Generators

What its all about

How do we make a generator?

Synchronous Operation

Rotor Magnetic Field

Stator Magnetic Field

Forces and Magnetic Fields

Force Between Fields

Motoring
Generators & motors are the same thing Generators motor if they are synchronized and the governor is closed Power flows in from the grid

Limits
Under steady state conditions the load angle must be less than 90 Exceeding 90 leads to pole slipping
Tremendous current and torque pulsations Can lead to catastrophic failures

Generator Simplified Equivalent Circuit

Phasor Diagram

Increasing Steam Flow

Synchronizing
Machine is run up to speed
1800 rpm (4 pole machine)

Field is applied Machine is adjust so Eg = Vt in magnitude and phase Breaker is closed to connect generator to the system

Generator Prior to Synchronization

Magnetic Core Heating

Conditions for Synchronization

VT

Ia =0

VT -

Grid

Grid

Generato r being paralleled to Grid

Machine slower than system

Generator

Grid

Phase Angle

Generator

Grid

Properly Synchronized

Generator

Grid

Synchronizing Equipment
Grid System Generator being paralleled to the grid

Slo

F
as
t

V
Sy
G

V
en

ste m

er at

or

Armature Reaction
N Rotor

Stator

Closing onto a dead bus

Lagging PF
Terminal voltage will drop AVR increases excitation

Faulted Bus
High currents flow

No load
Nothing happens

Finite or Infinite
Operation of the generator is apparently different Changes in steam valve position have no effect on speed (infinite) Changes in excitation only affect voltages locally Generator >5% gives finite characteristics

AVR

Resistive Load
IR (Unity pf)
RG XG

VR

VX= 0

VT

RLoad

Vx Eg Vt I

Lagging Load
IL (Lagging pf)
RG XG

VR

VX

VT

LLoad

Eg -Vx Vt I

Capacitive Load
IC (Leading pf)
RG XG

VR

VX

VT

CLoad
Vt -Vx Eg

V-curves
0.85 pf Lagging Load (Over Excited) (AVR Boosting)

Load MW (V Curve)

Load MVA

0.95 pf Leading Load (Under Excited) (AVR Bucking)

Unity pf Load

Decrease Increase Excitation Current

Governor Control
IL

Turbine

VT
Shaft Speed

Steam No Load Setpoint

Gov. Valve

Speed Governor Droop Setting

Variable Load

Speed Droop
Electrical word for proportional control
Speed Drop NL to FL Droop = 100% Rated Speed

Isochronous - proportional + integral

Isochronous
Freq. % Speed Change 62.4 +4%

61.8 +3% 61.2 +2% 60.6 +1% 60Hz 59.4 0 -1% % Rated Load or MW
Constant Frequency

Isochronous Governor

58.8 -2% 58.2 -3% 57.6 -4% 25% 200 50% 400 75% 600 100% 800

4% Droop
Freq. % Speed Change E 62.4 61.8 61.2 +4% +3% +2%

Governor Speed Droop

Loading

60.6 +1% 60Hz 59.4 58.8 0 -1% -2%

Un-Loading

25% 200

50% 400

75% 600

100% 800

% Rated Load or MW

58.2 -3% 57.6 -4%

Effect of Adding Load

Generator Synchronized

Increasing Load
0.3 Hz 0.3 Hz

61.5 61.2 61 60.9 60.5 60 59.5

50 MW

59 58.5

50 MW

300

200

100

100

200 Load Generator G2 (MW)

300

Load Generator G1 (MW)

Freq.

62.4 61.8 61.2 60.6 B 60Hz 59.4 58.8

Unequal Speed Droops

600 G1

400

200

200

400

600 G2

Load MW

Finite Bus
61.2 61 60.5 60 0.6 Hz 59.4
Frequency (Hz)

0.6 Hz

59 58.5

300

200

100

100

200 Load Generator G2 (MW)

300

Load Generator G1 (MW)

Frequency Restoration
61.8 0.6 Hz

{ }
0.6 Hz

61.2 61 60.5 60

59.4

Frequency (Hz)
300 200 100 0

59 58.5

100

200 Load Generator G2 (MW)

300

Load Generator G1 (MW)

Adjusting Steam Flow

Arm a ture Cu rre nt

Ac tiv e Po we r

Re a ctive Po we r

1 .0 Po w er Fac to r (Lag g in g ) .6 Time

Adjusting Excitation
Fie ld Cu rre nt

Arma ture Cu rre nt

Ac tiv e Po we r

Re active Po we r 1 .0 Po w er Fac tor (Lag gin g ) .6 Time

Stability
VT X Transmisson Line P

Vs

Large System

P=

VTVs X

sin

Power Transfer Curve

Before Fault

Area B
t2

Area A
t1

During Fault

t3

00

Load Angle

1800

Out of Step
Pole slipping commences here (90) Angular + Velocity Rapid acceleration during pole slip (90 - 360)

(360 - 0 position) Generator tries to regain synchronism Synchronism Speed Normal Operation MW Output Surges in output power Normal MW Output (b) (a)

Time

Time

Generator Heating
Q MVAR Reactive Power Lag U2 = P2 + Q2
(Circle)

U MVA Total Power Generating P MW Active Power

Motoring

Lead

Limits
Q MVAR Reactive Power
A

U2 = P2 + Q2
(Circle)

0.85 pf Lag
B

Lag

U MVA Total Power Generating > P MW Active Power

< Motoring

Lead

0.95 pf Lead

A-B Field Heating B-C Stator Heating C-D Stator Core End Heating

Stability Limits
Q MVAR Reactive Power
A

U2 = P2 + Q2
(Circle)

0.85 pf Lag
B

Lag

U MVA Total Power Generating > P MW Active Power

< Motoring

Lead
A-B Field Heating B-C Stator Heating C-D Stator Core End Heating

Limit with No AVR Limit with Fast AVR

H2 Pressure

Cooling

For You To Do