de servicios de Internet (ISP o “Internet Service Providers”) por conductas de terceros que implican infracciones a la propiedad intelectual y otros derechos. Aquí se discutió acerca de la responsabilidad que cabe al operador de un sitio donde terceros ofrecen mercaderías, muchas de ellas protegidas por marcas, algunas de las cuales son apócrifas o falsas.
En particular, este caso se refiere a infracciones marcarias y en concreto a la publicidad y venta de mercaderías falsificadas que afectan los derechos de un titular de marca notoria. El reclamo, en breve síntesis, solicita el cese de uso de las marcas notorias y la reparación por el uso indebido. Adicionalmente, el demandante solicitó la destrucción de todos los elementos en infracción y la publicación de la sentencia condenatoria. En primera instancia se concedió la indemnización y se ordenó la publicación de la sentencia. En el fallo de la Cámara se dieron mayores fundamentos en cuanto a la responsabilidad del demandado y se amplió la decisión en relación con el cese de uso, ordenando a las partes conductas definidas hacia el futuro.
Las cuestiones debatidas en el caso son, entre otras: ¿es responsable el operador de un sitio de ofertas por las infracciones de terceros?; ¿qué diligencia es requerida al operador cuando un titular marcario reclama por infracciones?; ¿en qué medida los “términos generales de utilización” propuestos por el titular del sitio pueden ser eximentes de responsabilidad?; ¿qué nivel de control sobre las actividades de los terceros es considerada suficiente para involucrar responsabilidad del operador?; ¿todos los usos de una marca de terceros son ilícitos?, o en otros términos, ¿puede un titular marcario impedir todo tipo de uso o mención de su marca?; ¿qué responsabilidad cabe al operador del sitio por la información brindada a los consumidores?; ¿qué indemnización corresponde en caso de que el operador resulte responsable? No todos estos asuntos podrán ser abordados en el presente comentario.

This paper presents a brief study on position and color trademarks, through the analysis of the famous trademark infringement lawsuit proposed by Christian Louboutin against Yves Saint Laurent in order to protect his famous red soles.

O presente trabalho apresenta um breve estudo sobre as marcas de posição e cromáticas, fazendo-se um recorte na famosa ação de violação marcária proposta por Christian Louboutin em face da Yves Saint Laurent por conta de seus solados vermelhos.

VERGAÇA, Beatriz. Sinais Distintivos Não Tradicionais: O Caso Louboutin. Revista da ABPI – Associação Brasileira da Propriedade Intelectual, Rio de Janeiro, v. 148, p. 39-53, maio/junho, 2017.

The thesis Forensic analysis of graphic trademarks aims at using insights from Multimodal Social Semiotics (MSS) in the pursuit of trademark counterfeiters. It proposes a method of comparative analysis of graphic trademarks, which is an improvement over the current state of the art in trademark practice, the so-called “assessment of likelihood of confusion”. In other words, the undertaking in the thesis falls within the overall scope of forensic science.
More specifically, the thesis sets out to answer the question: “How can a Multimodal Social Semiotic approach to graphic form be made applicable in a forensic comparative analysis of two-dimensional graphic trademarks in order to make the assessment of likelihood of confusion more (i) systematic, (ii) precise, (iii) measurable and (iv) comparable”?
The thesis concludes that, overall, MSS is very apt as a theoretical framework for such analysis. However, because of the stylistic nature of the similarities between the trademarks in many trademark infringement cases, and because MSS does not have the descriptive readiness for the expression plane of graphics, the thesis also concludes that MSS in its current state of development falls short of capturing the similarities and differences of the trademarks in the 12 cases of the corpus in a systematic, precise, measurable and comparable way.
The thesis responds to this lack by developing a theory of the expression plane of graphics within the Hallidayian architecture of stratification. This entails the description of graphic expression at a diachronic, graphetic- and a synchronic, graphological stratum.
Hallidayian “Systemic Functional Linguistics”, from which MSS and thus also this thesis has inherited its key heuristics, has been developed as a theory of language. In order to cater for the fact that trademarks are not language and have very different conditions for articulation and perception than language, the proposed graphetic and graphological approach to analysis of trademarks have been developed within an overarching ecosocial framework with the act of graphic articulation at the core.
In the thesis, acts of graphic articulation are regarded as pivotal in graphic events at many timescales: The logogenetic “event of confusion”, in which a trademark is (potentially) mistaken for another trademark, the ontogenetic growth of graphic literacy in the individual and the phylogenetic emergence of graphic conventions.
The setting of the suggestions for forensic comparative analysis within an ecosocial framework is precisely what makes them compatible with “the event of confusion” in trademark practice. The compatibility rests on the correlation of the event of confusion in trademark practice and the logogenetic event of social semiotics.

In order to answer the research question, the thesis goes through a series of steps:

Chapter 2, “Design of the Inquiry”, discusses certain aspects of the knowledge production of the thesis. The fact that the thesis straddles three very different fields of knowledge, (i) trademark practice, (ii) graphic design and (iii) MSS, poses a challenge, because each field has its own version of what trademarks are and how their function should be understood. Crucially, the discussion revolves around the event of confusion. The event of confusion is a concept proposed in the thesis in order to mark out a common ground, which can accommodate all three professional practices. It is the event during which someone is exposed to a trademark and either recognizes it or mistakes it. Traditionally, trademark practice has regarded what happens in the event of confusion as a psychological perception-event, which takes place in the minds of consumers. However, the thesis suggests regarding the event of confusion as a social, communicative event. This entails regarding the event of confusion as an event during which semiotic resources, which are shared by the communicating parties, are instantiated in an event of articulation as well an event of perception.

Chapter 3, “State of the art”, gives a survey of semiotic approaches to trademarks based on selected literature. The aim is to determine whether previous descriptions of trademarks can provide a starting point for an analytical scheme, which is adequate for forensic purposes. Concentrating on literature from (i) trademark practice, (ii) marketing and branding theory and (iii) graphic design practice, it concludes that the typological nature of their models makes them unable to analytically capture the kind of differences and similarities in cases like the ones in the corpus of the thesis.

Chapter 4, “Multimodal Social Semiotics”, gives a general introduction to the social semiotic paradigm and discusses the origin of MSS in Michaels Halliday’s SFL. The discussion revolves around the status of the communicative system in social semiotic theory. There are two fundamentally different ways of regarding the system, one diachronic and one synchronic. The aim of this thesis, to develop a descriptive scheme for graphic form that is systematic, precise, measurable and comparable, is ultimately a synchronic venture. However, any synchronic, structural description entails a diachronic, dynamic analysis (cf. Lemke). As a result, the thesis proposes a theory of both diachronic graphetics and synchronic graphology.
Another important aspect of the system, which is discussed in the chapter, is the nature of the system’s environment. An increasing sensitivity to diachronically oriented explanations of the system’s architecture, which has led to an ecosocial understanding of the system’s relation to its environment, is a relatively new development in social semiotics. The thesis proposes to take the consequence of this development and suggests a revised model of stratification, which assigns an explicit place to “the body” in the system’s ecosocial environment.
Finally, the chapter discusses the nature of the typical objects of MSS study. Although they may include instances of language, frequently they do not. As a result, MSS objects of study tend to be fundamentally different from the linguistic objects studied in SFL. They are typically (although not exclusively) simultaneously rather than sequentially constituted.  One consequence of this difference is that – although MSS is derived from SFL – its focus has shifted and has become, in a sense, inherently paradigmatic in the way it models the system. Because of this, many MSS theoreticians favour a descriptive architecture, which does not accommodate the concept of “duality of patterning” in the same way as SFL does. However, the thesis proposes to renegotiate the concept of duality of patterning, taking paradigmatic choice rather than syntagmatic sequence as the point of departure for the second articulation of meaningless but meaning-differentiating differences.

Chapter 5, “Shortcomings of MSS”, carries out an analysis of one case from the corpus of the thesis (Nike, Inc. vs. Li-Ning Company, Inc.) in order to substantiate the hypothesis that state of the art MSS has no descriptive readiness for graphic form and, as a result, will fall short of explaining the differences and similarities of the cases in the corpus.

Chapter 6, “Graphetics”, explores a diachronic approach to graphic expression. The resulting theory of graphetics pivots around the concept of “the event of articulation”. The notion that a trademark, which is perceived in the event of confusion, is the material trace of a prior event of articulation is crucial to the way the thesis proposes to improve the assessment of likelihood of confusion.
At the core of “the event of articulation” is, of course, the concept of graphic (or indeed multimodal) “articulation” inspired by the linguistic study of articulatory phonetics. However, a new definition of articulation is needed because the object of study is not language. Ideally, because the theoretical frame is MSS, such a definition should be able to capture any articulation of any signifier in any semiotic modality. Therefore, the thesis defines articulation as an event, which occurs when a performer acts bodily to manipulate the material substance of a semiotic mode as an effect of his communicative intent. This concept is different from the linguistic one. The linguistic study of articulatory phonetics is based on a localized, substance-ontological, synchronic and general description of the human vocal tract, which makes sense because the various organs of the vocal tract can produce distinct sounds that distinguish linguistic meanings. However, a given graphic form can be produced in countless different ways using many different parts of the body. Therefore, the thesis proposes a non-localized, process-ontological, diachronic and individual view of the body as the point of departure for the concept of multimodal articulation. Such a concept of articulation must factor in the affordances and restrictions for action presented by both the body and the various substances manipulated in an act of articulation, as well as the way the body interfaces with them. Chapter 6, discusses “the body”, “tools” and “substances” as sources of affordance for articulation.

Chapter 7, “Graphology”, explores a synchronic approach to graphic expression. It is the thesis’ primary response to the requirements set forth by the research question. The proposed theory of graphology pivots around the concept of paradigmatic choice relations. The chapter asks which formal choices, or structural variables, are available to us when we make graphic meaning. The chapter has three sections. The first one proposes a rudimentary method of analysing the simultaneously constituted graphic structure. This is necessary because it is virtually impossible to discuss structural choice potential without reference to instantiated structure. The second and third sections focus on two crucial aspects of formal properties of graphics;...

The Intellectual Property Right is an effective means of safeguarding the creativity conducted in a business process. The intellectual property right is a branch of law that prioritizes the innovation and skill of an artist. It states that it is vital to recognize the artist regarding their art and secure them from being unauthorized utilized to reproduce work. Contemporary art refers to the artwork that is being produced in the 21st century. This includes performing business activities, the trade secrets and contracts that need to be protected from being copied unethically by a third party. Artistic work and innovation are the direct means of success and competitive advantage in the current business situations. It must be protected from being copied to ensure expansion and business growth. The research highlights the critical interconnection between contemporary art and saving the same through intellectual property law.

""This paper presents an important move towards the development of information, communication and technology with the protection of software in Tanzania. Three laws the Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act of 1999 [Cap 218 R.E. 2002], The Patents (Registration) Act Of 1987 [CAP 217 R.E. 2002] and The Trade and Service Marks Act of 1986 [Cap 326 R.E. 2002] will be examined to see whether they cater the needs for the software protection in the digital environment.
The contrast and comparison between intellectual property laws of USA and UK in software protection and various cases (case laws) will be explained to see whether there is a gap or not. And lastly personal assessment of the matter, especially by looking at the law's position in Tanzania.
""

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Matal v. Tam that the disparagement
clause in the Lanham Act was unconstitutional. This case was just another
in a line of commercial speech cases to expand the rights of corporations.
This ruling also further limits the legal options for tribes to protect their
cultural identity from exploitation. In response, this paper forwards a legal
argument applying the tenets of federal Indian law and commercial speech
doctrine to assist tribes in protecting their cultural sovereignty. First, the
paper examines prominent cases of cultural misappropriation in sports,
fashion and sin advertising. Next, the paper outlines the foundations of
commercial speech law and federal Indian law. Finally, the paper argues
that pursuant to the federal trust responsibility, Central Hudson and
Montana—tribal cultural property should receive special protection against
unauthorized use in the commercial sphere

Welcome back to Court Uncourt - your definitive source for all things legal. As we grow and diversify our presence, we continue to be guided by our core principles and deliver you bespoke legal information that is relevant, important and insightful for you and your business. Court Uncourt continues to look for context and insght that pique your curiosity. The present issue covers topics that aim at putting your curiosity to rest and at the same time increase your understanding on key legal matters you should know!

We take this opportunity to thank everyone for their overwhelming feedback and interest in Court Uncourt. Not only are we seeing developments in the legal universe, we at STA are also in process of some exciting advances. What are these, you may ask? Watch this space and the next issue as we deliver on putting your curiosity to rest. Thanks for reading!

This feature of Court Uncourt covers diverse topics including:-

1. Registration of Colour Marks - Overview of Trademark Law of UAE and Global Overview

2. Commercial Agency Law of Qatar

3. Crash and Splash - Maritime Collisions under UAE Maritime and Shipping Law

4. Sherlock Homes of Today - Role of Forensics in Criminal Investigations under UAE Law

5. Arbitration in UAE

6. Sports Law in UAE

7. Bitcoins -Decrypting the Currency

This report presents a critical discussion of the hot topics in the intersection of intellectual property law with innovation and competition law and policy. The report examines first the interaction between horizontal IP rules and sector specific IP regimes. It then delves into the analysis of the interface between competition law enforcement and IP rights in Europe and in the United States, before examining the doctrine of exhaustion in these jurisdictions, which is particularly interesting in view of some recent case law of the US Supreme Court. The final part of the study focuses on issues of governance of IP law and competition law and more generally the need for establishing cross-disciplinary links between these two areas of law and between the institutions in charge of their enforcement.

""Abstract.
You are about to start an important journey.
Recently, nations depend more in cyber networks to bring national prosperities, and provide government with various services. But these networks intrude, destruct and attack our property, privacy, economy, social life in a way which is harmful.
This paper presents important issues on the what, when, where, who, which and how are the Liabilities of Intellectual Property in the Cyber Space, the reaction of competition laws on intellectual property disputes in the cyberspace, and Competent Authority in solving the disputes. The paper consists of four parts in Romanic Numbers.
The attempt here is simply to familiarize the reader with a careful understanding of the term Liability, history, and types of Liability and how these have been affected in the Information Age.
In Part II, one has to know the concept of Intellectual Property; this will include meaning, background, types and their Liability in Information Age.
Part III will explain on Uncompetitive Behaviours, especially on Competition Liability and Competent Authority dealing with various competition disputes involving Intellectual Property in Information Age.
And finally the Personal Assessment basically in Tanzanian Laws in respect to intellectual property and competition in Information Age (Part IV).
""