C PROGRAM FOR BRESENHAMS LINE ALGORITHM

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <graphics.h>
void main()
{
int dx,dy,x,y,p,x1,y1,x2,y2;
int gd,gm;
clrscr();
printf("\n\n\tEnter the co-ordinates of first point : ");
scanf("%d %d",&x1,&y1);
printf("\n\n\tEnter the co-ordinates of second point : ");
scanf("%d %d",&x2,&y2);
dx = (x2 - x1);
dy = (y2 - y1);
p = 2 * (dy) - (dx);
x = x1;
y = y1;
detectgraph(&gd,&gm);
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"e:\\tc\\bgi");
putpixel(x,y,WHITE);
while(x <= x2)
{
if(p < 0)
{
x=x+1;
y=y;
p = p + 2 * (dy);
}
else
{
x=x+1;
y=y+1;
p = p + 2 * (dy - dx);
}
putpixel(x,y,WHITE);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}

C PROGRAM FOR BRESENHAMS CIRCLE ALGORITHM

# include<stdio.h>
# include<conio.h>
# include<graphics.h>
# include<math.h>
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
int r,x,y,p,xc=320,yc=240;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"C:\\TC\\BGI");
cleardevice();

printf("Enter the radius ");

x=0;
y=r;
putpixel(xc+x,yc-y,1);
p=3-(2*r);
for(x=0;x<=y;x++)
{
if (p<0)
{
y=y;
p=(p+(4*x)+6);
}
else
{
y=y-1;
p=p+((4*(x-y)+10));
}
putpixel(xc+x,yc-y,1);
putpixel(xc-x,yc-y,2);
putpixel(xc+x,yc+y,3);
putpixel(xc-x,yc+y,4);
putpixel(xc+y,yc-x,5);
putpixel(xc-y,yc-x,6);
putpixel(xc+y,yc+x,7);
putpixel(xc-y,yc+x,8);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}

C PROGRAM FOR 2D TRANSFORMATIONS

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<math.h>
void translate();
void scale();
void rotate();
void main()
{
int ch;
int gd=DETECT,gm;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\tc\\bgi");
setcolor(6);
outtextxy (100,88,"Object.");
rectangle(100,150,150,100);
printf("---MENU---");
printf("\n 1)Translate\n 2)Scale\n 3)Rotate");
printf("\nEnter your choice: ");
scanf("%d",&ch);
cleardevice();
switch(ch)
{
case 1: translate();
break;
case 2: scale();
break;
case 3: rotate();
break;
default: printf("you have enterd wrong choice");
break;
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
void translate()
{
int tx,ty;
setcolor(2);

outtextxy(240,10,"TRANSLATION");
outtextxy(238,20,"------------");
printf("\nEnter tx: ");
scanf("%d",&tx);
printf("\nEnter ty: ");
scanf("%d",&ty);
cleardevice();
rectangle(100,150,150,100);
printf("\nAfter Translation");
rectangle(100+tx,150+ty,150+tx,100+ty);
}
void scale()
{
int sx,sy;
setcolor(2);
outtextxy(240,10,"SCALING");
outtextxy(238,20,"--------");
printf("\nEnter sx: ");
scanf("%d",&sx);
printf("\nEnter sy: ");
scanf("%d",&sy);
cleardevice();
rectangle(100,150,150,100);
printf("\nAfter Scaling");
rectangle(100*sx,150*sy,150*sx,100*sy);
}
void rotate()
{
float theta;
int x1,x2,x3,x4;
int y1,y2,y3,y4;
int ax1,ax2,ax3,ax4,ay1,ay2,ay3,ay4;
int refx,refy;
printf("\nEnter the angle for rotation: ");
scanf("%f",&theta);
theta=theta*(3.14/180);
cleardevice();
setcolor(2);
outtextxy(240,10,"ROTATE");
outtextxy(238,20,"-------");
refx=100;
refy=100;
x1=100;
y1=100;

x2=150;
y2=100;
x3=150;
y3=150;
x4=100;
y4=150;
ax1=refy+(x1-refx)*cos(theta)-(y1-refy)*sin(theta);
ay1=refy+(x1-refx)*sin(theta)+(y1-refy)*cos(theta);
ax2=refy+(x2-refx)*cos(theta)-(y2-refy)*sin(theta);
ay2=refy+(x2-refx)*sin(theta)+(y2-refy)*cos(theta);
ax3=refy+(x3-refx)*cos(theta)-(y3-refy)*sin(theta);
ay3=refy+(x3-refx)*sin(theta)+(y3-refy)*cos(theta);
ax4=refy+(x4-refx)*cos(theta)-(y4-refy)*sin(theta);
ay4=refy+(x4-refx)*sin(theta)+(y4-refy)*cos(theta);
rectangle(100,150,150,100);
line(ax1,ay1,ax2,ay2);
line(ax2,ay2,ax3,ay3);
line(ax3,ay3,ax4,ay4);
line(ax4,ay4,ax1,ay1);

C PROGRAM FOR 3D TRANSFORMATIONS

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int xp[2],yp[2],z;
void display();
void translate();
void scaling();
void rotation();
void matrixmul(int [4][4]);
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
int ch,i;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\tc\\bgi");
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
printf("\nEnter X-coordinate of vertex %d : ",i+1);
scanf("%d",&xp[i]);
printf("\nEnter Y-coordinate of vertex %d : ",i+1);
scanf("%d",&yp[i]);
}
printf("\nEnter The Z-axis For 3d Figure : ");
scanf("%d",&z);
clrscr();
cleardevice();
display(xp,yp);
getche();
do
{
printf("----- MENU -----");
printf("\n1.TRANSLATION.");
printf("\t2.SCALING.");
printf("\n3.ROTATION.");
printf("\t4.EXIT.");
printf("\nEnter Your Choice : ");
scanf("%d",&ch);
clrscr();
cleardevice();
display(xp,yp);
switch(ch)

{
case 1 : translate();
break;
case 2 : scaling();
break;
case 3 : rotation();
break;
case 4 : exit(0);
default:
outtextxy(1,66,"-PLEASE SELECT THE RIGHT OPTION-");
}
}
while(ch!=4);
getch();
closegraph();
}
void translate()
{
int p[4][4];
int tx,ty,tz,i,j;
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
for(j=0;j<4;j++)
p[i][j]=(i==j);
printf("\nEnter The Translating Factor tx : ");
scanf("%d",&tx);
printf("\nEnter The Translating Factor ty : ");
scanf("%d",&ty);
printf("\nEnter The Translating Factor tz : ");
scanf("%d",&tz);
clrscr();
cleardevice();
display();
p[0][3]=tx;
p[1][3]=ty;
p[2][3]=tz;
matrixmul(p);
}
void scaling()
{
int p[4][4];
int sx,sy,sz,i,j;

for(i=0;i<4;i++)
for(j=0;j<4;j++)
p[i][j]=(i==j);
printf("\nEnter The Scaling Factor sx : ");
scanf("%d",&sx);
printf("\nEnter The Scaling Factor sy : ");
scanf("%d",&sy);
printf("\nEnter The Scaling Factor sz : ");
scanf("%d",&sz);
if(sx==0)
sx=1;
if(sy==0)
sy=1;
if(sz==0)
sz=1;
clrscr();
cleardevice();
p[0][0]=sx;
p[1][1]=sy;
p[2][2]=sz;
p[3][3]=1;
matrixmul(p);
}
void rotation()
{
float res[4][1],p[4][4],t[4][1];
int ang,i,j,k,l,rch;
float rad;
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
for(j=0;j<4;j++)
p[i][j]=(i==j);
printf("\nEnter The Rotating Angle : ");
scanf("%d",&ang);
rad=ang*0.0174;
printf("\nChoose the axis of roration ");
printf("\n1.X-axis");
printf("\n2.Y-axis");
printf("\n3.Z-axis");
printf("\nEnter Your Choice : ");
scanf("%d",&rch);
switch(rch)
{
case 1 : p[1][1]=cos(rad);
p[1][2]=(-1)*sin(rad);
p[2][1]=sin(rad);
p[2][2]=cos(rad);

break;
case 2 :
p[0][0]=cos(rad);
p[2][0]=(-1)*sin(rad);
p[0][2]=sin(rad);
p[2][2]=cos(rad);
break;
case 3 :
p[0][0]=cos(rad);
p[0][1]=(-1)*sin(rad);
p[1][0]=sin(rad);
p[1][1]=cos(rad);
break;
default :
printf("\nInvalid Choice !");
}
clrscr();
cleardevice();
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
t[0][0]=xp[i];
t[1][0]=yp[i];
t[2][0]=z;
t[3][0]=1;
for(j=0;j<4;j++)
{
for(k=0;k<1;k++)
{
res[j][k]=0;
for(l=0;l<4;l++)
{
res[j][k]=res[j][k]+(p[j][l]*t[l][k]);
}
}
}
xp[i]=res[0][0];
yp[i]=res[1][0];
z=res[2][0];
}
display(xp,yp);
}
void display(int xp[2],int yp[2])
{

int x3,y3,x4,y4;
line(getmaxx()/2,0,getmaxx()/2,getmaxy());
line(0,getmaxy()/2,getmaxx(),getmaxy()/2);
outtextxy(getmaxx()/2+5,getmaxy()/2+5,"(0,0)");
outtextxy(getmaxx()-50,getmaxy()/2+10,"X-Axis");
outtextxy(getmaxx()/2+10,20,"Y-Axis");
outtextxy(10,getmaxy()/2+10,"X'-Axis");
outtextxy(getmaxx()/2+10,getmaxy()-20,"Y'-Axis");
rectangle(getmaxx()/2+xp[0],getmaxy()/2-yp[0],getmaxx()/2+xp[1],getmaxy()/2-yp[1]);
if(z>=xp[0])
{
x3=z+xp[0];
y3=z+yp[0];
x4=z+xp[1];
y4=z+yp[1];
rectangle(getmaxx()/2+x3,getmaxy()/2-y3,getmaxx()/2+x4,getmaxy()/2-y4);
line(getmaxx()/2+xp[0],getmaxy()/2-yp[0],getmaxx()/2+x3,getmaxy()/2-y3);
line(getmaxx()/2+xp[1],getmaxy()/2-yp[1],getmaxx()/2+x4,getmaxy()/2-y4);
line(getmaxx()/2+xp[0],getmaxy()/2-yp[1],getmaxx()/2+x3,getmaxy()/2-y4);
line(getmaxx()/2+xp[1],getmaxy()/2-yp[0],getmaxx()/2+x4,getmaxy()/2-y3);
}
else
{
x3=xp[0]-z;
y3=yp[0]-z;
x4=xp[1]-z;
y4=yp[1]-z;
rectangle(getmaxx()/2+x3,getmaxy()/2-y3,getmaxx()/2+x4,getmaxy()/2-y4);
line(getmaxx()/2+xp[0],getmaxy()/2-yp[0],getmaxx()/2+x3,getmaxy()/2-y3);
line(getmaxx()/2+xp[1],getmaxy()/2-yp[1],getmaxx()/2+x4,getmaxy()/2-y4);
line(getmaxx()/2+xp[0],getmaxy()/2-yp[1],getmaxx()/2+x3,getmaxy()/2-y4);
line(getmaxx()/2+xp[1],getmaxy()/2-yp[0],getmaxx()/2+x4,getmaxy()/2-y3);
}
}
void matrixmul(int a[4][4])
{
float res[4][1],b[4][1];
int i,j,k,l;
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
b[0][0]=xp[i];
b[1][0]=yp[i];
b[2][0]=z;
b[3][0]=1;
for(j=0;j<4;j++)
{

for(k=0;k<1;k++)
{
res[j][k]=0;
for(l=0;l<4;l++)
{
res[j][k]=res[j][k]+(a[j][l]*b[l][k]);
}
}
}
xp[i]=res[0][0];
yp[i]=res[1][0];
}
z=res[2][0];
display(xp,yp);
}

C PROGRAM FOR DRAWING A BEZIER CURVE

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
int x,y,z;
void main()
{
float u;
int gd,gm,ymax,i,n,c[4][3];

for(i=0;i<4;i++) { c[i][0]=0; c[i][1]=0; }

printf("\n\n Enter four points : \n\n");

u=(float)i/40.0;
bezier(u,n,c);
if(i==0)
{ moveto(x,ymax-y);}
else
{ lineto(x,ymax-y); }
getch();
}
getch();
}
bezier(u,n,p)
float u;int n; int p[4][3];
{
int j;
float v,b;
float blend(int,int,float);
x=0;y=0;z=0;
for(j=0;j<=n;j++)
{
b=blend(j,n,u);
x=x+(p[j][0]*b);
y=y+(p[j][1]*b);
z=z+(p[j][2]*b);
}
}
float blend(int j,int n,float u)
{
int k;
float v,blend;
v=C(n,j);
for(k=0;k<j;k++)
{ v*=u; }
for(k=1;k<=(n-j);k++)
{ v *= (1-u); }
blend=v;
return(blend);
}
C(int n,int j)
{
int k,a,c;
a=1;
for(k=j+1;k<=n;k++) { a*=k; }
for(k=1;k<=(n-j);k++) { a=a/k; }
c=a;

return(c);
}