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29 pages, 4662 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Country Risk Assessment from the Perspective of Cybersecurity in Local Entities

by Javier Sanchez-Zurdo and Jose San-Martín

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(24), 12036; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142412036 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024

The number of vulnerabilities identified annually has increased substantially, thereby raising the risks associated with online services. The implementation of cybersecurity management measures in accordance with the European NIS2 Directive is optional at the local authority level. This study analyzes the external perimeter [...] Read more.

The number of vulnerabilities identified annually has increased substantially, thereby raising the risks associated with online services. The implementation of cybersecurity management measures in accordance with the European NIS2 Directive is optional at the local authority level. This study analyzes the external perimeter of nearly 7000 municipalities and proposes a simplified security framework that provides a comprehensive view of security across regions. A complete data set was assembled on the Technological and Competence profiles of all municipalities in Spain over a two-year period. The data were gathered from the external perimeter in relation to security, availability and SEO posture areas. A survey was conducted to determine the level of concern among citizens regarding cybersecurity issues in online municipal services, with 188 respondents. Some regions were identified as exhibiting particularly high and homogeneous levels of security. In contrast, other regions were found to be below the expected level. The presence of supra-local entities, such as the “Diputaciones”, has been demonstrated to facilitate the harmonization of regional security, while simultaneously reducing technological fragmentation and operational expenditure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Computer Security and Cybersecurity)

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17 pages, 9816 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Characteristics of the Turning End of the Kaiping Syncline and Its Influence on Coal Mine Gas

by Zhenning Chen, Yanming Zhu, Hanyu Zhang and Jin Li

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(24), 12035; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142412035 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024

Abstract

Frequent coal mine gas disasters pose significant threats to the safety of miners and the continuity of coal mining operations. Understanding and mastering the patterns of gas occurrence is the foundation for controlling gas outbursts. This study, drawing on previous theories, research, and [...] Read more.

Frequent coal mine gas disasters pose significant threats to the safety of miners and the continuity of coal mining operations. Understanding and mastering the patterns of gas occurrence is the foundation for controlling gas outbursts. This study, drawing on previous theories, research, and practical coal mine production data, analyzes the structural characteristics of the Kaiping syncline, with particular emphasis on the structural differentiation at its northeastern uplifted end. The study examines how gas generation and storage are influenced by progressively layered structures and their effect on coal mine gas management. The results indicate that the Kaiping syncline has a NE-SW axial orientation, which gradually shifts to an asymmetric syncline with a nearly EW trend, rising towards the northeastern end. At the turning end, the strata on the northwest limb are steep—locally vertical or overturned—gradually transitioning into the gentler southeast limb with dips of 10° to 30°, further complicated by a series of sub-parallel secondary folds. The gas formation process in coal seams has undergone multiple stages, regulated by structural burial and thermal evolution. The current gas storage characteristics result from the combined effects of these structural factors. The Kaiping syncline can be divided into two gas zones: a high-gas zone in the northwest limb and a shallow low-gas zone paired with a deep high-gas zone in the southeast limb. At the turning end, structural differentiation results in significant variations and gradations in the gas storage conditions of the coal seam. This differentiation directly causes a transition from coal and gas outburst mines in the northwest limb to low-gas mines in the southeast limb, highlighting the significant influence of structural factors on gas generation, preservation, and mine gas emissions. This study integrates theoretical analysis with measured data to enhance the understanding of structural evolution and its influence on gas storage. It offers guidance for preventing coal seam gas disasters and ensuring the safe production of coal mines in the Kaiping coalfield. Full article

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19 pages, 1017 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Type 2 Diabetes Prevention Through Lifestyle Interventions in Women with a History of Gestational Diabetes—A Summary of Participant and Intervention Characteristics

by Gebresilasea Gendisha Ukke, Jacqueline A. Boyle, Ahmed Reja, Wai Kit Lee, Mingling Chen, Michelle Shi Min Ko, Chelsea Alycia, Jane Kwon and Siew Lim

Nutrients 2024, 16(24), 4413; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16244413 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024

Abstract

Objectives: We aimed to review the effect of lifestyle interventions in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) based on the participants and intervention characteristics. Methods: We systematically searched seven databases for RCTs of lifestyle interventions published up to [...] Read more.

Objectives: We aimed to review the effect of lifestyle interventions in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) based on the participants and intervention characteristics. Methods: We systematically searched seven databases for RCTs of lifestyle interventions published up to 24 July 2024. We included 30 studies that reported the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or body weight. A random effects model was used to calculate the relative risk and mean difference with a 95% confidence interval. Subgroup analyses were conducted for participants’ characteristics (age, body mass index (BMI)) and intervention characteristics according to the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR). Results: A greater T2DM risk reduction was seen in trials that started within one year postpartum, in participants with a mean baseline BMI of 30 kg/m² or more, or based on behavioral change theory. For body weight reduction, studies on participants with a mean baseline BMI of 25 kg/m² or more or ones that included electronic/mobile delivery (text message, web, phone call) were more effective. Conclusions: Diabetes prevention trials in women with a history of GDM are more effective when commencing within one year postpartum, underpinned by behavior change theory, and in participants with overweight or obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary and Exercise Interventions to Target Obesity and Chronic Diseases)

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19 pages, 1788 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Uses of the Popov Stability Criterion for Analyzing Global Asymptotic Stability in Power System Dynamic Models

by Elinor Ginzburg-Ganz, Juri Belikov, Liran Katzir and Yoash Levron

Energy Storage Appl. 2024, 1(1), 54-72; https://doi.org/10.3390/esa1010005 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024

Abstract

Stability studies remain a crucial aspect of power systems dynamic analysis, and are typically explored in three main categories: numerical methods, linearization techniques, or direct methods, which utilize Lyapunov energy functions. This paper belongs to the third category, and highlights the usefulness of [...] Read more.

Stability studies remain a crucial aspect of power systems dynamic analysis, and are typically explored in three main categories: numerical methods, linearization techniques, or direct methods, which utilize Lyapunov energy functions. This paper belongs to the third category, and highlights the usefulness of the Popov stability criterion in the analysis of nonlinear power system models. The main advantage of this criterion is that it provides conditions for global asymptotic stability of an equilibrium point, for a nonlinear dynamic system. We show a general method to apply this stability criterion, and examine its uses in several specific applications and case-studies. The results are demonstrated by analyzing the stability of a system that includes a grid-connected storage device and a renewable energy source. Full article

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4 pages, 162 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Active Firefighting Systems Against Flashover Fires in Big Halls

by Cheuk-Lun Chow, Chi-Honn Cheng and Wan-Ki Chow

Fire 2024, 7(12), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7120486 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024

Abstract

The number of big fires in buildings appears to be increasing [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Compartment Fire and Safety)

11 pages, 5171 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Multi-Valve Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) System on Nitrogen Oxides Emissions in a Multi-Cylinder Engine

by Konrad Krakowian

Energies 2024, 17(24), 6473; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246473 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024

Abstract

Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems, in addition to catalytic reactors, are now widely used in reciprocating internal combustion engines to reduce oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the exhaust gases. They are characterized by the fact that part of the exhaust gas from the [...] Read more.

Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems, in addition to catalytic reactors, are now widely used in reciprocating internal combustion engines to reduce oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the exhaust gases. They are characterized by the fact that part of the exhaust gas from the exhaust manifold is recycled and directed to the intake manifold through a special valve. This valve, depending on the current engine load and velocity, doses an appropriate amount of exhaust gas which, with each new charge, is fed to the individual engine cylinders. In addition, the positioning of the valve has a significant effect on the formation of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas from individual engine cylinders, which is due to the uneven distribution of exhaust gas into the intake manifold channels. Tests were carried out on a power unit equipped with a symmetrical intake manifold with a centrally located EGR valve. The article presents the results of tests on a system in which each cylinder was supplied with a separate EGR valve. This solution made it possible to charge each cylinder with the same mass of recirculated exhaust gas, which was dependent on engine velocity and load. The exhaust nitrogen oxides emissions were measured for the originally manufactured system and compared with the multi-valve system. The results confirmed the need for individual selection of the dose of recirculated exhaust gas for particular cylinders, as the multi-valve system equalized the levels of nitrogen oxides emissions in the exhaust gases coming from individual cylinders of the internal combustion engine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Combustion Technologies and Emission Control)

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12 pages, 1673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects on Posture of a Two-Diopter Horizontal Prism Base Out on the Non-Dominant Eye

by Davide Marini, Giovanni Rubegni, Lorenzo Sarti, Alessandra Rufa, Marco Mandalà, Fabio Ferretti, Gian Marco Tosi and Mario Fruschelli

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(24), 7847; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13247847 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Ocular proprioception is implicated in balance control and heterophoria is associated with abnormal posture, though previous research focused mainly on the role of vertical phoria and the use of vertical prisms. This study aims to evaluate whether ocular misalignment and prismatic [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Ocular proprioception is implicated in balance control and heterophoria is associated with abnormal posture, though previous research focused mainly on the role of vertical phoria and the use of vertical prisms. This study aims to evaluate whether ocular misalignment and prismatic correction of horizontal phoria affect posture. Methods: Sixty-nine (N = 69) young healthy subjects were included and equally divided by horizontal distance phoria: orthophoria (n = 23), esophoria (n = 23) and exophoria (n = 23). A prism of low power (two-diopter) was placed base out on the non-dominant eye, reducing misalignment in esophorics and increasing it in exophorics more than in orthophorics. Dynamic computerized posturography was performed with the sensory organization test protocol (SOT) of the EquiTest^® NeuroCom^® version 8 platform both without and with prism, always maintaining subjects unaware of prism use. A mixed model for repeated measures analysis of variance was run to evaluate the main effect of prism and the interaction effect of prism with baseline phoria. Results: Composite movement strategy score without prism was 88.1 ± 2.8% (ankle-dominant strategy) and slightly increased to 89.0 ± 3.1% with prism insertion (p = 0.004), further shifting toward ankle strategy. Composite equilibrium score without prism was 80.3 ± 6.5% and remained stable with prism insertion (81.3 ± 8.2%, p = 0.117), medio-lateral and antero-posterior projection of center of gravity did not displace significantly under prism insertion (p = 0.652 and p = 0.270, respectively). At baseline, posturographic parameters were statistically independent of individual phoria, and no significant interaction between prism insertion and individual phoria was documented for any parameters (p > 0.05 for all). Secondary analysis and pairwise comparisons confirmed that the effect of prism was strongly selective on condition SOT 5 (eyes-closed, platform sway-referenced) with improvement of equilibrium (70.4 ± 9.7% with prism vs. 65.7 ± 11.6% without) and more use of ankle strategy (81.6 ± 5.3% with prism vs. 78.2 ± 6.0% without), without any interaction of phoria and ocular dominance, while the other conditions were comparable with and without prism. Conclusions: A two-diopter prism base out on the non-dominant eye induces the body to use the ankle joint more independently of individual phoria, suggesting a small improvement in postural control, while maintaining oscillations of the center of gravity unaltered. Prism seems to enhance the function of vestibular system selectively. Phoria adjustments with prismatic correction enable intervention in postural behavior. Extraocular muscles could act as proprioceptors influencing postural stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ophthalmology)

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26 pages, 1699 KiB

Open AccessReview

Marine Invasive Algae’s Bioactive Ingredients as a Sustainable Pathway in Cosmetics: The Azores Islands as a Case Study

by Marta Matos, Luísa Custódio and Catarina Pinto Reis

Mar. Drugs 2024, 22(12), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/md22120575 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024

Abstract

Marine invasive species pose significant ecological, economic, and social challenges, disrupting native ecosystems, outcompeting local species and altering biodiversity. The spread of these species is largely driven by global trade, shipping, and climate change, which allow non-native species to establish themselves in new [...] Read more.

Marine invasive species pose significant ecological, economic, and social challenges, disrupting native ecosystems, outcompeting local species and altering biodiversity. The spread of these species is largely driven by global trade, shipping, and climate change, which allow non-native species to establish themselves in new environments. Current management strategies, including early detection, rapid response, and biosecurity measures, have had some success, but the complexity and scale of the problem require continuous monitoring. This review explores the possibility of using some marine invasive species as skincare ingredients and explores the Azorean islands as a case study for the valorization of biomass. Additionally, this review addresses legislative barriers that delay the development of sustainable cosmetic markets from invasive species, highlighting the regulatory landscape as a critical area. It concludes that marine invasive species present a regional and global problem that requires regional and global solutions. Such solutions strongly need to address environmental impacts and net socioeconomic benefits, but such solutions must also consider all regional differences, technical capacities and financial resources available. Thus, as a future perspective, strategies should emphasize the need for international collaboration and the development of more effective policies to prevent the spread of invasive species. There is still much work to be completed. By working together, the biodiversity for future generations will be better monitored and explored. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Algal Biotechnology and Applications)

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8 pages, 1412 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Insights into the C-Cl Bond Breaking in Epichlorohydrin Induced by Low Energy (<10 eV) Electrons

by Hassan Abdoul-Carime, Louisa Castel and Franck Rabilloud

Molecules 2024, 29(24), 6051; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29246051 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024

Abstract

Epichlorohydrin is used as an intermediate for the synthesis of polymers and, more particularly, epoxy adhesives. The traditional process involves the cleavage of the carbon-chlorine bond in an alkaline solution. Here, we investigate the breakage of this bond induced by low-energy (<10 eV) [...] Read more.

Epichlorohydrin is used as an intermediate for the synthesis of polymers and, more particularly, epoxy adhesives. The traditional process involves the cleavage of the carbon-chlorine bond in an alkaline solution. Here, we investigate the breakage of this bond induced by low-energy (<10 eV) electrons. We show the production of the chlorine anion via a resonant process at different energies. The experimental observations are completed by quantum chemistry calculations of the involved molecular orbitals in the formation of the precursor temporary anions, and their decay mechanisms are discussed in terms of the complex potential energy curve crossing network. The gained information may potentially contribute to a strategy of synthesis by other means where low-energy electrons are implicated, i.e., cold plasmas or even scanning tunnelling microscope for which the bond breakage can be controlled by the energy of the colliding electrons. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry)

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23 pages, 3549 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Assessment of Green Waste HTC Pellets: Kinetics, Efficiency and Emissions

by Yaniel Garcia Lovella, Abhishek Goel, Louis Garin, Julien Blondeau and Svend Bram

Energies 2024, 17(24), 6474; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246474 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024

Abstract

The combustion of renewable solid fuels, such as biomass, is a reliable option for heat and power production. The availability of biomass resources within urban areas, such as tree leaves, small branches, grass, and other green city waste, creates an opportunity to valorize [...] Read more.

The combustion of renewable solid fuels, such as biomass, is a reliable option for heat and power production. The availability of biomass resources within urban areas, such as tree leaves, small branches, grass, and other green city waste, creates an opportunity to valorize such resources. The energy densification of such resources using hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and pelletization of the carbonized material could create a new generation of domestic boiler biofuel. However, combustion efficiency and emission assessments should be carried out for HTC pellets. The primary objective of this study is to assess HTC pellets, provided by a waste upgrade company, in terms of kinetics, combustion efficiency, and emissions, taking as reference base ENplus A1 certified softwood pellets. Therefore, thermogravimetric analysis and combustion tests were conducted for both fuels to achieve this. It was observed that a third peak of the burning rate during the solid carbon oxidation of HTC pellets indicated a high activation energy. Combustion tests showed a 7% increase in boiler efficiency for HTC pellets compared to softwood pellets. However, higher particulate matter (PM), NO_x, and CO emissions were recorded during the HTC pellets test. The results suggest that optimizing the air/fuel ratio could further improve the performance of HTC pellets in domestic boilers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section B: Energy and Environment)

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20 pages, 12015 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Trajectory Tracking of Robotic Fish Based on DBO-Backstepping Control

by Huibao Yang, Shuheng Hu, Bangshuai Li, Xiujing Gao and Hongwu Huang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(12), 2364; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12122364 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024

Abstract

Advancements in underwater robotic fish have generated new requirements for diverse underwater scenarios, presenting challenges in attaining efficient and precise control, particularly in the realm of classical trajectory tracking. In response to the inherently nonlinear and underactuated characteristics of underwater robot control design, [...] Read more.

Advancements in underwater robotic fish have generated new requirements for diverse underwater scenarios, presenting challenges in attaining efficient and precise control, particularly in the realm of classical trajectory tracking. In response to the inherently nonlinear and underactuated characteristics of underwater robot control design, this study introduces a trajectory tracking backstepping control method for the planar motion of underactuated underwater robotic systems. The method is grounded in dung beetle optimization (DBO) backstepping control. Firstly, a dynamic model of a single-node tail-actuated robotic fish is introduced, and the model is averaged. Based on the averaged model and Lyapunov functions, the design of the backstepping control scheme is derived to ensure the stability of the control system. Subsequently, the derived backstepping control is further optimized through the application of the DBO optimization algorithm, then the optimal backstepping control (OBC) approach is presented. Finally, the proposed control scheme is applied to the simulation experiments with the robotic fish. The simulation results for straight-line tracking indicate that OBC is superior to the PID method in terms of overshoot performance, reducing the average overshoot from 0.23 to 0.02. Additionally, OBC reduces the average velocity error from 0.043 m/s (backstepping control) to 0.035 m/s, which is lower than that of the PID method, with an average velocity error of 0.054 m/s. In turn tracking, the simulation results reveal that OBC reduces the average velocity error from 0.067 m/s (backstepping control) to 0.055 m/s and demonstrates better performance than the PID method, with an average velocity error of 0.066 m/s. Under various disturbance conditions, the simulations reveal that OBC exhibits superior performance when compared to other control methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Application of Underwater Robots for Navigation and Manipulation)

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18 pages, 564 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Refining the Allostatic Self-Efficacy Theory of Fatigue and Depression Using Causal Inference

by Alexander J. Hess, Dina von Werder, Olivia K. Harrison, Jakob Heinzle and Klaas Enno Stephan

Entropy 2024, 26(12), 1127; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26121127 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024

Abstract

Allostatic self-efficacy (ASE) represents a computational theory of fatigue and depression. In brief, it postulates that (i) fatigue is a feeling state triggered by a metacognitive diagnosis of loss of control over bodily states (persistently elevated interoceptive surprise); and that (ii) generalization of [...] Read more.

Allostatic self-efficacy (ASE) represents a computational theory of fatigue and depression. In brief, it postulates that (i) fatigue is a feeling state triggered by a metacognitive diagnosis of loss of control over bodily states (persistently elevated interoceptive surprise); and that (ii) generalization of low self-efficacy beliefs beyond bodily control induces depression. Here, we converted ASE theory into a structural causal model (SCM). This allowed identification of empirically testable hypotheses regarding causal relationships between the variables of interest. Applying conditional independence tests to questionnaire data from healthy volunteers, we sought to identify contradictions to the proposed SCM. Moreover, we estimated two causal effects proposed by ASE theory using three different methods. Our analyses identified specific aspects of the proposed SCM that were inconsistent with the available data. This enabled formulation of an updated SCM that can be tested against future data. Second, we confirmed the predicted negative average causal effect from metacognition of allostatic control to fatigue across all three different methods of estimation. Our study represents an initial attempt to refine and formalize ASE theory using methods from causal inference. Our results confirm key predictions from ASE theory but also suggest revisions which require empirical verification in future studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Functional Imaging to Free Energy—Dedicated to Professor Karl Friston on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday)

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8 pages, 209 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Efficacy of Cefiderocol Against Endophthalmitis Isolates

by Brennan Schilling, Michael Hii, Hazel Q. Shanks, Eric G. Romanowski, Jonathan B. Mandell, Robert M. Q. Shanks and Michael Zegans

Antibiotics 2024, 13(12), 1236; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13121236 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Endophthalmitis is an intraocular microbial infection that can lead to permanent blindness, even with prompt anti-microbial therapy. Multi-drug-resistant organisms are on the rise, potentially limiting the efficacy of current empiric antibiotic therapies of intravitreal ceftazidime and vancomycin. Cefiderocol is a recent FDA- [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Endophthalmitis is an intraocular microbial infection that can lead to permanent blindness, even with prompt anti-microbial therapy. Multi-drug-resistant organisms are on the rise, potentially limiting the efficacy of current empiric antibiotic therapies of intravitreal ceftazidime and vancomycin. Cefiderocol is a recent FDA- and EMA-approved antibiotic for multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Methods: To better understand its potential utility in the treatment of ocular infections, the MIC of cefiderocol was compared to ceftazidime and amikacin in endophthalmitis bacterial isolates using Epsilometer testing. Because vancomycin is commonly given concomitantly as part of empiric endophthalmitis treatment, possible synergistic and antagonistic effects of concomitant vancomycin and cefiderocol were also evaluated. Results: Cefiderocol was found to have lower MIC values compared to ceftazidime for Pseudomonadales or Enterobacterales species. When comparing the MICs of cefiderocol and vancomycin, there appeared to be no antagonism between the two antibiotics. Conclusions: This is the first report exploring the use of cefiderocol in endophthalmitis strains. The results of this study show this is a promising antibiotic for multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative organisms but further research is needed to investigate its intraocular safety profile. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Antibiotics in Ophthalmology Practice)

27 pages, 11781 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Interaction Between Landslides and Carbon Stocks in Italy

by Jibran Qadri and Francesca Ceccato

Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 11273; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162411273 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024

Abstract

Landslides, as natural hazards, have far-reaching impacts beyond their immediate effects on human lives and infrastructure; landslides disrupt both carbon storage and ecosystem stability, and their role in the global carbon cycle cannot be underestimated. This study delves into the complex relationship between [...] Read more.

Landslides, as natural hazards, have far-reaching impacts beyond their immediate effects on human lives and infrastructure; landslides disrupt both carbon storage and ecosystem stability, and their role in the global carbon cycle cannot be underestimated. This study delves into the complex relationship between landslides and carbon stocks such as, in particular, soil organic carbon (SOC) and above-ground biomass (AGB), and outlines the spatial relationship between different types of landslides, soil organic carbon (SOC), and the carbon cycle, underscoring the importance of understanding these interconnections for environmental sustainability and climate change mitigation efforts. By employing machine learning algorithms on the Google Earth Engine platform, landslide susceptibility maps were created for different landslide types across Italy, and their spatial patterns with SOC accumulation were analyzed using the Python environment. The findings reveal a nuanced relationship between landslide hazard levels and SOC dynamics, with varying trends observed for different landslide types. In addition, this study investigates the potential impact of large-scale landslide events on carbon sequestration in the short term via a case study of the May 2023 landslide event in the Emilia Romagna region of Italy. The analysis reveals a substantial reduction in above-ground biomass by 35%, which approximately accounts for the loss of 0.133 MtC, and a decrease in SOC accumulation in 72% of the affected areas, indicating that landslides can transform carbon sinks into carbon sources, at least in the short term, and suggested that carbon released from extreme landslide events at a larger scale needs to be accounted for in regional or national carbon emissions. This research underscores the importance of considering landslides in carbon cycle assessments and emphasizes the need for sustainable land management strategies to protect and enhance carbon sinks, such as forests and healthy soils, in the face of increasing natural hazards and climate change impacts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Environmental Analysis of Soil and Water)

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18 pages, 930 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Ontological Representation of the Structure and Vocabulary of Modern Greek on the Protégé Platform

by Nikoletta Samaridi, Evangelos Papakitsos and Nikitas Karanikolas

Computation 2024, 12(12), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/computation12120249 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024

Abstract

One of the issues in Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) is language representation and modeling, aiming to manage its structure and find solutions to linguistic issues. With the pursuit of the most efficient capture of knowledge about the Modern Greek [...] Read more.

One of the issues in Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) is language representation and modeling, aiming to manage its structure and find solutions to linguistic issues. With the pursuit of the most efficient capture of knowledge about the Modern Greek language and, given the scientifically certified usability of the ontological structuring of data in the field of the semantic web and cognitive computing, a new ontology of the Modern Greek language at the level of structure and vocabulary is presented in this paper, using the Protégé platform. With the specific logical and structured form of knowledge representation to express, this research processes and exploits in an easy and useful way the distributed semantics of linguistic information. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances on Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing)

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17 pages, 4931 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Caryophylli Cortex Suppress PD-L1 Expression in Cancer Cells and Potentiates Anti-Tumor Immunity in a Humanized PD-1/PD-L1 Knock-In MC-38 Colon Cancer Mouse Model

by Aeyung Kim, Eun-Ji Lee, Jung Ho Han and Hwan-Suck Chung

Nutrients 2024, 16(24), 4415; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16244415 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Immune checkpoints are essential for regulating excessive autoimmune responses and maintaining immune homeostasis. However, in the tumor microenvironment, these checkpoints can lead to cytotoxic T cell exhaustion, allowing cancer cells to evade immune surveillance and promote tumor progression. The expression of programmed [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Immune checkpoints are essential for regulating excessive autoimmune responses and maintaining immune homeostasis. However, in the tumor microenvironment, these checkpoints can lead to cytotoxic T cell exhaustion, allowing cancer cells to evade immune surveillance and promote tumor progression. The expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in cancer cells is associated with poor prognoses, reduced survival rates, and lower responses to therapies. Consequently, downregulating PD-L1 expression has become a key strategy in developing immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Caryophylli cortex (CC), derived from the bark of the clove tree Syzygium aromaticum, possesses antioxidant and cytotoxic properties against cancer cells, yet its potential as an ICI remains unclear. Methods: In this study, we aimed to investigate whether CC extract modulates PD-L1 expression in cancer cells and activates T cell immunity through a co-culture system of cancer cells and T cells, as well as in hPD-L1/MC-38 tumor-bearing animal models. Results: Our findings indicate that CC extract significantly downregulated both constitutive and inducible PD-L1 expression at non-toxic concentrations for cancer cells while simultaneously enhancing cancer cell mortality and T cell activity in the co-culture system. Furthermore, the administration of CC extract to hPD-L1/MC-38 tumor-bearing mice resulted in a greater than 70% reduction in tumor growth and increased infiltration of CD8+ T cells within the tumor microenvironment. Principal component analysis identified bergenin, chlorogenic acid, and ellagic acid as active ICIs. Conclusions: These findings suggest that CC extract exerts a potent antitumor effect as an immune checkpoint blocker by inhibiting PD-L1 expression in cancer cells and disrupting the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic Potential and Mechanisms of Phytochemical Extracts in Cancer Treatment)

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12 pages, 2993 KiB

Open AccessTechnical Note

py.Aroma: An Intuitive Graphical User Interface for Diverse Aromaticity Analyses

by Zhe Wang

Chemistry 2024, 6(6), 1692-1703; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry6060103 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024

Abstract

The nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) criterion plays a significant role in evaluating (anti-)aromaticity. While being readily accessible even for non-computational chemists, adding ghost atoms for multi-points NICS evaluations poses a significant challenge. In this article, I introduce py.Aroma 4, a freely available and [...] Read more.

The nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) criterion plays a significant role in evaluating (anti-)aromaticity. While being readily accessible even for non-computational chemists, adding ghost atoms for multi-points NICS evaluations poses a significant challenge. In this article, I introduce py.Aroma 4, a freely available and open-source Python package designed specifically for analyzing (anti-)aromaticity. Through its user-friendly graphical interface, py.Aroma simplifies and enhances aromaticity analyses by offering key features such as HOMA/HOMER index computation, Gaussian-type input file generation for diverse NICS calculations and corresponding output processing, NMR spectra plotting, and computational supporting information (SI) generation for scientific manuscripts. Additionally, NICS_⊥ is suggested for evaluating (anti-)aromaticity for non-planar or tilted rings. Pre-compiled executables for macOS and Windows are freely available online. Facilitate accessibility for users lacking programming experience or time constraints. Full article

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17 pages, 2822 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MGKGR: Multimodal Semantic Fusion for Geographic Knowledge Graph Representation

by Jianqiang Zhang, Renyao Chen, Shengwen Li, Tailong Li and Hong Yao

Algorithms 2024, 17(12), 593; https://doi.org/10.3390/a17120593 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024

Abstract

Geographic knowledge graph representation learning embeds entities and relationships in geographic knowledge graphs into a low-dimensional continuous vector space, which serves as a basic method that bridges geographic knowledge graphs and geographic applications. Previous geographic knowledge graph representation methods primarily learn the vectors [...] Read more.

Geographic knowledge graph representation learning embeds entities and relationships in geographic knowledge graphs into a low-dimensional continuous vector space, which serves as a basic method that bridges geographic knowledge graphs and geographic applications. Previous geographic knowledge graph representation methods primarily learn the vectors of entities and their relationships from their spatial attributes and relationships, which ignores various semantics of entities, resulting in poor embeddings on geographic knowledge graphs. This study proposes a two-stage multimodal geographic knowledge graph representation (MGKGR) model that integrates multiple kinds of semantics to improve the embedding learning of geographic knowledge graph representation. Specifically, in the first stage, a spatial feature fusion method for modality enhancement is proposed to combine the structural features of geographic knowledge graphs with two modal semantic features. In the second stage, a multi-level modality feature fusion method is proposed to integrate heterogeneous features from different modalities. By fusing the semantics of text and images, the performance of geographic knowledge graph representation is improved, providing accurate representations for downstream geographic intelligence tasks. Extensive experiments on two datasets show that the proposed MGKGR model outperforms the baselines. Moreover, the results demonstrate that integrating textual and image data into geographic knowledge graphs can effectively enhance the model’s performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Algorithms for Multidisciplinary Applications)

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11 pages, 3979 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Enhanced Verilog-A Model for Graphene Field-Effect Transistors Using Variable Fermi Velocity

by Shuwei Ji, John Mappes, Peter Koudelka, Maximilian C. Scardelletti, Christian Zorman and Hossein Miri Lavasani

Electronics 2024, 13(24), 5051; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13245051 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024

Abstract

This paper presents a novel Verilog-A model for the Fermi velocity in Graphene Field-Effect Transistors (GFETs). The Fermi velocity is an important parameter associated with the energy spectrum of the delocalized bonds in graphene which impact the performance of a GFET. Unlike existing [...] Read more.

This paper presents a novel Verilog-A model for the Fermi velocity in Graphene Field-Effect Transistors (GFETs). The Fermi velocity is an important parameter associated with the energy spectrum of the delocalized bonds in graphene which impact the performance of a GFET. Unlike existing GFET models where the Fermi velocity is assumed to have a constant value, the proposed model considers carrier concentrations in the channel and gate dielectrics to create a closed-form solution for the Fermi velocity, a parameter previously demonstrated to vary based on these two factors. The proposed mathematical model is then adapted to Verilog-A for interfacing with computer-aided design (CAD) circuit simulators. To demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed model, the simulation results are compared to measured drain–source currents obtained from various GFET devices (including GFETs measured by authors). The measured results show good agreement with the values predicted using the proposed model (<±1%), demonstrating the superior accuracy of the model compared to other published Verilog-A-based models, especially around the Dirac point. Full article

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14 pages, 2277 KiB

Open AccessReview

Swiss Consensus on Prenatal and Early Postnatal Urinary Tract Dilation: Practical Approach and When to Refer

by Atessa Bahadori, Alexandra Wilhelm-Bals, Julien Caccia, Hassib Chehade, Alexandra Goischke, Céline Habre, Daniela Marx-Berger, Samuel Nef, Oliver Sanchez, Giuseppina Spartà, Isabelle Vidal, Rodo O. von Vigier, Jacques Birraux and Paloma Parvex

Children 2024, 11(12), 1561; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11121561 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024

Abstract

Urinary tract dilations (UTDs) are the most frequent prenatal renal anomaly. The spectrum of etiologies causing UTD ranges from mild spontaneously resolving obstruction to severe upper and lower urinary tract obstruction or reflux. The early recognition and management of these anomalies allows for [...] Read more.

Urinary tract dilations (UTDs) are the most frequent prenatal renal anomaly. The spectrum of etiologies causing UTD ranges from mild spontaneously resolving obstruction to severe upper and lower urinary tract obstruction or reflux. The early recognition and management of these anomalies allows for improved renal endowment prenatally and ultimately better outcome for the child. The role of the general obstetrician and pediatrician is to recognize potential prenatal and postnatal cases addressed to their practice and to refer patients to specialized pediatric nephrology and urology centers with a sense of the urgency of such a referral. The aim of this paper is to offer clinical recommendations to clinicians regarding the management of neonates and children born with prenatally detected UTD, based on a consensus between Swiss pediatric nephrology centers. The aim is to give suggestions and recommendations based on the currently available literature regarding classifications and definitions of prenatal and postnatal UTD, etiologies, prenatal and postnatal renal function evaluation, investigations, antibiotic prophylaxis, and the need for referral to a pediatric nephrologist and/or urologist. The overarching goal of a systematic approach to UTD is to ultimately optimize kidney health during childhood and improve long-term renal function prognosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nephrology & Urology)

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20 pages, 3585 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Focus on Tumor Boundaries: A Lightweight U-Net for MRI Brain Tumor Segmentation

by Kuldashboy Avazov, Sanjar Mirzakhalilov, Sabina Umirzakova, Akmalbek Abdusalomov and Young Im Cho

Bioengineering 2024, 11(12), 1302; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11121302 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024

Abstract

Accurate segmentation of brain tumors in MRI scans is critical for diagnosis and treatment planning. Traditional segmentation models, such as U-Net, excel in capturing spatial information but often struggle with complex tumor boundaries and subtle variations in image contrast. These limitations can lead [...] Read more.

Accurate segmentation of brain tumors in MRI scans is critical for diagnosis and treatment planning. Traditional segmentation models, such as U-Net, excel in capturing spatial information but often struggle with complex tumor boundaries and subtle variations in image contrast. These limitations can lead to inconsistencies in identifying critical regions, impacting the accuracy of clinical outcomes. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel modification to the U-Net architecture by integrating a spatial attention mechanism designed to dynamically focus on relevant regions within MRI scans. This innovation enhances the model’s ability to delineate fine tumor boundaries and improves segmentation precision. Our model was evaluated on the Figshare dataset, which includes annotated MRI images of meningioma, glioma, and pituitary tumors. The proposed model achieved a Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 0.93, a recall of 0.95, and an AUC of 0.94, outperforming existing approaches such as V-Net, DeepLab V3+, and nnU-Net. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of our model in addressing key challenges like low-contrast boundaries, small tumor regions, and overlapping tumors. Furthermore, the lightweight design of the model ensures its suitability for real-time clinical applications, making it a robust tool for automated tumor segmentation. This study underscores the potential of spatial attention mechanisms to significantly enhance medical imaging models and paves the way for more effective diagnostic tools. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Artificial Intelligence and Data Analysis)

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18 pages, 9870 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Green Tide Decomposition Regions in the Yellow Sea, China: Based on Time-Series Remote Sensing Data

by Guangzong Zhang, Yufang He, Lifeng Niu, Mengquan Wu, Hermann Kaufmann, Jian Liu, Tong Liu, Qinglei Kong and Bo Chen

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(24), 4794; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16244794 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024

Abstract

Approximately 1 million tons of green tides decompose naturally in the Yellow Sea of China every year, releasing large quantities of nutrients that disrupt the marine ecological balance and cause significant environmental consequences. Currently, the identification of areas affected by green tides primarily [...] Read more.

Approximately 1 million tons of green tides decompose naturally in the Yellow Sea of China every year, releasing large quantities of nutrients that disrupt the marine ecological balance and cause significant environmental consequences. Currently, the identification of areas affected by green tides primarily relies on certain methods, such as ground sampling and biochemical analysis, which limit the ability to quickly and dynamically identify decomposition regions at large spatial and temporal scales. While multi-source remote sensing data can monitor the extent of green tides, accurately identifying areas of algal decomposition remains a challenge. Therefore, satellite data were integrated with key biochemical parameters, such as the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N), to develop a method for identifying green tide decomposition regions (DRIM). The DRIM shows a high accuracy in identifying green tide decomposition areas, validated through regional repetition rates and UAV measurements. Results indicate that the annual C/N threshold for green tide decomposition regions is 1.2. The method identified the primary decomposition areas in the Yellow Sea from 2015 to 2020, concentrated mainly in the southeastern region of the Shandong Peninsula, covering an area of approximately 1909.4 km². In 2015, 2016, and 2017, the decomposition areas were the largest, with an average annual duration of approximately 35 days. Our method provides a more detailed classification of the dissipation phase, offering reliable scientific support for accurate and detailed monitoring and management of green tide disasters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Remote Sensing)

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9 pages, 1350 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bulgarian Experience in Vaginal Electronic Brachytherapy for Gynecologic Cancers’ Treatment—First Results

by Virginia Payakova, Angel Yordanov, Desislava Kostova-Lefterova, Nikolay Mutkurov, Ilko Iliev, Marin Valkov, Elitsa Encheva and Desislava Hitova-Topkarova

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(24), 7849; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13247849 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The objective of this study is to prospectively collect dosimetric and clinical data on vaginal cuff electronic brachytherapy and propose a protocol for the procedure. Methods: Twenty-five patients who had proven endometrial or cervical carcinoma and had undergone radical hysterectomy have [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The objective of this study is to prospectively collect dosimetric and clinical data on vaginal cuff electronic brachytherapy and propose a protocol for the procedure. Methods: Twenty-five patients who had proven endometrial or cervical carcinoma and had undergone radical hysterectomy have been treated with vaginal cuff electronic brachytherapy. Treatment session durations and doses to the targets and the organs at risk have been extracted from the treatment planning software. Patients have been followed up for early side effects for 3 months. Results: Treatment session times ranged from 3.0 to 6.6 min. Mean coverage of the planned treatment volume with 100% of the prescribed dose was 90%, and with 95% of the prescribed dose was 95%. Doses in the bladder were lower than those achieved in previously published studies with a mean D2cc of 4.7 Gy, and doses in the rectum were higher with a mean D2cc of 5.3 Gy. The first-month adverse events included eight G1 and three G2 toxicities, while the events registered on the third month were two G2 vaginal dryness events and one G1 urinary tract obstruction, of which only one patient with vaginal dryness did not respond to local treatment. No local relapses have been detected. Conclusions: Vaginal cuff electronic brachytherapy has demonstrated safety and effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Obstetrics & Gynecology)

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26 pages, 3992 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Communication Performance in Rotating Electrical Machines Using RSSI Measurements and Artificial Intelligence

by Sonia Ben Brahim, Samia Dardouri, Hanen Lajnef, Amel Ben Slimane, Ridha Bouallegue and Tan-Hoa Vuong

Sensors 2024, 24(24), 8209; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24248209 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024

Abstract

This paper introduces a novel methodology for evaluating communication performance in rotating electric machines using Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) measurements coupled with artificial intelligence. The proposed approach focuses on assessing the quality of wireless signals in the complex, dynamic environment inside these [...] Read more.

This paper introduces a novel methodology for evaluating communication performance in rotating electric machines using Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) measurements coupled with artificial intelligence. The proposed approach focuses on assessing the quality of wireless signals in the complex, dynamic environment inside these machines, where factors like reflections, metallic surfaces, and rotational movements can significantly impact communication. RSSI is used as a key parameter to monitor real-time signal behavior, enabling a detailed analysis of communication reliability. The methodology comprises several stages, including data collection, preprocessing, feature extraction, and model training. Various machine learning models are implemented and evaluated. Among these, the SVM model with a Radial Basis Function (RBF) kernel outperforms others, achieving an accuracy of 97%, with high precision and recall scores, confirming its robustness in classifying RSSI data and handling complex signal behavior. The confusion matrix further supports the SVM model’s accuracy, showing minimal misclassification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors for Severe Environments)

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10 pages, 1474 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Comparative Analysis of Low-Cost Portable Spectrophotometers for Colorimetric Accuracy on the RAL Design System Plus Color Calibration Target

by Jaša Samec, Eva Štruc, Inese Berzina, Peter Naglič and Blaž Cugmas

Sensors 2024, 24(24), 8208; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24248208 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024

Abstract

Novel low-cost portable spectrophotometers could be an alternative to traditional spectrophotometers and calibrated RGB cameras by offering lower prices and convenient measurements but retaining high colorimetric accuracy. This study evaluated the colorimetric accuracy of low-cost, portable spectrophotometers on the established color calibration target—RAL [...] Read more.

Novel low-cost portable spectrophotometers could be an alternative to traditional spectrophotometers and calibrated RGB cameras by offering lower prices and convenient measurements but retaining high colorimetric accuracy. This study evaluated the colorimetric accuracy of low-cost, portable spectrophotometers on the established color calibration target—RAL Design System Plus (RAL+). Four spectrophotometers with a listed price between USD 100–1200 (Nix Spectro 2, Spectro 1 Pro, ColorReader, and Pico) and a smartphone RGB camera were tested on a representative subset of 183 RAL+ colors. Key performance metrics included the devices’ ability to match and measure RAL+ colors in the CIELAB color space using the color difference CIEDE2000 ΔE. The results showed that Nix Spectro 2 had the best performance, matching 99% of RAL+ colors with an estimated ΔE of 0.5–1.05. Spectro 1 Pro and ColorReader matched approximately 85% of colors with ΔE values between 1.07 and 1.39, while Pico and the Asus 8 smartphone matched 54–77% of colors, with ΔE of around 1.85. Our findings showed that low-cost, portable spectrophotometers offered excellent colorimetric measurements. They mostly outperformed existing RGB camera-based colorimetric systems, making them valuable tools in science and industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends and Advances in Color and Spectral Sensors: 2nd Edition)

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