Crowdsourcing has become a mega trend in recent years, fueling innovation and collaboration in research,
business, society, and government alike.

In this paper, we provide an overview of the theoretical contributions of crowdsourcing to improve democratic governance. We then examine the critical factors necessary for successful crowdsourcing in general (Sharma 2010) and discuss the inherent challenges and risks, particularly in fragile states. We then provide numerous examples from important crowdsourcing and interactive mapping phenomena and initiatives in Haiti, Libya, Sudan, and Guinea
among others. Most of these examples were taken from personal experience, and their accuracy was  checked with key actors. We return to analyzing these cases according to Sharma’s framework. Finally, we provide recommendations for donors.

Specifically, the study determined the effect of fairness on procurement ethical practices; investigated the effect of transparency on procurement ethical practices; assessed the effect of integrity on procurement ethical practices; and finally evaluated the effect of code of ethics and conduct on procurement ethical practices. A case study design adopted in which 23 (twenty-three) employees were selected and served with questionnaires whereas 7 (seven) employees were purposively sampled for a face to face interview, thus making a total of 30 (thirty) respondents. Quantitative data were analyzed through descriptive analysis, whereas qualitative data were analyzed through thematic and content analysis. The study findings indicate that adherence to code of ethics and conduct, fairness, transparency and integrity in the procurement process; have positive influence on the level of ethical practices achieved by the entity in its procurement process. The study concludes that enhanced ethical practices coupled with compliance with rules and regulations will close rooms for procurement corruption and fraud in the public entities. The study further recommends that ethical procurement practices should consistently be monitored and evaluated so as to ensure that procurement activities are conducted in a fair, transparent and in compliant manner with the applicable legal and regulatory framework

Visual management aims to connect and align the principles, goals and culture of a company through the practical transmission of information in the workplace itself, creating an efficient flow of information and a high transparent of the work environment. The inability of a production process to communicate with people directly contributes to the construction's low production performance, increases process rework / waste and reduces the quality of the work environment and the final product. Therefore, the research seeks to identify how visual management can be practised in the construction industry and to measure its influence on the production management when applied to a construction site of a multi-floors building. In order to achieve this, the research methodology was based on qualitative information and used bibliographic research, example analysis, data collection and field research. Several visual management applications that could be implemented on a construction site were presented regarding: 5s, site layout, element standardization, general indicators, production guidance, problem solving and continuous improvement, safety and material and logistics management, pull production through kanban, production levelling through heijunka box, andon, prototyping, sampling, poka-yoke and prefabrication, highlighting its functions, its mode of application and the importance that this system has in the construction management process. It is concluded that visual devices really are extremely effective in a work environment, increase self-management of the place and, due to their simplicity, do not demand high investments and are hardly rejected by users. For this reason, a great opportunity to apply lean construction philosophy to construction companies.

Habitat features influence the ecological interactions and spatial distribution of fish species. For example, water transparency and macrophyte cover, as well as their interaction, can strongly influence predation risk and mortality. Tethering trials were conducted in Lake St. Pierre (Quebec, Canada) to assess the effects of water transparency and macrophyte cover on the mortality risk of eight abundant fish species; Brown Bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus), Mooneye (Hiodon tergisus), Emerald Shiner (Notropis atherinoides), Golden Shiner (Notropis crysoleucas), Blacknose Shiner (Notropis heterolepis), Spottail Shiner (Notropis hudsonius), Trout-perch (Percopsis omiscomaycus), and Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens). Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that mortality risk varied substantially among three groups of species having high, intermediate, or low survival rates. Species with spines appeared to have higher survival rates, consistent with the notion that spines deter predators. Cox regression models showed that mortality risk for six of the eight species was influenced by water transparency or an interaction of transparency with macrophyte cover. Mortality risk was generally greatest at low transparency. Variation in water transparency may generate spatial heterogeneity in fish abundance, either through direct effects, such as local reduction in prey numbers by predation, or indirect effects, such as behavioural avoidance of risky areas by prey.

Purpose: This paper aims to define a set of banking operating regulations for financial transparency, corporate governance, and bank information disclosure. Design: Bank governance, financial transparency, and information disclosure are amongst the most important solutions to attract public trust to financial and banking operations. In order to reach this goal, a new set of regulations should be designed to solve the problem. In this way, Rastin Banking regulations can provide a base to obtain a better information circulation and higher clarity. Findings: A draft of regulations for financial transparency, governance, and bank information disclosure is presented in this paper, which can be employed as a basis for the codification of the respective law. Research limitations: Since such kinds of regulations are novel for banks, they are required to be meticulously scrutinized in the first place, and after adaptation, adjustment, and performing the necessary modifications, the code of law can be codified. Practical implications: Bank managers, through granting various concessions to themselves and their own stakeholders, have violated the rights of shareholders, depositors, and other stakeholders. This issue, through applying the governance methods, is adjustable to a great extent. Social implications: This procedure is a model that can be adopted in other countries, especially those countries that have essential ambiguities in their banking and financial operations. Value: Clearly, the lack of transparency in banking operations can gradually weaken the trust of depositors, stakeholders, and shareholders, and result in probable abuses and damages to all parties in the bank's contracts. This article fulfills an identified need and solves the practical problem in financial abuses, corruption, and collusion, and can provide positive and essential effects on creating public trust in financial operations.

La transparencia en las instituciones públicas, además de ser una obligación legal en determinados aspectos, es un deber moral con la ciudadanía, que confía en los representantes políticos para gestionar adecuadamente su país, incluidos los recursos que, vía impuestos, administran dichas instituciones; y es, también, un factor diferencial, un elemento de valor añadido que aporta reputación y prestigio a la administración que apuesta decididamente por ella. Valores que se traducen en confianza hacia esa institución y, lo más importante, en confianza en el sistema político, profundizando así en la participación ciudadana, en su capacidad de decisión, en la configuración de una opinión pública mejor formada y, en definitiva, en la mejora de la estabilidad y la calidad democrática.

Th is book explores the activism promoted by organised networks of civil society actors in opening up possibilities for more democratic supranational governance. It examines the positive and negative impact that such networks of civil society actors – named “interlocutory coalitions” – may have on the convergence of principles of administrative governance across the European legal system and other supranational legal systems.
Th e book takes two main controversial aspects into account: the first relates to the convergence between administrative rules pertaining to different supranational regulatory systems. Traditionally, the spread of methods of administrative governance
has been depicted primarily against the background of the interactions between the domestic and the supranational arena, both from a top-down and bottom-up perspective. However, the exploration of interactions occurring at the supranational
level between legal regimes is still not grounded on adequate empirical evidence.
The second controversial aspect considered in this book consists of the role of civil society actors operating at the supranational level. In its discussion of the first aspect, the book focuses on the relations between the European administrative law and the
administrative principles of law pertaining to other supranational regulatory regimes and regulators, including the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organization, the United Nations, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the Asian Development Bank, and the Council of
Europe. The examination of the second aspect involves the exploration of the still little examined, but crucial, role of civil society organised networks in shaping global administrative law. These “interlocutory coalitions” include NGOs, think tanks,
foundations, universities, and occasionally activists with no formal connections to civil society organisations. Th e book describes such interlocutory coalitions as drivers of harmonized principles of participatory democracy at the European and global levels.
However, interlocutory coalitions show a number of tensions (e.g. the governability of coalitions, the competition among them) that may hamper the impact they have on the reconfi guration of individuals’ rights, entitlements and responsibilities in the global arena.

Increasing land use pressure has resulted in increasing suspended solids loading to many African lakes in recent decades, causing concern that littoral habitat may be degraded by sedimentation and light limitation. In a companion paper in this issue, we showed that much runoff into Lake Malawi plunges below the euphotic zone and spreads through the lake via the upper metalimnion, thus mitigating nearshore and upper water column impacts. In this study we use data from multiple surveys through two rainy seasons to describe spatio-temporal distributions of suspended solids concentration (SSC) and transparency caused by the flow of runoff through the Linthipe River delta region of Lake Malawi. SSC in interflow at 30-50 m depth was typically an order of magnitude greater than in surface plumes. Seasonal median transparency near the river mouth was inversely proportional to the suspended load in surfacebuoyant inflow, but independent of total loading. This is because storm runoff was more dense (cooler and with higher SSC) than runoff during low-flow periods, so that it was more likely to plunge. The effect was to moderate inter-annual variability in light attenuation near the river mouth because transparency was lower (due to more surface-buoyant inflow of turbid water) in the year when solar irradiance was higher (less cloud cover). The effect was, however, local. Beyond a few kilometers of the river mouth upward mixing of suspended particles carried in interflow reasserted the more intuitive inverse dependence of transparency on total loading.

Despite the Open Government (Parliament) initiatives and notions of a 'democratic parliament', the relationship between legislatures and citizens remains seriously under-researched. This article introduces a comprehensive analytical framework, combining the normative principles of visibility, accessibility, and permeability with practical indicators (parliament as public space, sharing of information, contact with MPs, media and digital engagement, transparency of legislative process, and actual participation in legislative decision-making), for assessing the public engagement of parliaments. Applying this framework to the Finnish Eduskunta, the authors show that despite recent reforms that have partially 'opened up' parliamentary proceedings and attempted to connect citizens to democratic process, there remains scope for reforms and innovations. The Eduskunta should embrace a more positive approach towards new forms of civic participation, particularly regarding how its influential committees operate. The findings reflect the tensions between, or the difficulties in reconciling, traditional forms of representative democracy with alternative and more direct channels of political participation.

We all want to build something that matters. From the Advisory Services perspective, no matter the business line, it's about helping meaningful players accomplish sustainable results. However, entering a continent with a new product is something that can be extremely challenging. This SmartLesson tells of a project that-against all odds-installed the first online collateral registry in Africa, designed in line with international best practices and following principles established by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law.

This paper aimed to explain public financial governance based on good governance implementation in Jakarta Provincial Government. This paper specifically discussed towards transparancy implementation of local budget (APBD) through open data portal that publishes budget data to public. In general, financial transparency through open data has met Transparency 2.0 standards, namely the existence of encompassing, one-stop, one-click budget accountability and accessibility. But there are indeed some shortcomings that are still a concern in order to continue to maintain commitment to the principle of transparency, namely by updating data through consistent data visualization.Transparency of public finance needs to continue to be developed and improved through various innovations to maintain public trust in the government. Abstrak Artikel ini bertujuan untuk melihat praktik penyelenggaraan tata kelola keuangan publik berbasis good governance yang dilaksanakan Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta. Tulisan ini spesifik membahas praktik transparansi APBD DKI Jakarta melalui portal open data yang mempublikasikan data anggaran kepada publik. Secara umum, transparansi keuangan melaui open data telah memenuhi standar Transparency 2.0, yaitu adanya encompassing, one-stop, one-click budget accountability and accessibility. Namun masih ada beberapa kekurangan yang perlu menjadi perhatian agar terus menjaga komitmen prinsip transparansi, yaitu dengan pembaharuan data melalui visualisasi data yang berjalan konsisten. Transparansi keuangan publik perlu terus dikembangkan dan ditingkatkan melalui berbagai inovasi untuk menjaga kepercayaan publik kepada pemerintah.

Resumen El propósito de este artículo es mostrar los resultados de un trabajo de investigación que se orientó a establecer si las medianas empresas de la ciudad de Barranquilla llevan a cabo procesos de selección y contrata ción de personal de manera justa, cuidando las políticas y procedimientos de las empresas. Para ello se utilizó la información suministrada por la Cámara de Comercio (2008) y el DANE (2005), que permitió hacer un muestreo aleatorio entre 260 empresas; se diseñaron dos modelos de en cuesta y un modelo de entrevista que permitió apreciar la realidad de la situación laboral; simultáneamente, se entrevistó a los jefes de recursos de las compañías que suministraron la información base para determinar la realidad en los Procesos de Selección, y finalmente, para comparar la información se tomó una muestra representativa de la población laboral mente activa.

Devolution under Kenya's new 2010 Constitution has wide-ranging implications for the water sector. The Constitution recognizes that access to safe and sufficient water is a basic human right. It also assigns responsibility for water supply and sanitation provision to 47 newly established counties. Effective implementation of the new devolved framework now requires the water sector to focus on the emerging opportunities and to address a number of challenges. This note analyses the pertinent issues and options for national government and county leadership to achieve sustainable delivery of improved water services under the new dispensation.

This paper analyses the strength of the new laws regulating lobbying in Ireland and the United Kingdom (UK). This examination was conducted using the Centre for Public Integrity’s (CPI) “Hired Guns” quantitative method for assessing the stringency of lobbying legislation. These laws were introduced, after years of unfulfilled promises and scandals, in an effort to increase the public’s trust in their representative institutions. We find that the Irish Regulation of Lobbying Act 2015 offers a slightly higher level of transparency than the UK’s Transparency of Lobbying, Non-Party Campaigning and Trade Union Administration Act 2014. Additionally, using the CPI’s index allows our findings to be compared with those from other jurisdictions around the world with lobbying regulations in place.

Product lifecycle management is an important aspect of today's industry, as it serves to facilitate information exchange and management between most, if not all, stages of a product's existence. As exchanged product information is inevitably subjected to multiple transformations and derivations, information transparency between lifecycle stages can be difficult to achieve. Synthesizing representations of product information across the lifecycle, by creating a lifecycle-stageindependent platform, can provide transparent access to information for both upstream and downstream applications. In this paper, we review previous and ongoing efforts using ontologies as a means to support information integration and interoperability throughout the lifecycle of a product. We propose that existing efforts can be leveraged to create an upper-tiered ontology for product information. The resulting ontology, a core model for product lifecycle information, would support the synthesis and exchange of product information across lifecycle stages, improving access to this information and facilitating lifecycle thinking. We discuss the use of ontologies as a means to create and link paradigm-independent representations. We discuss the translations that product information may face when integrated through ontologies, and the extent to which the integrity of the information can be preserved across the lifecycle. We investigate the role of information quality in the exchange and evolution of product information across the lifecycle. Finally, we discuss the application of an upper-tiered ontology, particularly the advantages offered by increased transparency and interoperability, as a means to support lifecycle thinking for mitigating a product's sustainability impact.

The paper introduces a patient-oriented concept of transparency in
application to medical AI systems. It is argued that the patient’s perspective
differs significantly from the user’s perspective and that there is a need to rethink
what transparency entails for a patient rather than for a professional user. It
is suggested that there are two major factors that influence the concept of
transparency if we take the patient into account: (a) the active patient paradigm
and (2) the patient’s trust in the medical sphere. It is further argued that, for an
active patient, it is important to be able to make an informed decision about her
health and voice criticism of a diagnosis/treatment, if she has sufficient ground
for it. This poses one type of constraint on the concept of transparency. The other
type of constraint derives from the fact that, in order to be trusted, medical
expertise must be rooted in scientific methodology.

available at: http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2737/

This paper analyzes several emerging transnational regulatory systems that engage, but are not centered on state legal systems. Driven primarily by civil society organizations, the new regulatory systems use conventional technical standard setting and certification techniques to establish market-leveraged, social and environmental regulatory programs. These programs resemble state regulatory programs in many important respects, and are increasingly legalized. Individual sectors generally have multiple regulatory programs that compete with, but also mimic and reinforce each other. While forestry is the most developed example, similar patterns are evident in agriculture, fisheries, apparel, and mining, among other sectors.

A novel poly(o-hydroxyamide) (PHA) based photosensitive polymer that exhibits high transparency at 365 nm wavelength (i-line) has been developed. Timedependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations using the B3LYP hybrid functional were performed to predict the transparencies of various hydroxyamides in the i-line region. Based on the calculations, 4,4 0 -sulfonylbis(o-aminophenol) (SAP) was prepared and polymerized with 4,4 0 -oxybis(benzoyl chloride) (OBBC), and the resulting PHA, which is abbreviated as PHA-S, showed a high transparency comparable to that of PHA derived from 4,4 0 -(hexafluoroisopropylidene)bis(o-aminophenol). Positive-type photosensitive PHA was then formulated based on PHA-S with a crosslinker 1,3,5-tris[(2-vinyloxy)ethoxy]benzene (TVEB) and a photoacid generator (5-propylsulfonyloxyimino-5H-thiophen-2-ylidene)-2-(methylphenyl)acetonitrile (PTMA) (17:3:1 in weight ratio), and demonstrated photosensitivity and contrast of 14 mJ/cm 2 and 2.7, respectively, when the resist film was prebaked at 120 8C for 5 min, irradiated by i-line, post exposure baked at 120 8C for 5 min, developed with an 2.38 wt% TMAH solution for 5 s. A clear positive image featuring 10-mm line-and-space was also printed in a film which was exposed to 50 mJ/cm 2 of i-line by contact-printing.

The regulation of lobbying at sub-national level in Spain and in Italy. In this article, we have analyzed, according to a list of criteria identified following the 2010 OECD Recommendations , the regulation on lobbying adopted by some Spanish and Italian regions in the last years. Our assumption is that, although there is a higher level of diversity among Spanish sub-national legislations, in many ways they appear to be more progressive than the Italian ones. Nonetheless, in order to overcome such fragmentation, which creates uncertainty among lob-byists and citizens, a homogenous legislative framework should be enacted at national level.

Windows for infrared sensors on missiles, aircraft and high energy laser systems must be of excellent spectral properties, high optical quality, large and durable enough to protect delicate sensors from harsh operating conditions. This paper describes work being done for IR window applications on heavy metal oxyfluoride (HMOF) glasses, which provide a combination of infrared transparency, strength, hardness, and environmental stability in a largely-sized formable material, and represents potential candidate materials for infrared windows.

Who should have the right to certify? As the influence of certifications of all kinds increases and penetrates in more and more realms of life, the Peasant Activism Project investigates forms of resistance of neo-rural activists against the politics of transparency. Certifications and standards implemented in the name of transparency often favor large agribusiness. Uncovering the forces that restructure social control in the name of the moral imperative of transparency, this research report presents a circular and collaborative conversation between the team of the Peasant Activism Project and Andrea Zappa who represents an Italian network of small-scale farmers and food processors. The focus is on experimental practices of the Participatory Guarantee (PG) that farmers and food processors use to ensure the safety and quality of their products instead of other, more standardized means of certification. Its goal is to restore trust-based personal relations instead of implementing top-bottom forms of control. This issue touches the possibility of realizing similar models of cooperation and sharing, although in academic research: is it possible to practice forms of neo-humanistic hori-zontality that spare social research from some of the risks inherent in the demands for disclosure and popularization made by research councilsʼ third-mission policies?

This article critically revisits the Foucauldian perspective on modernity by exploring the constitutive importance of limits of transparency in relations of power and knowledge. It differentiates between Foucault's Panopticon as a model for modernity, which posits a total visibility of subject under modern gaze, and what I call cybernetic ways of knowing that posit the 'black box' of the inner self that is blocked from visibility. The case in point is a comparative study of two anthropologies -two groups of anthropological cadres -the American anthropologists who in the 1940s were involved in emerging Soviet studies, and Soviet anthropologists of the 1920s and 1930s who took part in Soviet reforms. The article draws attention to similarities in their perspective of images and notions of the enemy: the 'enemy of the people' within Soviet society and the Soviet society as the West's Cold War enemy. In doing so, the aim of this article is to develop an ethnographic perspective on state socialism that does not depend on a foundational dualist distinction between 'Soviet' and 'Western' or 'socialist' and 'capitalist' modernity as a starting point.

Policy evaluation is commonly considered an important stage of the policy cycle for it enables a measure of policy achievement and produces insights to guide future policy interventions. ‘Evidence’ is the primary instrument supporting this process, but its delineation and its use are contested. Appeals to evidence can be a powerful tool for directing policy discussions, or to validate a particular policy strategy. Hence, it is crucial to examine the use of evidence in the policy evaluation process as a vital component of the policy-making process.
In this paper, we present a case study of the use of evidence in the health sector in Ghana. We found that the use of evidence for policy-making is especially promoted by international donors, as a key component of democratic governance and as a way of increasing accountability and stakeholders’ involvement in policy decisions. We argue that analysis of the policy evaluation stage provides additional understanding of the stakeholder dynamics that revolve around the use of evidence to guide policy making. The added value of considering the policy evaluation stage lies in the fact that it captures interactions between key policy actors who influence how evidence shapes policy agendas. Only at those moments it is possible to appreciate how evidence use becomes an indicator of the relationships of power between different policy actors and the allocation of responsibilities between government agencies. 
In this paper we look at Ghana’s evidence advisory system to understand the way evidence is produced and utilised for health policy-making and how the uses of evidence within policy evaluation processes reflect democratic deliberation. Drawing on qualitative interviews with a range of policy actors, including representatives of the Ministry of Health (MoH), government agencies, donors and civil society organizations, we find that it is possible to classify two evidence advisory streams: 1) capturing the flow and distribution of local information, particularly issued from routine data sources but also other forms of locally generated health sector information; and 2) capturing the review of evidence within policy evaluation processes. The first of these is meant to rally the three levels  of governance (local, regional and national) under a common accountability structure, which still shows problems in terms of clearness of accountability lines. The second, instead, is built around a different logic of information use,    where international donors appear to be the principal interlocutor – and arguably, the principal accountee for the MoH. The review process is formally integrated in the system of evidence-based policy-making in Ghana’s official Common Management Arrangement (CMA), yet we argue it provides a separate “public space  ” of decision-making in which the rules for evidence use and participation change from those built into the decentralized structure of governance.
We discuss how evidentiary practices used in policy evaluation and intended to improve democratic decision-making in Ghana may at the end produce non-democratic outcomes  . We reflect on the rules of the game for evidence review, the disconnect between accountability systems within the two separate streams of evidence advice, and local perceptions of the problem in terms of local democratic principles.

Статья на Fergananews.com о докладе «Хлопковый сектор Узбекистана: Финансовые потоки и распределение ресурсов», который проливает свет на политическую экономию производства хлопка в Узбекистане, показывая финансовый интерес политической элиты Узбекистана в сохранении системы принудительного труда в этом секторе экономики.

Easy physics-inspired approximations of the total and binding energies for the H atom and for the molecular ions H (+) 2 (ppe), H (2+) 3 (pppe), (HeH) ++ (αpe), He (3+) 2 (ααe) as well as quadrupole moment for the H atom and the equilibrium distances of the molecular ions in strong magnetic fields > 10 9 G are proposed. The idea of approximation is based on the assumption that the dynamics of the one-electron Coulomb system in a strong magnetic field is governed by the ratio of transverse to longitudinal sizes of the electronic cloud.

This paper studies the differences between traditional financial intermediaries (commercial banks, savings banks and cooperative banks) and ethical banks based on property rights, in which the owner decides the ideology, principles, standards and objectives of the organisation. In ethical banking, affinity centres on positive social and ethical values. The paper consequently focuses on an index proposed both to differentiate ethical banks from other types of banks, and also to pinpoint the differences between the various ethical banks themselves. This is the Radical Affinity Index (RAI), which groups banks together in terms of their stance on ethical commitment, concentrating on ethical ideology and principles (information transparency, placement of assets, guarantees and participation) and using a sample of 114 European banks. The evidence shows that transparency of information and placement of assets are factors that differentiate ethical banks from other financial intermediaries. Guarantees and participation are characteristics specific to ethical banks; these variables, however, do not offer clear evidence to our analysis.

Cet article vise à offrir une vision d’ensemble des récentes évolutions des pratiques de recherche en psychologie. Un rappel des différents symptômes de la crise de la réplicabilité (et de confiance) ayant affecté la psychologie sera suivi par une discussion approfondie et nuancée des facteurs responsables de cette situation. Il s’agira ensuite, en s’appuyant sur des illustrations et des ressources, de démontrer le rôle crucial des pratiques de recherche ouvertes comme moyen de résoudre ces difficultés. La connaissance et l’adoption de ces pratiques de recherche popularisées par le mouvement de la science ouverte sont indispensables afin de contribuer, via la transparence et l’ouverture, à l’effort collectif d’amélioration de la fiabilité et de la réplicabilité des résultats en psychologie.

Recently the terms "governance" and "good governance" are being increasingly used in development literature. Bad governance is being increasingly regarded as one of the root causes of all evil within our societies. Major donors and international financial institutions are increasingly basing their aid and loans on the condition that reforms that ensure "good governance" are undertaken. To better explain the above concepts, we need to better understand the principles of good governance. This article tries to explain, as simply as possible, what "governance" and "good governance" means. 1

The origins of modern photojournalism in Germany, during the yeas 1925-1933, is the central object of this dissertation. Checking popular illustrated magazines, such as Berlliner Illustrirte Zeitung, and their contemporary critics, one seeks to know if could understand them with a notion of “aesthetic of transparency”. In order to arrive at the empirical research, some notions about the modern and modernity were delineated, hoping to understand the cultural processes and regimes of visuality of the beginning of 1920s as its unfolding, as well as starting from some reflections of Charles Baudelaire to think the aesthetic experience of modernity and its relation with photography. In addition, it was tried to understand if a dialogue between realism and modernisms could be possible, within the German context. The Weimar Republic was thought of as a democratic space for political, economic and social rearticulation, in which photography would have been articulated by the artistic field such as Neues Sehen (New Vision), by Lászlo Moholy-Nagy, and Neue Sachlichkeit Objectivity), by Albert Renger-Patzsch, exerting on the photographic production in journalism some of its conditions for its modernization. Finally, it was reflected on the modernization of the photojournalism in the Weimar Republic from the illustrated magazines study, based on the use of the photographic series potentially narrating journalistic facts, mainly from some photographs of Erich Salomon and Felix H. Man. This study allowed us to verify that the ripening of photojournalism met a demand of the German reading public for facts, reinforcing a certain professional ideology of objectivity. Having been possible by the coincidence of relations, as photographers willing to produce many images of various aesthetic forms under a diversity of conditions, allied to the freedom of editorial power and its experimentation, besides the rising of photographic agencies that began to order photographic work with the written report.

This paper historicizes the ambivalent discourse on data and communication transparency that is epidemic in digital cultures by confronting it with a reading of Kleist’s novella, The Duel (1811). In the medium of literature, conditions of possibility for the production of relevant and reliable knowledge on the basis of data are subject to analysis and critique. Basic operations of data processing have proven to be fallible and corrupted by media, which, instead of reducing complexity, deepen it. In contradistinction to the trust that reduces this complexity, The Duel performs an epistemology of mistrust, which insists on the polyvalence, dubiousness, agility, and ephemerality of the data from which truth is supposed to appear.

Cameras are ubiquitous and increasingly mobile. While CCTV has captured considerable attention by surveillance researchers, the new visibility of police activities is increasingly produced by incidental sousveillance and wearable on-officer camera systems. This article considers advocacy for policing’s new visibility, contrasting that of police accountability activists who film police with designers and early adopters of on-officer cameras. In both accounts, these devices promise accountability by virtue of their mechanical objectivity. However, to each party, accountability functions rather differently. By attending to the social and legal privileging of police officers’ perspectives, the article provides an explanation for design decisions that produced Taser’s AXON Flex on-officer cameras and for why police are embracing these new technologies. Critics of these cameras cite privacy concerns, officer discretion in operating cameras, and department disclosure of footage. Nonetheles...

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el nivel de influencia de la responsabilidad social empresarial (RSE), las actitudes ciudadanas y la transparencia, para fomentar el comportamiento ciudadano organizacional (CCO). La hipótesis que se plantea es que sí existe una influencia positiva y significativa de las tres variables en el CCO. El estudio se lleva a cabo en un grupo de 12 empresas industriales en el noreste de México con una muestra de 213 colaboradores. La metodología empleada está basada en el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM). Se concluye que la RSE es la única variable que influye significativamente y de forma directa en el CCO, las otras dos solo la afectan de manera indirecta. Modelo de análisis estructural del comportamiento ciudadano organizacional: el caso de las empresas industriales del noreste de México

Este trabajo, en primer lugar, da cuenta de los títulos competenciales que sustentan la nueva Ley de Transparencia, Acceso a la Información Pública y Buen Gobierno, aprobada por las Cortes Generales a finales de 2013. A continuación, analiza el margen regulatorio de las Comunidades Autónomas en la materia, una vez aprobada dicha Ley. Finalmente, de forma panorámica, por razones obvias de espacio, este artículo examina las iniciativas normativas en materia de transparencia de las Comunidades Autónomas, estén ya promulgadas o bien sigan en curso de elaboración, destacando los títulos competenciales autonómicos que éstas invocan. ABSTRACT Firstly, this article examines the constitutional provisions that sustain the new Transparency, Access to Public Information and Good Government Act approved by the Spanish Parliament at the very end of 2013. Moreover, it analyses the regulatory scope that the Autonomous Communities have in this area, once the new Spanish Act has been enacted. Finally, in a panoramic fashion, this text examines the legislative projects that the Autonomous Communities have approved related to this subject matter or those that are still drafts, paying attention to the powers that these Communities are exerting to enact them.

Algorithmic systems make decisions that have a great impact in our lives. As our dependency on them is growing so does the need for transparency and holding them accountable. This paper presents a model for evaluating how transparent these systems are by focusing on their algorithmic part as well as the maturity of the organizations that utilize them. We applied this model on a classification algorithm created and utilised by a large financial institution. The results of our analysis indicated that the organization was only partially in control of their algorithm and they lacked the necessary benchmark to interpret the deducted results and assess the validity of its inferencing.

We argue that subsidized food distribution systems that fail to publicize how much food has been allocated to each local market will experience high rates of theft on the margin as they are expanded. We provide the first comparable cross-section of estimates of subsidized food theft. As predicted, in regions of the Philippines that were allocated more subsidized rice to distribute, a larger percentage of the rice went missing.

Purpose-The long-term success of internet banking (IB) services is connected with continuous use. Therefore, examining factors which influence IB user continuance intention is important. Grounded in technology continuance theory, bank transparency and task technology fit (TTF) model, the purpose of this study is to develop a unified technology continuance model to investigate IB user continuance intention. Design/methodology/approach-The research model was empirically tested with 348 responses. Respondents included in this study had prior experience with IB services. For hypotheses testing, the structural equation modelling approach was used.

The health emergency caused by the COVID-19 has had various consequences on the institutional and media scene. Faced with a situation of this magnitude, governments have introduced transparency  measures  into  their  daily  routines  to  provide  citizens  with  up-to-date,  quality information  on  the  pandemic.  This  has  also  affected  journalistic  practices,  as  the  volume  of information  dedicated  to  the  coronavirus  has  been  increasing  in  the  media.  Data  journalism  is presented as one of the most recurrent formulas of digital media, with the development of maps and graphs using official data. Methodology. This research aims to find out, on the one hand, the degree of  information  transparency  of  Ibero-American  governments  on  the  disease,  as  well  as  the development  of  open  journalism,  data  journalism  and  other  practices  by  the  media  to  report  on  the coronavirus. To this end, an evaluation of the COVID-19 information portals in 12  Ibero-American countries and  of  the  two  most  relevant  digital  media  in  each  country  has  been  made. Conclusions. Despite  the  enormous  effort  made  by  the  institutions  to  inform  the  public  about  the  health emergency,  the  transparency  portals  show  various  deficiencies.  The  media,  on  the  other  hand,  have mainly  developed  data  journalism,  but  they  have  not  promoted  media  transparency  or  citizen participation in the elaboration of content.