This increase promotes ice nucleation in clouds in the lower troposphere, weakening the efficiency of clouds to contain more liquid droplets and fewer ice crystals as the Arctic warms.

They used self-organizing maps, a machine learning method, to classify patterns of daily weather in the troposphere, the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere where most weather occurs.

Jet streams travel in the tropopause—the area between the troposphere and the stratosphere—that hovers between five and nine miles above the Earth's surface.

Meanwhile, a strengthening vortex of polar air currents in the troposphere has helped strengthen summer cyclones.

Life and civilization take place mostly on the planet's surface and in the troposphere, the atmosphere's very lowest layer.