Return to the Source:

Selected Speeches of Amilcar Cabral

Edited by Africa Information Service
Africa
Amilcar Cabral, who was the Secretary-General of the African
Party for the Independence of Guinea and the Cape Verde Islands
(PAIGC), was assassinated by Portuguese agents on January 20,
1973. Under his leadership, the PAIGC liberated three-quarters of
the countryside of Guinea in less than ten years of revolutionary
struggle. Cabral distinguished himself among modern revolution
aries by the long and careful preparation, both theoretical and
practical, which he undertook before launching the revolutionary
struggle, and, in the course of this preparation, became one of the
world's outstanding theoreticians of anti-imperialist struggle.
This volume contains some of the principal speeches Cabral
delivered in his last years during visits to the United Siates. The
first is his speech to the fourth Commission of the United Nations
General Assembly on October 16, 1972, on "Questions of Terri
tories under Portuguese Administration." His brilliant speeches on
"National Liberation and Culture" (1970) and "Identity and Dignity
in the Context of the National Liberation Struggle" (1972) follow.
During his last visit U the United States, Cabral asked the
Africa Information Service to organize an informal gathering of
representatives from a variety of black organizations, and it took
place on October 20, 1972. The vitality, warmth, and humor with
which Cabral spoke to this gathering are evident in the transcript
which appears here, and which includes his replies to questions as
well as his opening remarks.
Finally, the New Year's Message of January 1973 is included.
As his last written statement to the people of Guinea and the Cape
Verde Islands, this constitutes the political testament of Amilcar
Cabral.
Included as well are maps, photographs, and suggestions for
further reading bearing on the struggles of the PAIGC and of the
liberation movements in Angola and Mozambique.
MonIhly Review Press
Printed in U,S./Cover design by Martin Stephen Moskal
Photo: Members of the l972 Special Mission of the United Nations, accompanied by PAIGe
membe|s, crossing a river in the Balana-Kitafine sector of ' . bc|atcd Ounea. (UN |hOlo/
Yutaka Nagata)
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"lam a simple African man) doing my duty
in my own countr in the context of our time."
AMILCAR CABRAL

1924-1973
in memoriam.
RETURN
TO THE
SOURCE
Selected Speeches by
Amilcar Cabral
edited by Africa Informatjon Service
(
Monthly Review Press
New York and London
with Africa Information Service
Copyright 1973 by Africa Information Service and the
African Party for the Independence of Guinea and the
Cape Verde Islands
All Rights Reserved
Librar of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Cabral, Amilcar
Return to the source.
1. Guinea, Portuguese-Politics and government-Collected
works. 2. Nationalism-Guinea, Portuguese-Collected works.
3. Guerrillas-Guinea, Portuguese-Collected works. I. Title.
DT613.75.C32 1974 320.9'66'5702 74-7788
ISBN 0-85345-345-4
Thir Printing
Monthly Review Press
62 West 14th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011
21 Theobalds Road, London WCIX 8SL
Manufactured in the United States of America
Dedicated to the struggle
The Africa Information Service (AIS) is an organization of Africans,
African-Caribbeans and African-Americans who share a commit
ment to Third World anti-imperialist struggles. We prepare, cat
alog, and distribute information on African liberation movements
and on the struggles to achieve economic independence by the peo
ple in those parts of Africa recognized as independent political
states. We also provide the people of Africa with information on
various struggles being waged by Third World peoples in the West
er Hemisphere. Africa is our focal point, but we recognize that the
African struggles do not exist in isolation. They are themselves part
of a larer movement by Third World peoples.
Our thanks to the comrades and organizations who made the
printing of this book possible, including the Africana Studies
and Researc Center of Corell University and the Women's
Division of the United Methodist Church.
And above all our special appreciato the militants of the
African Part for the Independence 0 Guinea and the Cape
Verde Islands (PAIGC) for their assis anee.
Proceeds from the sale of this book will be sent to the PAGC.
Tout ts book te Engsh (Guiea) ad pogese (Gue)
sgs ae ue itgably.
Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Map of Guinea (Bissau) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Map of Cap Verde Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . 14
Sec

d Address Before the United Nations, Fourth Co.

mIttee, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
National Liberation and Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Identit and Dignity in te Context of the National Libera-
tion Struggle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Connecting the Struggles: an informal talk with Blac
Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 75
New Year's Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Further Readings . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 107
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CAE VERDE
ISLNDS
Portuguese
Colonies in _
Africa
Other white minority
dominated countries
,
Introduction
Te long and difcult strugle to free Africa from foreign
domination has produced many heroic fgures and will con
tinue to produce many more. In sme instances individuals
who seemed to be unlikely candidates emerged as spokesmen
for the masses of their people. Often these were individuals
who rejected avenues of escape from the realities of their people
and who elected instead to return to the source of their own
being. In taking this step these individuals reafed the right
of their people to take their own place in history.
Amilcar Cabral is one suc fgre. And in the hearts of the
people of the small West African country of Guinea (Bissau),
he will remain a leader who helped them regain their identity
and who was otherwise instrumental in the initial stages of
the long and difcult process of national liberation.
Cabral is recognized as having been one of the world's out
standing political theoreticians. At the time of his assassination
by Portuguese agents, on Jan. 20, 1973-Cabral, as Secretary
General of the African Party for the Indepndence of Guinea
and the Cape Verde Islands (PAIGC), was also an outstanding
practitioner of these political theories. He had the ability to
translate abstract theories into the concrete realities of his
people, and very often the realities of his people resulted in
the formulation of new theories.
The specifc conditions of colonialism in Guinea (Bissau)
9
RETURN TO THE SOURC
and on the Cape Verde Islands were instrumental in the polit
ical development of Cabral. To his people, Portuguese colonial
ism meant a stagnant existence coupled with the absence of
personal digity and liberty. More than 99% of the population
could not read or write. Sixty percent of the babies died before
reaching the ag of one year. Forty percent of the population
sufered from sleeping sicknes and almost everone had some
form of malaria. Thee were never more than 11 doctors f
the entire rural population, or one doctor for ever 45,000
Africans.
In an efort to control the African population, Portugal at
tempted to create a minimally educated class, the membes of
w
h
ich were granted the "privilege" of serving Portugal's in
terests. They were told to disdain everything African and to
revere everthing European. However, even if they adopted
tese attitudes they were never really accepted by their masters.
The myth of Portugal's multi-racial soiety came to be exposed
for what it was-a tool for little Portugal's continued domina
tion of vast stretces of Africa.
Cabral studied in Portugal with Afcans fom other Portu
guese colonies. This was a restive period in the development
of Afcan nationalist movements. The colonial powers had been
weakened by the Scond World War. And Africans had head
these powers speak of democracy, libert
y
and human digity
all of which were denied to the colonial subjects. May Afcans
had even fought and died for the "liberty" of their colonial
mastes. However; in the process those who survived learned
much about the world and themselves.
Cabral's contemporaries as a student included Agostnho Net
and Mario de Andrade (founding members of the Popular
Movement for the Lberation of Angola-MPLA), and Eduardo
Mondlane" and Marcelino dos Santos (founding members of
the Mozambique Liberatio
n
Front-FRELIMO). These men all
rejected Portugal's ri-
f
defne the lives of African people
and comitted themselves to struggle for chang. As students
they strived to assert their national identities and subsequently
they retured to their respective countries to participate in the
process of national liberation.
. Mondane was hmsel te vctm of an assassiaton car out bv
Prguese agents on Febra 3, 1969.
.
10
I nhoductio
All of them saw that their peoples' enemy was not simply
poverty, disease, or . lack of education; nor was i t the Portuguese
people or simply whites; rather, it was colonialism and its
parent imperialism. Cabral articulated this view in stating:
"We are not fghting against the Portuguese people,
against individual Portuguese or Portuguese families. With
out eer confusing the people of Portugal and Portuguese
colonialism, we have been forced to take up ar in order
to extirpate from the soil of our African fatherland, the
shameful Portuguese colonial domination:' Declaration
made on the release of three Portuguese soldiers taen pris
oner by the PAIGC, March, 1968.
This defnition of the enemy proved an important ideological
starting point. From here revolutionar theories were forula
ted and put into practice which resulted in the liberation of
almost 75 percent of the countrside of Guinea (Bissau) in less
than ten years of revolutionar armed struggle.
At the tme of Cabral's murder, Guinea (Bissau) had vir
tually become an independent state with most of its principal
towns occupied by a foreign army. In his Second Address At
the United Nations, Cabral presented an overview of the strugle
from its earliest days and he described life in the liberated areas
of his countr. He described the process of national reconstruc
tion in the face of continuous bombardments and attacks by
Portuguese soldiers. And, he announced the successful comple
tion of freely held elections for a new National Assembly.
With each passing day Portugal fnds itself more and more
isolated from the international community. Not even the death
of Cabral can reverse the tide which is running against one of
the world's last remaining colonial rulers. In his New Year
Message, Cabral called on the PAIGC to press foward and con
tinue the work necessary to issue a foral declaration of the
new and independent state-Guinea (Bissau). This declaration
will be issued during 1973 and will raise the struggle against
Portuguese colonialism to another level.
Te selections contained in this work illustrate a vital part
of the study, analysis and application which made it possible
for the people of Guinea (Bissau), and their comrades in Mo
zambique and Angola, to ac
h
ieve what the have achieved in
the face of numerous difculties. For example, in Identity and
Digity in the Context of the National Liberation Struggle,
11
RETURN TO TE SOURC
Cabral discusses the "return to the source" as a political process
rather than a cultural event.
He saw the process of returning to the source as being more
difcult for those "native elites" who had lived in isolation
from the "native masses" and developed feelings of frustration
as a result of their ambigous roles. Thus, he viewed move
ments which propounded strictly cultural or taditional views
to _ be manifestations of the frustrations resulting from being
isolated frm the African reality.
Among the many truths left by Cabral, is the fact that the
process of returning to the source is of no historical importance
(and would in fact be political opprtunism) unless it involves
not only a contest against the foreign culture but also complete
participation in the mass struggle against forig political and
economic domination.
Africa Inforation Service-"
July, 1973
12

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MA' 13 REV.3 UNITED NATIONS
ARIL 1913
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Second Address
Before
Te United Nations
This speeh ", givn during Amica CabraPs l, 'isi'
to th Unite States. Presentd be/le the T'enty-6en,h
Sesin 01 the Fourth Committe 01 the Uni Naions
General Assembly in Ne York, October 16, 1972, its con
tents were inlife: Qutins 01 Terri under Portu
guese Adrmnistratin."
For the second time, I have the honor to address the Fourth
Committee on behalf of the African people of Guine ad the
Cape Verde Islands, whose sole, legitimate, and true representa
tive is the PAIGC. I do so with gratifcation, being fully aware
that the members of the Committee are our comrades in the
difcult but inspiring stggle for t liberation of peoples and
mankind and aainst oppression o all kinds in the interest of a
better life in a world of peace, security and progess. .
While not forgetting the ofte remarkable role tat Utopia
could play in furthering human pogess, the PAIG is very
realistic. We kno tat among members of the Fourth Com
mittee, there are some who, perhaps in spite of themselves, are
duty bound to adopt an obstuctionist. if not negative attitude
when dealing with problems relating to the struggle for national
liberation in Guine and Cape Verde. I venture to say "in spite of
themselves" because, leavng aside compelling reasons of State
plicy. it is difcult to believe tat responsible men exist who
15
RETURN TO THE SOUR
fundaentally oppose the legitmate aspiatons of the Africn
people to live in dignity, freedo, national independence and
progress, because in the modern world, to support tose who are
sufering and fghng for their liberation, it i not necessa to
be courageous; it is enough to be honest.
I addressed the Fourth Committee for the ,frst time on 12
December 1962. Ten year is a long and even decisive perio
in the life of a human being, but a short interval in the histor
of a people. During that decade sweeping, radical and irrevc
:
si
ble changes have occurred in te life of the people of Gume
and Cape Verde. Unfortunately, it is impossible for me to re
fesh the meiory of the members of .the Committee in order to
compare the situation of those days wit the presnt, because
most, if not all, of the representativs in the Committe are not
the same. I will therefore briefy recapitulate the events up to
the present.
On 3 August 1959, at a crucal juncture in the history of te
struggle, the Portuguese colonialits committed the massace of
Pidgiguiti, in which the dock workers of Bissau and te rve
tansport strikers were the victims and whim, at a cot of 50
klled and over 100 strikers wounded, was a painful lesson for
our people, who learned that there was no question of cooing
between a peaceful strugle and armed combat; the Portugues
had weapons and were prepared to kill. At a secet meeing
of the PAIGC leaders, held at Bissau on 19 Septembe 1959,
the decision was taken to suspend all peaceful representations
to the authorities in the villages and to prepare for the armed
stuggle. For that purpose it wa necessay to have a solid
political base in the countryside. After three years of active and
intensive mobilization and organization of the rural popula
tions, P AIGC managed to create that basis in spite of te in
creasing vigilance\f the colonial authorities.
Feeling the win change, te Portuguese coloialists
launched an extensive capaign of police and military repression
against the nationalist forces. In June, 1962, over 2,000 patiots
were arested throughout the country. Several villages were set
on fre and their inhabitants masacred. Dozens of Aficans were
burnt alive or drowned in the rivers and others tortued. The
policy of repression stifened the people's deterination to c
tinue the fght. Some skirishes broke out between the patot
and the forces of colonialist repression.
16
United Nations Address
Faced with that situatio, the patriots cnsidered that only an
approprate and efective intervention by the United Nations in
support of the inalienable rights of the people of Guine and te
Cape Verde Islands could induce te Portugese Govement to
respect interational morality and legality. In light of subsequent
events, we might well be consered to have been naive. We
believed it to be our duty and right to have recourse to te
inteationaJ Organization. In the circumstances we considered
it absolutely necessary to appeal to the Fourt Committee. Our
message was the appeal of a people confronted with a particu
larly difcult situation but resolved to pay the prce required to
regain our dignity and freedom, as also proof of our trust in the
strength of te principles and in the capacity for action of the
United Nations.
What was the Fourth Committee told at tat time? First
of alI, PAIGC clearly descibed the reasons for and pur
poses of its presence in the United Nations and exlained
that it had come as the representative of the Afican people of
"Portuguese" Guine and the Cape Verde Islands. The people
had placed their entire trust in PAIGC, an organization whic
had mobilized and organized them for the struggle for national
liberation. The people had been gagged by the total lack of
fundaental freedoms and by the Portuguese colonial repression.
The
y
considered those who had defended their interest in eve
pOSSIble way throughout the preceding 15 years of Africa's
histor to be their lawful representatives.
P AIGC had come to the Fourth Committee not to make
propaganda or to extract resolutions condemning Portuguese
colonialism, but to work with the Committee in order to arrive
at a constructive solution of a problem which was both that
of the people of Guine and Cape Verde and that of the
United Nations itself: the immediate liberation of that people
from :the colonial yoke.
Nor had it come to inveigh against Portuguese colonialism,
as had already been done many times-just as attacks had al
ready been made and condemnations uttered against Portuguese
colonialism, whose characteristics, subterfuges, methods and
activities were already more than well known to the United
Nations and world opinion.
PAIGC had come to the Fourth Committee because of the
situation actually prevailing in OUT country and wit the back-
17
RETURN TO THE SOURC
ing of international law, in order to seek, together with te
members of the Committee, induding the Portuguese delega
tion, the shortest and most efective way of rapidly eliminatng
Portuguese colonialism fom Guine and the Cape Verde Islands.
The time had come for our people and party to dispense
with indecision and promises and to adopt defnitive decisions
and take specifc action. We had already agreed to make great
sacrifces and were determined to do much more to recover our
liberty and human dignity, whatever the path to be followed.
It was not by chance that our presence in the Committee
had not been considered indispensable until then. The legal,
human and material requisites for action had not existed. In
the course of te preceding yeas those requisites had been
gadually accumulating, both for the United Nations and for
the people engaged in the struggle, and PAl G was convinced
tat the time had come to act and that the United Nations and
the people of Guine and Cape Verde could really do so.
PAIGC thought that, in order to act, it was necessary to estab
lish close and efective co-operation and that it had the right
and duty to help the. United Nations so that it, in its turn,
could help it to win back national freedom and independence.
The help which P AIGC could provide had been mainly specifc
information on the situation in our country, a clear defnition
of the position adopted and the submission of specifc proposals
for a solution.
After describing the situation prevailing in the count, es
pecially with regard to the intensifed police and military
repression, the fction of the so-called "reforms" introduced by
the Portuguese Goverment in September 1961 and the future
prospects for our struggle, P AIGC analysed the problems re
lating to the lega!ty or illegality of the strugle.
I will pass over parts o that statement a
?
d confne
myself to recalling that It was saId that the resolution on de
colonizaton not only imposed on Portugal and the people of
Guine and Cape Verde the obligation to end colonial domina
tion in that countr but also committed the United Nations
itself to take action in order to end colonial domination
wherever it existed, with a view to facilitating the national
independence of all colonial peoples. The people of Guine
and Cape Verde were convinced that the Portuguese Gov
ernment could Iot continue obstinately and with impunity
18
Unitd Natio Address
to commit an international crime and that the Unit Nations
had all the necessary means at it disposal for orderng and
applying practical and efective measures desiged to ensure
rspect for the principles of the Charter, impose interational
legality in our county and defend the interests of peace and
cvilization.
The representatives of the people of Guine and the Cap
Verde Islands did not come to ask the United Nations to send
toops to free our country from the Portuguese colonial yoke,
because, even though it might have been able to do so, we did
not think it necessary as we were sure of our ability to liberate
our own country. We invoked the right to the collaboration
and practical assistance of the United Nations with a vie to
expediting the liberation of our country from the colonial yoke
and thus reducing the human and material losses which a pro
tracted strggle might entail.
PAIGC was aware not only of the legality of our struggle
but also of the fact that, fghting as we had ben by all the
means at our disposal for the liberation of our countr, we
had also been defending interational legality, peace and the
progress of mankind_
The strugle had ceased to be strictly national and had
bcome international. In Guine and Cape Verde the fght
for progress and freedom from poverty, sufering and oppres
sion had been waged in various fors. While it was true that
the victims of the fght had been the sons of the people of
Guine and Cape Verde, it was also true that each comrade
wo had succumbed to torture or had fallen under the bullets
of the Portuguese colonialists was identifed-through the hop
and conviction which the people of our country cherished in
their hearts and minds-with all peace-loving and freedom
loving men who wished to live a life of progress in the pursuit
of happiness.
In our country the fght had been waged not only to fulfll
aspirations for feedom and national independence but also
and it would be continued until victory wa won-to ensure
respect for the resolutions and Charter of the United Nations.
In the prisons, towns and felds of our country, a battle had
been fought between the United Nations, which had demanded
the elimination of the system of colonial domination of peo
ples, and the armed forces of the Portuguese Government
19
RETUR TO THE SOURCE
which had sought to prpetuate the system in defance of the
people's legitimate rights.
.
The question had risen as to who was a

tually engaged II
the fght. When a fghter had succumbed II our countr to
police torture, or had been murdered in prison, or burnt alive
or machine-gunned by the Portuguese toops, for what cuse
had he given his life?
He had given his life for the liberation of our peo
I
le fom
the colonial yoke and hence for the cause of the UUlted Na
tions. In fghting and dying for the country's liberation, he
had given his life, in a context of interational legality, for the
ideals set forth in the Charter and resolutions of the United
Nations, especially for the resolution on decolonizaton.
For ou people, the only diferenc between an Indian sol
dier, an Italian pilot or a Swedish ofcial who had died in te
Congo and the combatant who had died in Guine or te
Cape Verde Islands was that the latter, fghting in his own
country in the service of the same ideal, was no more tha
an anonyous combatant for the United Nations cause.
PAIGC believed that the time had come to take stock of the
situation and make radical changes in it, since it benefted only
te enemies of the United Nations and, more specifcally,
Portuguese colonialism.
We Aficans, having rejected the idea of beging for fre
dom, which was contrary to our dignity and our saced right
to feedom and independence, reafed our steadfast decision
to end colonial domination of our country, no matter what te
sacrifces involved, and to conquer for ourselves the opportunity
to achieve in peace our own progress and happiness.
With that aim in w and on the basis of that irrevocable
decsion, PAiGe had efned three possible ways in which
te confict between the ernment of Portugal and the Afi
can people might evolve and be resolved. Those three possi
bilities were the followng: (a) a radical cange in the position
of the Portuguese Government; (b) immediate specifc action
by the United Nations; and (c) a struggle waged exclusively
by the people with their own means.
As proof of it confdence in the Organization, and in view
of the infuence which some of the latter's Members could
crtainly exert on the Portuguese Gvernment, P AIG had
taken into consideration only te frst two posibilities and
20
United Nations Adress
in that connection had submitted the following specifc pro
poals:
(a) With regard to the frst possibility:
The immediate establishment of contact between the Portu
guese delegation and the P AlG delegation;
Consultations with the Portuguese Government to set an
early date for the beginning of negotiations between that Gv
ement's representatives and the lawful representative of
Guinea and the Cape Verde Islands;
Pending negotiations, suspension of repressive acts by the
Portuguese colonial forces and of all action by the nationalists.
(b) With regard to the second possibility:
Acceptance of the principle that United Nations assistance
would not be really efective unless it was simultaneously
moral, political and materal;
Immediate establishment within the United Nations of a
special committee for the self-determination and national in
dependence of the Territories under Portuguese administration;
Immediate commencement of that committee's work before
the close of the General Assembly session.
PAG also stated that it was ready to co-operate fully with
that committee and proposed that the latter should be en
trusted with the task of gving concrete assistance to our people
So that we could free ourselves speedily from the colonial yoke.
Since those proposals were not favorably received by the Portu
guese Government or the United Nations, the patriotic forces
of our country launched a general struggle against the colonial
ist forces in January 1963 in order to respond, by an armed
stggle for liberation, to the colonial genocidal war un
leased against the people by the Government of Portugal.
.
Almost 10 yeas later, PAGIC is again appearing before the
Fourth Committee. The situation is completely diferent, how
ever, both within the country and at the international level.
The Fourth Committee and the United Nations are now better
infored than ever before about the situation. In addition to
te curent information (reports, information bulletins, war
communiques and other documents which PAIGC has sent to
the United Nations), PAIG has, in those 10 years appeared
before the Decolonization Committee to describe the progress
of the struggle and prospects for its future evolution. Dozens
of flm-makers, journalists, politicians, scientists, writers, artists,
21
REURN TO THE SOURCE
photogaphers, and s on of varous nationalities have visite
the country' on their own initiative and at the invitaton of
P AIG and have provided unanimous and irrefutable testimony
regarding the situation. Others-very few in number-have done
the same on the colonialist side at the invitation of te Portu
guese authorities and, with few exceptions, teir testimony ha
not completely satisfed those authorties. For example, there
was the case of the team from the Frech radio and television
oranization which visited all the "overseas provincs," and
whos flm was rejected by the Lisbon Govement because of
the part relating to Guine and Cape Verde. That flm was
shown to the Securty. Council in Addis Ababa. Another cae
was that of the goup of representatives of the people of ,the
United States, headed by Representative Charles Digg, whose
report on their visit to the country merits careful study by
the Committee and anyone else wishing to obtain reliable in
formation on the situation. However, the United Nations has
at its disposal information which is, in our view, even more valu
able, namely the report of the Special Mission which, at the
invitation of PAIGe and duly authorized by the General As
sembly, visited the liberated regions of the country in April
1972. I am not, therefore, appearing before the Committee to
rmedy a lack of information.
Furthermore, the United Nations and world opinion are
sufciently well informed about te cime against Afican
people committeed daily by the Portuguee colonialists. A
number of victims of Portuguese police and military repression
have testifed before United Nations bodies, particularly the
Commission on Huma Rights. At the twenty-sixth session, two
of my. countrymen, 0 e with third-degree napalm bums and
the other with mutilat ar and obvious sigs of tortur ap
.peared before the Committee. Those who have visited my
countr, including members of the United Nations Special
Mission, have been able to see the horifying consequence
of the criminal acts of the Portuguese colonialists against te
people and the material gods which are the fruits of their
labour. Unfortunately the United Nations, like the Afrcn
people, is well aware that condemnations and resolutions, no
matter how great their moral and political value, will not cm
pel the Portuguese Goverment to put and end to its cme of
22
United Nations Adress
lese-humanite*. Consequently, I a not appearing before the
Committee in orde to obtain more violent condemnatons and
resolutions agaiust the Portuguese colonialists.
Nor am I urgng that an appeal should be made to the allies
of the Goverment of Portugal to cease giving it political
suport and material, military economic and fnancial assist
ance, which are factors of primary importance in the continua
tion of the Portuguese colonial wa against Africa, since that
has already been done on many past occasions with no positive
results. It should be noted, not without regret, that I was right
in stating almost 10 years previously that in view of the fact
concering the Portugese economy and the intersts of the
States allied to the Govement of Portugal, recommending or
even demanding a diplomatic, economic and military boycott
would not be an efective means of helping the African people.
Experence has shown, on the contrary, that in acting or being
forced to act as real enemies of the liberation and progess of
the Afican peoples, the allies of the Portuguese Government
and in particular some of the main NATO" Powers have not
only inceaed their assistance to the Potuguese colonialists bui
have systematically avoided or even boycotted any co-operation
wit te United Nations majority whih is seeking to determine
legally the political and other steps which might induce the
Goverment of Portugal to comply with the principles of the
Organization and the resolutions of the General Assembly. It
was not 10 years before but in recent yeas that the Govern
ment of Portugal has received frm its allies the larest quanti
ties of war material, jet aircaft, helicopters, gunboats, launches,
and so o. It was in 1972, not 1962, that the Government of
Portugal received some $500 million in fnancial assistance
from one of its principal allies. If States which call themselves
champions of freedom and democacy and defenders of the
"fee world" and the cause of selfdetermination and independ
en

e of peoples thus persist in supporting and giving practical

aSSIstance to the most retrogade colonialism on earth, they
must have ver good reasons, at least in their own view. Perhaps
an efort should be made to understand them, even if their
reasons are ua
,
owed or unavowable. It is no doubt necessary
to take a reahstIc approach and to stop dreaming and asking
lese-huante-agaist huat
.. No Atant Teat Oganaton
28
RETURN TO THE SOURCE
the impossible, for as we Micans say, "only in stories is it
possible to cross the rver on the shoulder of the crocodile's
frend."
1 a apparing oce more before the United Nations to tr.
as in the past, to obtain from the Organization practical and
efective assistance for my stuggling people. However, a I
have already said and as everone knows, the current situation
is in every way yery diferent from that obtaining in 1962, and
the aid whiCh the Afc people need is likewise diferent.
During almost 1 ( years of armed strugle and of enormous
eforts and sacrifces, almost three quarters of the national ter
rtory has been freed from Portugese colonial domination
and two thirds brought under efective control, which means
in concete terms that in most of the countr the people have
a solid political organization- that of P ALC-a developing
administrative structure, a judicial structure, a new economy
fee from all exploitation of the people's labour, a variety of
social and cultural services (health, hygiene, education) and
other means of afming their personality and their ability to
shape their destiny a direct their own lives. They also have
a military organizatio entirely composed of and led by sons
of the people. The national forces, whose task is to attack the
colonialist trops systematically wherever they might be, in
order to complete the liberation of the count. like the local
armed forces, which are responsible for the defence and securty
of the liberated areas, are now stronger than ever, tempered
by almost 10 years of strle. That is proved by the colonialists'
inability to recover even the smallest part of the liberated areas
by their increasingly he I losses, and by the people's ability
to deal them increasingly eavy blows, even in the main urban
centres such as Bissau, the capital and Bafata, the country's
second largest town.
For the people of Guine and Cape Verde and our national
part, however, the geatest success of our struggle does not
lie in the fact that we have fought victoriously against the
Portuguese colonialist trop under extremely difcult condi
tions but rather in the fact that, while we were fghting, we
began to create all the aspects of a new life-political, admin
istrative, economic, social and cultural-in the liberated areas.
It is, to be sure, still a very hard life, since it calls f geat
efort and sacifce in the face of a genocidal colonial war, but
24
United Nations Address
it is a life fll of beaut, for it is one of productive, efcient
work, freedom and democracy in which the people have re
gained their dignity. The nearly 10 years of struggle have not
only forged a new, strong African nation but also created a
new man and a new woman, people possessing an awareness of
their rights and duties, on te soil of the African fatherland. In
deed, the most important result of the stggle, which is at the
same time its greatest strength, is the new awareness of te
countr's men, women and children.
The people of Guine and Cape Verde do not take any great
pride in the fact that ever day, because of cirstances created
and imposed by the Goverment of Portugal, an increasing num
ber of young Portuguese are dying ingloriously before the wither
ingfre of the feedom-fghters. What flls us with pride is our
ever-increasing national consciousness, our unity-no indestruc
tible-which has been forged in war, the harmonious develop
ment and coexistence of the various cultures and ethnic groups,
the schools, hospitals and health centres which are operating
openly in spite of the bombs and the terrorist attacks of the
Portuese colonialists, the people's stores which are increasingly
able to supply the nleds of the population, the incease and
qualitative improvement in agicultural production, and the
beauty, pride and dignity of our children and our women, who
were the most exploited human beings in the country. We take
pride in the fact that thousands of adults have been taught to
read and write, that the rural inhabitant are receiving medicines
that were never available to them before, that no fewer than 497
high- and mi?dle-level civil servants and professional people
h

ve been tramed, and that 495 young people are studying at

hIgher, secondary and vocational educational establishments
in fendly European countries while 15,000 childen are at
tending 156 primary schools and fve secondary boarding
schools and semi-boarding schools with a staf of 251 teacher.
This is the greatest victory of the people of Guine and Cape
Verde over the Portuguese colonialist, for it is a victory over
igorance, fear and disease-evils imposed on the African in
habitants for more than a centur by Portuguese colonialism.
It is also the clearest proof of t sovereignty enjoyed by the
people of Guine and Cape Verde, Who are free and sovereig
in the geatest part of our national territory. To defend and
presee that sovereignty and expand it throughout the entire
25
RTUR TO THE SOURC
national teritory, both on the continent ad on te islands,
the people have not only their armed foce but all te m
ciner of a State which, under the leadership of the party, is
gowing stronger and consolidating itself day by day. Indeed,
the position of the people of Guine and Cape Verde has for
some time been comparable to tat of an independent State
part of whose national territory-namely, te urba cente
is occupied by foreign militar forces. Proof of that is te fact
that for some years t people have no longer been subjet to
economic exploitation by the Portuguese colonialists, since te
latter are no longer able to exploit them. The people of Guine
and Cape Verde are all the more certain of gining their fe
dom because of the fact that, both in te urban centes and in
the occupie areas, the clandestine organization ad pldc
activities of the freedom-fghters are more vigorou than eve.
Tere is no force capable of preventing t complete libea
tion of my people and the attainment of national independence
by my country. Nothing can destoy te unity of te Afican
people of Guine and Cape Verde and our unshakable deter
mination to free the entire national tertory from the Portu
guese colonial yoke and military occupation.
Cofronted with that situation and that determination, what
is the attitude of the Portuguese Government? Up until the
death of Salazar, whose outmoded ways of thinking made it
imposible for him to conceive of ganting even fctitious co
cessions to the Africans ther was talk only of rdicalizing the
colonial war. Salazar, who would repeat over and over t any
one willing to listen that "Africa does not exist" (an assertion
which clearl reHected ar

ne racism but whic also perfecty

summed up the princpl

nd practices which have always

chaacterized Portuguese colonial policy), was at his advanced
age unable to surive te afrmation of Afca's existence: the
victorious armed resistance of the Afican peoples to the Portu
guee colonial war. Salazar was nothing more than a fanatical
believer in the doctrne of European supeorit and Afican
inferiority. As eeryone knew, Ai was t sickness tat
killed Salazar.
. Marcelo Caetano, his successor, is alSo a theortician (pro
fessor of colonial law at the Lisbon Scool of Lw) and a
practical politician (Minister of Colonies for may yea).
Caetano, who claims that he "knos the blacs," h decdd
26
United Nations Ads
on a new policy wich, in the sphere of social relationships,
is to be that of a kind of master who hold out the hand
of friendship to his "boy"; politically speaking the new policy
is in its essence nothing more than te old tactic of force
and deceit while outwadly it makes use of the arguments
and even the actual words of the adversar in order to confuse
him while actually maintaining the same position. That is the
diference between the Salazarism of Salazar and the neo
Salazarism of Caetano. The objective remains the same: to
petuate white domination of the black masses of Guine
and Cape Verde.
Caetano's new tactic, whic the people refer to as "the policy
of smiling and blobdshed," is merely one more result and suc
css of the struge being waged by the Aficans. That fact has
been noted by many who have visited the remaining occupied
areas of Guine and in Cape Verde, including the American
Congressman, Charles Diggs, and it is also understood by the
people of the occcupied areas who replied to the colonialists'
demagogic concessions with the words "Djarama, PAIGC," i.e.
"Thank you, P AIG." In spite of thoe concessions and te
launching of a vast propaganda campaign both in Africa and
internationally, the new policy has failed. The people of the
liberated areas are more united than ever around the national
part, while those of the urban centres and the remaining oc
cupied areas are supporting the party's struggle more strongly
every day both in Guine and Cape Verde. Hundreds of young
people are leaving the urbn centrs, especially Bissau, to join
the fght. There ae inceasing desertions from the So-C3 lIed
uni
dades afri
canas, many of whose members are being held
prisoner by the colonial authorities.
Confronted with that situation, the colonialists are resorting
to increased repression in the occupied areas, particularly the
cities

and stepping up th
.
e bombing and terorist attacks against
the hberated areas. HaVng been forced to recognize that they
cannot win the war, they now know that no stratagem can
demoralize the people of those areas and that nothing can halt
our advance towards complete liberation and independence.
They are therefore making extensive use of the means available
to them and attempting at all costs to destro as many lives and
Aic merceaies fghtg for Porga
27
RETURN TO TE SOURC
a much property as they can. The colonialists are makng
inceased use of napalm and are actively preparing to use toxic
substances, herbicides and defoliants, of which they have lare
supplies in Bissau, against the freedo-fghters.
The Portuguese Goverment's desperation is all te more
understandable because of the fact that the peoples of Angla
and Mozambique are succeeding in their struggle and that the
people of Portugal are becoming more strongly opposed to te
colonial war every day. In spite of appearancs, Portugl's
economi, political and social position is steadily deterioating
and the population decining, mainly because of the colonial
was. I wish to reaf my people's solidarty not o wit
the frateral Afcan people of Angola and Mozambique but
also with the people of Portugal, whom my own people have
never equated with Portuguese colonialism. My people are
more convinced than ever that the stugle being waged in
Guine and Cape Verde and the complete liberation of that
Territory will be in the best interests of the people of Portug,
with whom we wish to establish and develop the best possible
relations on the basis of co-operation, solidaty and friendhip
in order to promote genuine progres in my countr once it
wins its independence.
Although the Portuguese Gverment has pristed in it
absurd, inhuman polic of. colonial war for almost 10 year, the
United Nation has made a signifcant moral and plitical
contribution to te progess of my people's liberation strugle.
The resolutions procaiing that it is legitimate to cary on
that strugle by any mean- ncessary, the appeal to Me
ber States to extend all possible assistanc to the Afican libera
tion movements, the recommeudations to the specialized agences
to co-operate with those movement through OAU the- ganting
o hearings to their representatives at the Security Councl
meetings in Addis Ababa, the ganting of obee stats to
certain liberation movements and, in my own case, the Special
Mission's visit to my country and the recognition of my party
by the Committee on Decolonization as the only legitimate,
authentic representative of the people of Guine and Cape
Verde represented important assistance to those strggling
peoples. We are grateful for the aid received, from the Commit-
o Organiaton of Mrcan Unt
28
United Nations Address
tee on Decolonization and its dynamic Chairman, the Fou
Committee and, through it, te General Assembly and all
Member States which are sympathetic to our cause.
Nevertheless, I do not feel that thee is nothing more the
United Nations can do to aid my people's struggle. I a con
vinced that the Organization can and must do more to hasten
te en of the colonial war in my country and the complete
hberatIOn of my people. I have for that reason submitted
specifc proposals to the Security Council in Addis Ababa. Be
cause of m

co
n
fdence in e United Nation and in its ability
to take actIOn 10 the specfc case of Guine and Cape Verde,
I am now submitting new proposals aimed at the establishment
of closer, more efective co-operation between the Organization
and the national party, which is the legitimate representative
of the people of Guine and Cape Verde. Before doing so, I
would draw attention to some important events that have taken
place in my count in recent months.
I will not speak about the successe achieved by the freedom
fghter during the past year, although te have been signifcant
on
.
es
:
I
,
wil
.
begin by refering t
?
the United Nations Special
MISSIOn s
Y
ISlt to m
y
country, whIch was made in April despite
the terOrIst agreSSIOn launched by the Portugese colonialists
against the liberated south in an efort to prevent the visit fro
taking place. An historic and unique landmark for the United
ations and the iberation movements, the visit was unques
tIonably a geat VIctOry for my people but it was also one for
the inte
:
ational organization and for mankind. It provided
a ne

stImulus to the courae
.
and deterination of my people
and Its fghters, who were wIllmg to make sacrifces in orde to
mk: it possible. While it is tru

that the fndings of the Special
MISSIon merely added more eVIdence of the same kind as had
been given by many unimpeachably reliable vsitors, various
prfessional perons and nationalists, they nevertheless have
special value and sigifcance, since they are fndings of the
ynited Nations itself, made by an ofcial mission duly author
IZed by the Gneral Assembly and consisting of respected repre

entatIves of three Member States. I emphasize the geat

Importance of the Special Mission's success, express my gatitude
to the General Assembly for authorzing it and to Ecuador,
Sweden and Tunisia for allowing their distinguished repre
sentatives, Mr. Horaco Sevilla Borja, Mr. Folke Lofgen and
29
RETRN TO TE SOURC
Mr. Kamel Belkhira, to particpate in it and again congratulate
all the participants and Secretariat staf member on having
performed with exemplary courage, determination and co

scientiouness the duties of a historic and profoundly humam

taran assignment in the service of the United Nations and of
the people of Guine and Cape Verde, and hence in the service
of mankind.
-
Any action, regardless of its motives, is sterile unless it pro
ducs practical and concrete results. PAIGC's motive in inviting
the United Nations to send a Special Mission to its country was
not to prove the sovereignty of the people of Guine over vast
areas of the country, a fact which was already clear to everyone;
instead, it deliberately tried to give the United Nations another
specifc basis for taking efective measures against Portuguese
colonialism. That basis has been est<bI1hed by the success of
the Special Mission; it seems just and essential to take full ad
vantage of it, since PAIGC, like the Special Mission. is con
vinced that the political situation of the people _ of Guine,
including their legal situation. cannot remain as it has been in
the past. PAIGe is also convinced that the United Nations wll
be able to implement the recommendations of the Specal
Mission and declares its readiness to extend watever co
operation is needed to that end.
Like any important event, the Mission's succes involved
some amusing sidelights, .. . desperate and preposterous
response expresSed both oral and in wrting by the Lisbon
Goverment. In that connectio -! quote " a proverb curent
among the people of ,Guine, "A person who spits at the sun
succeeds only in dirtying his own face."
Another important event is the establishment of the frst
National Assembly of the people of Guine. Universal general
elections have just been held by secret ballot in all the liberated
areas for the purpose of forming regional councils and choosing
the 120 representatives to the frst National Assembly, 80
elected by the masses of the people and 40 chosen from among
the members of the Party. The people of Guine and PAIGe
are frmly resolved to take full advantage of the establishment
of our new organs of sovereignty. The National Assembly will
proclaim the existence of the State of Guine and give it an
executive authority that will function within the country. In
that connection, PAIGC is sure of the fraternal and active
30
United Nations Adres
support of the independent Afican States and feels encuraged
by the certainty that not only Africa but also the United Na
tions and all genuinely anti-colonialist States will fully appre
ciate the political and legal development of the stuation in
that African nation. In point of fact, at the present stag of
the struggle the Goverment of Portugal neither can nor should
represent the people of Guine either in the United Nations
or in any other interational oranization or agency, just as it
can never represent it in the OAU.
For that reason, PAIGe is not raising the quetion of calling
for the expulsion of Portugal from the United Nations or fom
any other interational organization. The real question is
whether or not the people of Guine, who hold sovereigty over
most of their national teritory, and who have just formed teir
frst National Assembly which is going to proclaim the existee
of its State, headed by an executive authority, have te right
to become a member of the international community within
the famework of its organization, ee though part of its
countr is occupied by foreig military forces. The ral ques
tioh before the people of Guine, which -has to be answered
categorically, is whether the United Nations and all the anti
colonialist forces are prepared to strengthen their support ad
their moral, political and material assistance to that Afrcan
nation as , their specifc capabilities permit.
It is true that the war is still ravaging the country and that
the people will have to continue making sacifces to win the
liberation of their homeland. That has already happened ad
is happening in other places, to peoples whic have a Gover
ment of their own and a standing in international law. But it is
also true that, thanks to international solidarity, more and more
resources (and more efectiv ones) are becoming available to
the people of Guine, enabling them to deal harder blows to
the Portuguese colonial troops, and that the people's determina
tion and the valour and experience of our fghter are in
creasing day by day. The only reason why PAIGe does not
trouble to declare that Portugal runs the risk of military defeat
in Guine is that Portugal has never had any cance of victory,
and for that reason too the people of Guine will continue to
maintain our principles: peace, a search for dialogue and
negotiation for the solution of our confict with the Govern
ment of Portugal.
31
RR TO THE SOURC
In the Cape Verde Islands, where hunger again reigs, whie
the colonialists are intensifying their oppression because of
P' political acivity, PAIG i determined to promote the
struggle by all necessar means in order to fee the African
people completely from the colonial yoke. Above all, P AIGC
denounces the despicable eforts of the Government of Portugal
to take advantage of the situation in the Islands by exporting
workers to Portugal and other colonies in order to sap the
people's strength and thus undermine our struggle. PAIG
wishes to reafrm that, by reason of the community of blood,
history, interests and struggle between the peoples of Guinea
and the Islands, it is determined to mae whateer sacifces
are necesary in order to liberate the Cape Verd archipelago
fom Portuguese domination.
I call to the attention of the United Nations through te
Fourth Committee, the following proposals, based on the prac
tical realities of the life of the people of Guine and on al
the considerations I have just discussed:
1. Representations to the Government of Portugal for the
immediate start of negotiations between the representatives of
that Government and those of P AlGC. The progme of
those negotiations should be based on a search for the most
appropriate and efective means for the early attainment o
independence by the people of Guine. If the Gvernment of
Portugal responds favourab' to that initiative, P AIGC might
consider ways of taking into acnt the inteests of Portugal
in Guine.
2. Immediate acceptance of PAIG delegates, in te capacity
of associate members or observers, in all the specialized agen
cies of the United Natons as the sole legtimate repreentative
of the people of Guine, as is already true in the case of EA.
3. Development of practical assistance fom the specializd
agencies, particularly UNESCO, WHO, FAO and UNICEF, to
the people of Guine, as a part of that country's national re
construction. I hope that any undue legalistic or bureaucatic
obstacles in that sphere can be overcome.
o Ec Commission f Aica
00 Unte Nations Ecoomic and Social Council, Wd Helt Orga
iation, Food and Agricultue Organzaton, United Nato Cde's
Emergenc Fund.
82
United Nations Address
4. Moral and political support by the United Nations for all
initiatives that the people of Guine and the PAIGC have de
cided t adopt with a vieW to an early end of the Portuguese
colonial war and to the achievement of that Afican country's
independence ii order that it might soon occupy its rightful
place in the interational ommunity.
In the hope that those proposals wl be given serious con
sideration, I strongly urge all Member States of the United
Nations, in particular Portugal's allies, the Latin American
countries and especially Brazil, to understand Guine's position
and support that African people's legitimate aspirations to
freedom, independence and progress. The Latin American
countries have had to fght for their independence. Portugal
often cites the case of Brazil a an example in favour of its
positon, even though a struggle for independence has taken
place in Brazil as well. Portugal itself gained its freedom
trough a fratricidal stuggle; the people of Guine however,
have no family ties with the people of Portugal.
I thank the Afrcan countries, the socialist countries, the
Nordic countries and all other countries and non-govermental
ornizations, such as the World Council of Churches, the
Word Church Serices and the Rowntree Social Trust which
ar helping Guine in its struggle for liberation. At the same
tme, I do not believe that the attitude of States giving aid to
Portugl refects the feelings of most of their inhabitants. The
people of Guine are certain of flal victor and hope to es
tblish co-operative and peaceful relations with all peoples. I
tank the Committee for its welcome and reaf that I am
at jt disposal at any time.
33
Soldiers inside a liberated zone. (Liberation News Service)
A PAIGC soldier studying. (Liberation News Service)
Soldiers at a military base in a liberated region of Guine. (Liberation
News Service)
Students at a g
y
mnasium class at the Aerolino Lopez Cruz boarding
school located II the Cubucare Sector, Southern Zone, in liberated
Guine. The school was named after the teacher who died while protect
ing the students during a Portuguese air raid in ] 965. (UN Photo!
Yutaka Nagata)
Members of the PAIGC are seen being i nspected by an ofcer in the
Cubucare Sector. (UN Photo/Yutak Nagata)
On September 24, 1 973 the Republic of GuineBissau was proclaimed.
Some of the political leaders of the Republic are seen here at a meeting
-far left : Chico Mendes, Prime Minister; center: Luis Cabral, Presi
dent of the Council of State; right: Lucio Soares, commander of the
Northern Front. (AIS/Robert Van Lierop)
Ki tchen of a mili tary encampment in a liberated zone. (Liberation
News Service)
The ofce at a mili tarY' encampment; here local military
and political leaders meet. (Liberation News Service)
A young girl is examined by a male

urse at a health station near the

village of Bcama. (AIS/Robert Van Llerop)
National Lieraton
and Culture
Thh ,t was originally delivered on February 20, 1970,
a pt 0/ the Eduardo Mondlane* Memoril Lecture Sere
at Syracuse University, Syracuse, Ne York, under the
auapki 0/ The Program 0/ Eern A/rican Studies. It was
translted /rom the French by Maureen Webster.
When Goebbels, the brain behind Nazi propaganda, heard
culture being discussed, he brought out his revolver. That shows
that the Nazis-who were and are the most tragic expression of
imperialism and of its thirst for domination-ven if they were
all degnerates like Hitler, had a clear idea of the value of
culture as a factor of resistance to foreign domination.
History teaches us that, in certain circumstances, it is very
easy for the foreigner to impse his domination on a people.
But it also teaches us that, whatever may be the material as
pects of this domination, it can be maintained only by the
permanent, organized repression of ' the cultural life of the
people concered. Implantation of foreign domination can be
assured defnitively only by physical liquidation of a signifcant
part of the doinated population.
In fact, to take up arms to dominate a people is, above all,
to take up arms to destroy, or at least to neutralize, to paralyze,
its cultural life. For, with a strong indigenous cultural life, {or-
Eduado Mondlane, was the frst Presidet of te Mozique
Lberaton Front ( FRLlMO) . He was assassinated by Portgee agents
on Feb. 3, 1969.
89
RTURN TO TH SOURC
eign domination cannot be sure of its peretuation. A. a
moment, depending on internal and external factors determ
ing the evolution of the society in question, cultural resistanc
(indestructible) may take on new forms (politica, economic,
armed) in order fully to contest foreig domination.
The ideal for foreign domination, whether impeialist or not,
would be to choose:
_ either to liquidate practically al te poplation of te
dominated count, thereby eliminating te possibilitie
for cultural resistance;
.
_ or to succeed in imposing itself witout damage t te
culture of the dominated peoplethat is, to haronize
economic and political domination of tese people wt
their cultural personality.
Te frt hypothesis implies genocide of the indignous ppu
lation and ceates a void whic empties foreign domination of
its cntent and its object; the dominated people. The second
hypothesis ha not, until now, been confrmed by histor. The
broad experence of mankind allows us to postulate that it has
no practical viability: it is not pssible to harmonize the eco
nomic and political domination of a people, whatever may
be te degee of their social development, wit the preserva
tion of their cltural personality.
In order to escape this choice-which may be called the
dilema of cultural resstance-imperialist colonial domination
has tried to create theories which, in fact, are only goss formu
lations of racism, and which, in practice, are translated into
a permanent state of siege of the indigenous ppulations on
the basis of racist dictatorship (or democac) .
Tis, for example. is the case with the sQClled theory of
progessive assimilation of native populations. which turs out
to be' only a more or less violent attempt to deny the culture
of the people in question. The utter faHure of this .. theory,"
implemented in practice by several colonial powers, incuding
Portugal. is the most obvious proof of its lack of viability, if
not of its inhuman character. It attains te highest degee of
absurdity in the Portuguese case, where Salaza af ed tat
Afica does not exit.
This is also the case with the so-alled teory of aparteid,
ceated, applied and developed on the basis of te economic
and political domination of the people of Sout Afica by
40
National Liberation b Culture
a racist minority, with all the outrageous cimes against hu
manity which that involves. The practice of apartheid takes
the form of unrestrained exploitation of the labor force of the
African masses, incarcerated and repressed in the largest con
centration camp mankind has ever known.
These practical examples give a measure of the drama of
foreign imperialist domination as it confronts te cultural
reality of the dominated people. They also suggest the strong,
dependent and recprocal relationships existing betwen the
culturl situation and the economic (and plitical) situation in
the behavior of human societies. In fact, culture is always in
the life of a society (o
p
en o cosed) , the more or less con
scious result of the economic and political activities of that
society, the more or less dynamic expression of the kinds of
relationships which prevail in that society. on t one hand
between man (considered individually or collectively) and na
ture, and, on the other hand, among individuals, group of
individuals, social strata or classes
The value of culture as an element of resistance to foreign
domination lies in the fact that culture is the vigorous mani
festation on the ideological or idealist plane of the physical
and historical reality of the society that is dominated or to be
dominated. Culture is simultaneously the fruit o a people's
history and a determinant of history, by the positive or negative
infuence which it exerts on the evolution of relationships be
tween man and his environment, among men or groups of
men within a society, as well as among diferent societies.
Ignorance of this fact may explain the failure of several at
tempts at foreign domination-as well as the failure of some
interational liberation movements.
Let us examine the nature of national liberatio. We shall
consider this historical phenomenon in its contemporar con
text, that is, national liberation in opposition to imperialist
domination. The latter is, as we know, distinct both in form and
in content from preceding types of foreign domination (tribal,
militararistocratic, feudal, and capitalist domination in the
free competi tion era) .
The principal characteristic, common to every kind of im
perialist domination, is the negation of the historical process
of the dominated people by means of violently usurping the
fee operation of the process of development of the productive
41
RETURN TO TiE SOURCE
forces. Now, in any gven society. the level of development of
the productive forces and the system for social utilization of
these forces (the ownership system) determine the mode of
production. In our opinion, the mode of production whose con
tradictions are manifested with more or less intensit through
the class struggle, is the principal factor in the history of any
human goup, the level of the productive forces being te
true and permanent driving power of history.
For ever society, for every group of people, considered as an
evolving entity, the level of te productive forces indicates the
stage of development of the society and of each of its components
in relation to nature, its capacity to act or to react consciously
in relation to nature. It indicates and conditions the type of
material relationships (expressed objectively or subjectively)
which exists among the various elements or goups constituting
the society in question. Relationships and types of relationships
between man and nature, between man and his environment. Re
lationships and type of relationships among the individual or
collective components of a society. To speak of these is to
speak of history. but it is also to speak of culture.
Whatever may be the ideological or idealistic characteristics
of cultural expression, culture is an essential element of the his
tory of a people. Culture is, perhaps, the product of this history
just as the fower is the product of a plant. Like history, or be
cause it is history, culture has as its material base the level of the
productive forces and the mode of production. Culture plunges
its roots into the physical reality of the environmental humus in
which it develops, and it refects the organic nature of the society,
which ma
y
be more or less infuenced by exteral factors.
Histor allows us to know the nature and extent of the imbal
ances and conficts (economic, poli tical and social) which char
acterize the evolution of a society; culture allows us to know the
dynamic syntheses which have been developed and established
by social conscience to resolve these conficts at each stage of its
evolution, in the search for survival and progress.
Just as happens with te fower in a plant, in culture thee
lies the capacity (or the responsibility) for forming and fertiliz
ing the seedling which will assure the contnuity of history, at
the same time assuring the prospects for evolution and progess
of the society in question. Thus i t is understood that imperialist
domination, by denying the historical development of the
42
National Libeation b CultuTc
dominated people, necessarily also denies their cultural develop
ment. It is also understoo why imperialist domination, like all
other foreign domination, for i ts own security, requires cultural
oppression and the attempt at direct or indirect liquidation of
the essential elements of the culture of the dominated peple.
The study of the history of national liberation struggles
shows that generally these struggles are preceded by an increase
in expression of culture, consolidated progressively into a suc
cessful or unsuccessful attempt to afrm the cultural personality
of the dominated people, as a means of negating the oppressor
culture. Whatever may be the conditions of a people's political
and social factors in practicing this domination, it is generally
within the culture that we fnd the seed of opposi tion, which
leads to the structuring and development of the liberation
movement.
In our opinion, the foundation for national liberation rests
in the inalienable rght of every people to have their ow his
tory, whatever formulations may be adopted at te level of inter
national law. Te objective of national liberation, is therefore,
to reclaim the ri.ght, usurped by imperialist domination, namely:
the liberation of the process of development of national pro
ductive forces. Therefore, national liberation takes place when,
and only when, national productive forces are completely free of
all kinds of foreign domination. The liberation of productive
forces and consequently the ability to determine the mode of
production most appropriate to the evolution of the liberated
people, necessarily opens up new prospects for the cultural
development of the society in question, by returning to that
society all i ts capacity to create progress.
A people who free themselves from foreign domination will
be free culturally only if, without complexes and without under
estimating the importance of positive accretions from the op
pressor and other cultures, they return to the upward paths of
their own culture, which is nourished by the living reality of
its environment, and which negates both harmful infuences and
any kind of subjection to foreign culture. Thus, i t may be seen
that if imperialist domination has te vital need to practice
cultural oppression, national liberation is necessarily an act
of culture.
On the basis of what has just been said, we may consider the
national liberation movement as the organized political expres-
43
REURN TO THE SOURCE
sion of the culture of the people who are undertaking te
struggle. For this reason, those who lead te movement must
have a clear idea of the value of the culture in the framework
of the struggle and must have a thorough knowledge of the
people's culture, whatever may be their level of economic
development.
In our time it is common to afrm that all peoples have a
culture. The time is past when, in an efort to perpetuate the
domination of people, culture was considered an attribute of
priviliged peoples or nations, and when, out of either ignorance
or malice, culture was confused with technical power, if not with
skin color of the shape of one's eyes. The liberation movement,
as representative and defender of the culture of the people, must
be conscious of the fact that, whatever may be the material con
ditions of the society it represents, the society is the bearer and
creator of culture. The liberation movement must furthermore
embody the mass character, the popular character of the culture
-which is not and never could be the privilege of one or of some
sectors of the society.
In the thorugh analysis of social structure which ever libera
tion movement should be capable of making in relation to the
imperative of the struggle, the cultural characteristics of each
goup in society have a place of prime importance. For, while
the culture has a mass character, it is not uniform, it is not
equally developed in all sectors of society. The attitude of each
social group toward the liberation struggle is dictated by i ts
economic interests, but is also infuenced profoundly by its cul
ture. It may even be admitted that these diferences in cultural
levels explain diferences in behavior toward the liberation
movement on the part of individuals who belong to the same
socio-economic goup. It is at this point that culture reaches
its full signifcance for each individual: understanding and
integation into hi environment, identifcation with funda
mental problems and aspirations of the society, acceptance of
the possibility of change in the direction of progess.
In the specifc conditions of our country-and we would say. of
Africa-the horizontal and vertical distribution of levels of cul
ture is somewhat complex. In fact, from villages to towns, from
one ethnic group to another. from one age group to another.
from the peasant to the workman or to the indigenous intel
lectual who is more or less assimilated, and, as we have said,
44
National Liberation t Culture
even from individual to individual within the same social goup,
the quanti tative and qualitative level of culture varies signif
cantly. It is of prime importance for the liberation movement to
take these facts into consideration.
In societies wi th a horizontal social structure, such as the
Balante, for example, the distribution of cultural levels is more
or less uniform, variations being linked uniquely to caracteris
tics of individuals or of age groups. On the other hand, in
societies with a vertical structure, such as the Fula, there are
important variations fom the top to the bottom of the social
pyramid. These diferences in social structure illustrate once
more the close relationship between culture and economy, and
also explain diferences in the general or sectoral behavior of
these two ethnic goups in relation to the liberation movement.
It is nte that the multiplicity of social and ethnic goups com
plicates the efort to determine the role of culture in the liber
ation movement. But it is vital not to lose sight of the decisive
importance of the liberation struggle, even when class structure
is to appear to be in embroyonic stages of development.
The experience of colonial domination shows that, in the
efort to perpetuate exploitation, the colonizers not only creates
a system to repress the cultural life of the colonized people; he
also provokes and develops the cultural alienation of a part of
the population, either by so-called assimilation of indigenous
people, or by creating a social gap between the indigenous elites
and the popular masses. As a result of this process of dividing o
of deepening the divisions in the society, it happens that a cou
siderable part of the population, notably the urban or peasant
petite bourgeoisie, assimilates the colonizer's mentality, con
siders itself culturally superior to i ts own pople and ignores or
looks down upon their cultural vales. This situation, character
istic of the majorit of colonized intellectuals, is consolidated by
increases in the social privileges of the assimilated or alienated
group with direct implications for the behavior of individuals
in this group in relation to the liberation movement. A recon
version of minds-of mental set-is thus indispensable to the true
integration of people into the liberation movement. Such recon
version-re-Africanization, in our case-may take place before
the struggle, but it is completed only during the course of the
struggle, through daily contact with the popular masses in te
communion of sacrifce required by the struggle.
45
RETURN TO THE SOURCE
However, we must take into account the fact that, faced wit
with the prospect of political independence, the ambition and
opportunism from which the liberation movement generally
sufers may bring into the struggle unconverted individuals. The
latter, on the basis of Jeir level of schooling, their scientifc or
technical knowledge, but without losing any of their social cass
biases, may attain the highest positions in the liberation move
ment. Vigilance is tus indispensable on the cultural as well as
the political plane. For, in the liberation movement a else
where, all that glitters is not necessarily gold: political leaders
even the most famous-may be culturally alienated people. But
the social class characteristics of the culture are even more
discernible in the behavior of privileged groups in rural . areas,
especially in the case of ethnic goups with a vertical social
structure, where, nevertheless, assimilation or cultural alienation
infuences are non-existent or practically non-existent. This is
the case, for example, with the Fula ruling class. Under colonial
domination, the political authority of this class (traditional
chiefs, noble families, religious leaders) is purely nominal, and
the popular masses know that true authority lies with and is
acted upon by colonial administrators. However, the ruling class
preserves in essence its basic cultural authority over the masses
and this has very important political implications.
Recognizing this reality, the colonizer who represses or inhibits
signifcant cultural activity on the part of the masses at the
base of the social pyramid, strengthens and protects the prestige
and the cultural infuence of the ruling class at the summit.
The colonizer installs chiefs who support him and who ae to
some degee accepted by the masses; he gives these chiefs material
privileges such as education for their eldest children, ceates
chiefdoms where they did not exist before, develops cordial rela
tions with religious leaders, builds mosques, organizes journeys
to Mecca, etc. And above all, by means of the repressive orgas
of colonial administration, he guarantees economic and social
privileges to the ruling class in their relations with the masses.
All this does not make it impossible that, among these ruling
classes, there may be individuals or groups of individuals who
join the liberation movement, although less frequently than in
the case of the assimilated "petite bourgeoisie." Several tradi
tional and religious leaders join the struggle at the very begn
ning or during its development, making an enthusiastic contri-
46
National Liberation 0 Culture
bution to the cause of liberation.
But here again vigilance is indispensable: preserving deep
down the cultural prejudices of their class, individuals in this
category generally see in the liberation movement the only
valid means, using the sacrifces of the masses, to eliminate
colonial oppression of their own class and to re-establish in this
way their complete political and cultural domination of the
people.
In the general famework of contesting colonial imperialist
domination and in the actual situation to which we refer, among
the oppressor's most loyal allies are found some high ofcials and
intellectuals of the liberal professions, assimilated people, and
also a signifcant number of representatives of the ruling class
fom rural areas. This fact gives some measure of the infuence
(positive or negative) of culture and cultural prejudices in the
problem of political choice when one is confronted with te
liberation movement. It also illustrates the limits of this in
fuence and the supremac of the class factor in the behavior of
the diferent social groups. Te high ofial or the assimilated
intellectual, characterized by total cultural alienation, identifes
himself by political choice with the traditional or religious
leader who has experienced no signifcant foreign cultural
infuences.
For these two categories of people place above all principles
or demands of a cultural nature-and against the aspirations of
the people-their own economic and social privileges, their own
clas interest. That is a truth which the liberation movement
cannot aford to ignore without risking betrayal of the economic,
pOlitical, social and cultural objectives of the strugle.
Without minimizing the positive contribution which privil
eged classes may bring to the struggle, the liberation movement
must, on the cultural level just as on the political level, bae its
action in popular culture, whatever may be the diversity of
levels of cultures in the country. The cultural combat against
colonial domination-the frst phase of the liberation movement
-can be planned efciently only on the basis of the culture of
the rural and urban working masses, including the nationalist
(revolutionary) "petite bourgeoisie" who have been re-African
ized or who are' ready for cultural reconversion. Whatever may
be the complexity of this basic cultural panorama, the liberation
movement must be capable of distinguishing within it the essen-
47
RETUR TO THE SOURC
tial from the secondar, the postive from te negative, the pro
gessive from the reactionar i order to characterize the mater
line which defnes progressively a national culture.
In order for culture to play the important role which falls
to it in the framework of the liberatio movement, the move
ment must be able preserve the positive cultural values of
every well-defned social goup, of every categor, and to acieve
the conHuence of these values in the serice of the strugle,
giving it a new dimension-the national dimension. Confted
with suc a necessity, the liberation struggle is, above al, a
struggle both for the preservation and survival of the cultural
values of the people and for the haronization and develop
ment of these values within a national framework.
The political and moral unity of the liberation movement
and of te people i t represents and di:ects implies achieving the
cultural unity of the social, groups which are of key importance
for the liberation struggle. This uni t is achieved on the one
hand by total identifcation with the environmental reality and
with the fundamental problems and aspirations of the pople;
and, on the other hand, by progressive cultural identifcation
of the various social groups participating in te stugge.
As it progesses the liberation struggle must bring diverse in
terests into harmony, resolve contradictions and defne common
objectives in the search for libert and progess. The taking to
heart of its objectives by large strata in the population, reHected
in their determination in the face of difculties and sacrifces,
is a geat political and moral victor. It is also a cultural
achievement of decisive importance for the subsequent develop
ment and success of the liberation movement.
The geater the diferences between the culture of the dom
inated people and the culture of their oppressor, the more pos
sible such a victor becomes. History proves that it is much less
difcult to dominate and to continue dominating a people whose
culture is similar or analogous to tat of the conqueror. It could
be contended that the failure of Napoleon, whatever may have
been the economic and political motivations of his wars of
conquest, resulted fom his ignorance of this principle, or from
his inability to limit his ambition to the domination of peoples
whose culture was more or less similar to that of France. The
same thing could be said about other ancient, modern, or con
temporary empires.
48
National Liberation ' Culture
One of te most . serious erors, if not the most serous eror,
cmtted y colonial powers in Africa, may have been to ignore
or
;
unde

stlmat
.
e the cultural
.
stength of Afican people. This
attlt?de
.
IS part

culary clea m the case of Portuguese colonial

domm

tion, whic has not been content with denying absolutely

te existence of the cultural values of the Arican and his social

iton but has persisted in forbidding him all kinds of political

actIvIty. The people of Portugal, who have not even enjoyed
!e wealt takn 'fom African peoples .by Portuguese colonial
l. but te majority of whom have assimilated the imperal
mentat of te cuntr's ruling classes, are paying very dearly
today, m three colonial wars, for the mistake of underestimating
our cultural rality.
The political and armed resistance of the people of te Portu
gese colonies, as of other countries or regions of Afca, was
cushed by the tecical superiority of the imperialist conqueror
wt the complicty of . or betrayal by some indigenous ruling
css. Those elites who were loyal to the history and to the
cltur of the people were destroyed. Entire populations were
massaced. The colonial kingdom was established with all the
cimes and exploitation which characterize it. But cultural
resistance of the African people was not destroyed. Repressed
persected, betrayed by some social goups who were in leage
wt te colonialists, Afican culture survived all the storms,
tang refuge in te villaes, in the forests and in te spirit of
te gneations who were victims of colonialism. Like the seed
whic long await cnditions favorable to germination in order
to as the surival of the speces and it development. the
culture of Afcan peoples Hourishes again today, across te
cntinent, in strugles for national liberation. Whatever may
be te forms of these struggles, their successes or failures, and
te length of teir development, te mark the beginning of a
new ea in the history of the continent and are both in for
and in cntent the most important cultural element in te life
of Afican peoples. The feedom struggle of African peoples is
bot te fuit and the proof of cultural vigor, opening up new
prosect for the development of culture in te seice of
ps .
The te is pat when it was necessa to seek arments to
pove te cultural maturt of African poples. Te irrationality
of te racist "theores" of a Gobineau or a Le
v
-Bruhl nethe
49
RETURN TO THE SURCE
interests nor convinces anyone but racists. In spite of clonial
domination (and perhaps even because of this domination) ,
Africa was able to impose respect for her cultural values. She
even showed herself to be one of the richest of continents in
cultural values. From Cartage to Giza to Zimbabwe, fom
Meroe to Benin and Ife, from Sahara or Timbuktu to Klwa,
across the immensity and the diversit of the continent's natural
conditions, the culture of African peoples is an undeniable
reality: in works of art as well as in oral and written traditions,
in cosmological conceptions as well as in music and dance, in
religions and belief as well as in the dynamic balanc of
economic political and social stuctures cated by Mrican man.
The universal value of African culture is now an incontestable
fact; nevertheless, it should not b forgotten that Afrcan man,
whose hands, as the poet said, "placed the stones of the founda
tions of the world," has developed his culture frequently, if
not constantly, in adverse conditions: fom deserts to equatorial
forests, from coastal marshes to te banks of geat rvers subjet
to frequent fooding, in spite of all sorts of difculties, including
plagues which have destroyed plants and animals and man alike.
In agreement with Basil Davidson and other researchers in
African histor and culture, we can say that the accomplishments
f the African gnius in economic, plitical, social and cultul
domains, despite the inhospitable character of the environment,
are epic-comparable to the major histoical examples of te
greatness of man.
Of course, this reality constitutes a reason for pride and a
stimulus to those who fght for the liberation and the progess
of African peoples. But it is important not to lose sight of te
fact that no culture is a perfect, fnished whole. Culture, like
histor, is an expanding and developing phenomenon. Even
more important, we must take account of the fact that the
fundamental characteristic of a culture is the highly dependent
and reciprocal nature of its linkages with the social and
economic reality of the environment, with the level of productive
forces and the mode of production of the society which ceatd it.
Culture, the fuit of histor, reHects at ever moment t
material and spiritual realit of society, of man-the-individua
and of man-the-soial-being, faced with conficts which set him
against nature and the eigencies of common life. From this we
see that all culture is composed of essential and secondar ele-
50
National Liberation b Culture
ments, of strengths and. weaknesses, of virtues and failings, of
positive and negative aspects, of factors of proess and factors
of stagnation or rgression. rrom this also we can see that
culture-the creation of society and the synthesis of the balances
and the solutions whic society engenders to resolve the conficts

hich characterize each phase of its histor-is a social reality,

mdependent of the will of men, the color of their skins or
the shape of their eyes.
thorough analysis of cultural reality does not pemit the
claIm that there exist continental or racial cultures. This is
because, a with history, the development of culture proceeds in
uneven fashion, whether at the level of a contnent. a "race,"
or even a society. The coordinates of clture, like those of any
developing phenomenon, vay in space and time, whether
the be material (physical) or human (biologcal and social) .
The fact of recognizing the existence of common and particular
features in the cultures of African peoples, independent of the
color of their skin. does not necessarily imply that one and only
one culture exists on the continent. In the same way that fom
a economic and political viewpoint we can recognize the exist
ence of several Africas, so also there are many African cultures.
Without any doubt, undeestimation of te cultural values of
African peoples, based upon racist feeling and upon the inten
tion of perpetuating foreig exploitation of Africans, has done
much harm to Afica. But in the face o the vital need for
progess, the following attitudes or behaviors will be no less
harmful to Africa: indisciminate compliments; systematic exal
tation of virtues without condemning faults; blind acceptance
of the values of the culture, without considering what presently
or potentially regressive elements it contains; confusion between
what is the expression of an objective and material histocal
reality and what appear to be a ceation of the mind or the
product of a peculiar temperament; absurd linking of artistic
ceations, whethe good or not, wit supposed racial character
istics; and fnaIIy, the non-scientifc or a scientifc critical appre
ciation of te cultural phenomenon.
Thus, the important thing is not to lose time in more or less
idle discussion of the specifc or unspecifc characteristics of
African cultural values, but rathe to look upn tese valu(s as
a conques

of a s

aIl pi

ce of humanity for the common heritag

of humamt, achIeved m one or several phaes of it evolution.
51
RETRN TO TE SURC
The important ting is to proce t ctical analyss of Ac
cultures in relation to the liberation moveent and to te
exigencies of progressconfronting this new stag in Afca
history. It is important to be conscous of the value of Afican
cultures in the famework of universal cvilization, but to com
pae this value wit that of other cultures. not wth a view of
deciding its superiority or infeiority, but in order to dete
mine. in the general famework of the stuggle for proess.
what contribution African culture has made and can mae. ad
what are the contributions it can or must receive from elsewhee.
The liberation movement must, as we have said, base its
action upon thoroug knowledge of the culture of the people
and be able to appreciate at their true value the element of
this culture, as well as the difeent levels tat it reaces in
each social goup. The movement must also be able to dis
cern in the entire set of cultural values of the pople the
essental and the secondary, the positive and the negative. the
progessive and the reactionary, the strengths and the weanesses.
All this is necessary as a function of the demands of te stug
gle and in order to be able to concentrate action on what is
essential without forgetting what is secondar. to induce develop
ment of positive and progessive elements, and to combat wit
fexibility but with rigor the negative and reactionary elements;
and fnally, in order to utilize strengths efciently and to
eliminate weaknesses or to transform them into stengths.
The more one realizes that the chief goal of the liberation
movement goes beyond the acievement of political independence
to the superior level of complete liberation of te prouctive
forces and te construction of economic, social and cultural
progess of the people, the more evident i the necessit of
undetaking a selective analysis of the values of the culture
within the framework of the strugle for liberation. The ned
for suc an analysis of cultural values becoes more acute whe,
in order to face colonial violence. the liberation movement must
mobilize and organize the people, under the direction of a
strong and disciplined political organization, in order to resort
to violence in the cause of freedom-the ared struggle for the
national liberation.
Generally, the negative values of culture are gnerally an
obtacle to the development of the strugle and to the buildng
of this progess. In this perspective, te liberation moeet
52
Nationa Liberatio b Culture
mut be able, beyond the analysis mentioned above, to achieve
gadually but surely a its political action develops te conflu
ece of the levels of culture of the diferent socal goups avail
able for the strugle. The movement must be able to transform
them into the national cultural force which undergrds and
conditions the development of the ared struggle. It should be
noted that the analysis of cultural reality already gives a measur
of the strengths and weaknesses of the people when confrnted
with the demands of te stggle, and theefore represents a
valuable contibution to the strateg and tactic to be followed,
on the political a well as on the militar plane. But only dur
ing the strug le, launced from a satisfactory base of political
and moral unity, is the complexity of cultural problems raised
in
.
all its dimesions. This frequently require successive adap
tatIons of strate and tactics to the realities which only the
stuggle is capable of revealing. Experience of the struggle shows
how utopian and absurd it is to profess to apply without con
sidng local reality (and especially cultural reality) plans of
acnon developed by othe peoples during their liberation strug
gles and to apply solutions which the found to the problems
with which tey were or ae confronted.
It can be said that at the outset of the stuggle, whatever
may have been the etent of preparation undertaken, both te
leadership of te liberation movement and te militant and
popula mass have no clear awareness of the strong infuenc
of clturl values in te development of the strugle, the pos
sibilities culture ceates, the limits it imposes, and above all,
how; and how muc culture is for the people an inexhaustible
source of

oage. of

aterial and moral support, of physical

and pschic energ WhI( enables them to accept sacrfcs
even to
.
accomplish "miracle." But equally, in some respects.
culture 1 ve muc a source of obstacles and dif culties, of
eroneous concption about reality, of deviation in caring
out duty, ard of limitations on the tepo and efcenc of
a stugle that is confonted with the plitical. technical and
scentifc requirements of a war.
The ared struggle for liberation, launched in response to the
colonialist oppressor, tu out to be a painful but efcient
instument for developin the cultural level of both the leade
sip strata in the libration movement and the various social
goups who paticpate in t struge.
53
RETURN TO THE SOURCE
The leaders of the liberation movement, drawn generally
from the "petite bourgeoisie" (intellectuals, clerks) or the urban
working class (workers, chaufeurs, salary-eamers in general) .
having to live day by day with the various peasant groups in the
heart of the rural populations, come to know the people better.
They discover at the grass roots te ricness of their cultural
values (philosophic, political, artistic, social and moral) , acquire
a dearer understanding of the economic realities of the coun
tr, of the problems, suferings and hopes of the popular masses.
The leaders realize, not without a certain astonishment, the
richness of spirit, the capacity for reasoned discussion and cear
exposition of ideas, the facility for understanding and assimi
lating concepts on the part of populations groups who yesterday
were forgotten, if not despised, and who were considered in
competent by the colonizer and even by some nationals. The
leaders thus enrich their cultures-develop personally their
capacit to serve the movement in the service of the people.
On their side, the working masses and, in patcla, te
peasants who are usually illiterate and never have moved be
yond the boundaries of their village or regon, in contact with
other groups lose the complexes which constrained them in
their relationships with other ethnic and social goups. They
realize their cucial role in the struggle; they break the bonds
of te village universe to integate progressively into the coun
try and the world; they acquire an infnite amount of new
knowledge, useful for their immediate and future activity within
the framework of the struggle, and they strengthen their poli
tical awareness by assimilating the principles of national and
social revolution postulated by the struggle. They thereby be
come more able to play the decisive role of providing the prin
cipal force behind the liberation movement.
As we know, the armed liberation struggle requires the
mobilization and organization of a signifcant majority of the
population, te political and moral unity of the various social
classes, the efcient use of modern arms and of other means
of war, the progressive liquidation of the remnants of tribal
mentality, and the rejection of social and religious rules and
taboos which inhibit development of the struggle (gerontocra
cies, nepotism, social inferiorit of women, rites and practices
which are incompatible with the rational and national char
acter of the strugle, etc.) . The strugle brings about other pro-
M
National Liberation b Culture
found modifcations in the life of populations. The armed lib
eration struggle . implies, theefore, a veritable forced marc
along the road to cultural progress.
Consider these features inherent in an armed liberation
struggle: the practice of democrac, of criticism and self-criti
cism, the increasing responsibility of populations for the di
rection of their lives, literacy work, creation of schools and
health services, training of cadres from peasant and worker back
grounds-and many other achievements. When we consider these
features, we see that the armed liberation struggle is not only
a product of culture but also a dterminant of culture. This is
without doubt for the people the prime , recompense for the
eforts and sacrifces which war demands. In this perspective, it
behooves the liberation movement to defne clearly the ob
j ectives of cultural resistance as an integral and determining
part of the struggle.
From all that has just been said, it can be concluded that
in the framework of the conquest of national independence and
in the perspective of developing the economic and social progress
of the people, the objectives must be at least the following:
development of a popular culture and of all positive indigenous
cultural values; development Of a national cuture based upon
the history and the achievements of the strugle itself; constant
promotion of the political and moral awareness of the people
(of all social groups) as well as patrotism, of the spirit of sac
rifce and devotion to the cause of independence, of justice, and
of progress; development of a technical, technological, and
scientifc culture, compatible with the requirements for progess;
development, on the basis of a critical assimilation of man's
achievements in the domains of art, science, literature, etc.,
of a universal culture for prfect integration into the con
temporary world, in the perspectives of its evolution; constant
and generalized promotion of feelings of humanism, of soli
darity, of respect and disinterested devotion to human beings.
The achievement of these objectives is indeed possible, be
cause the armed struggle for liberation, in the concrete condi
tions of life of African peoples, confronted with the imperialist
challenge, is an act of insemination upon history-the major
expression of our culture and of our African essence. In the
moment of victory, it must be translate into a signifcant leap
forard of the culture of the people who are liberating them-
55
RTR TO THE SUR
selve.
If tat does not happen, en te efot and
.
sacc a
cepted during the struggle Wl have been made In va. Te
strugle will have failed to acieve
.
its objectives, a
?
d te p
ple will have missed an opportumt for progres m te g
eral famework of histor.
56
Ide ad Dint
in the Context of the
Nonal Lieration Strggle
On October 15, 1972 Amir Cabral reeie an hon
ra doctorate degree at Linoln University, Pennlva
TI wa hi ad ress on tht oci
IODUCON
The people's struggle for national liberatioh and indepnd
ence fom imprialist rule has become a driving force of prog
ress for humanity and undoubtedly constitutes one of te
essential characteristics of contemporary history.
An objectve analysis of imperialism insofar as it is a fact or a
"natural" historical phenomenon, indeed "necessa" in the con
text of the type of economic political evolution of an important
part of 'humanity, reveals that impeialist rule, with all its train
of wretchedness, of pillage, of crime and of destruction of
human and culural values, was not just a negative reality. The
vast accumulation of capital in half a dozen countries of the
northern hemisphere which was the result of piracy, of the
confscation of the property of other peoples and of the ruthless
exploitation of the work of these poples will not only lead to
the monopoliztion of colonies, but to the division of the word,
and more imperialist rule.
57
RETURN TO THE SOURC
In the rich countries imperialist capital, constantly seeking
to enlarge itself, inceased the creative capacity of man and
brought about a total transformation of the means of produc
tion thanks to the rapid proess 'of science, of tecniques and
3f technolog. This accentuated the pooling of labor and brought
about the ascension of huge areas of population. In the colonized
countries where colonization on the whole blocked the historical
process of the development of the subjected peples or else
eliminated them radically or progressively, imperialist capital
imposed new types of relationships on indigenous society. the
structure of which became more complex and it stirred up,
fomented, poisoned or resolved contradictions and social con
ficts; it introduced together with money and the development of
internal and exteral markets, new elements in the economy,
it brought about the birth of new nations from human groups
or from people who were at diferent stages of historical de
velopment.
It is not to defend imperialist domination to recognize tat
it gave new nations to the world, the dimensions of which it
reduced and that it revealed new stages of development in
human societies and in spite of or because of the prejudices, the
discimination and the crimes which it occasioned, it con
tributed to a deeper knowledge of humanity as a moving whole,
a a unity in the complex diversity of the characteristics of its
development.
Imperialist rule on many continents favored a multilateral
and progressive (sometimes abrupt) confrmation not only be
tween diferent men but also between diferent societies. The
practice of imperialist rule-its afrmation or its negation
demanded (and still demands) a more or less accurate knowl
edg of the society it rules and of the historical reality (both
economic, social, and cultural) in the middle of whic it
eists. This knowledge is necessarily exposed in terms of com
parison with the dominating subject and with its own historical
reality. Such a knowledge is a vital necessity in the practice of
imperialist rule which results in the confrontation, mosty vio
lent, between two identities which are totally dissimilar in te
historical elements and contradictory in their diferent functions.
The search for such a knowledge contributed to a general en
richment of human and social knowledge in spite of the fact
that it was one-sided, subjective, and ver often unjust.
58
Idntit and Digity
In fact, man has never shown as much interest in knowing
other men and other societies as during this century of imperial
ist domination. An unprecedented mass of inforation, of
hypotheses and theories has been built up, notably in the felds
of history, ethnology, ethnogaphy, socology, and culture con.
cerning pople or groups brought under imperialist domina
tion. The concepts of race, caste, ethnicty, tribe, nation, cul
ture, identity, dignity, and many others, have become the object
of increasing attention from those who study men and the
societies descibed as "prmitive" or "evolving."
More recently, with the rise of liberation movements, the
need has arisen to analyze the character of these societies in
the light of the struggle they are waging, and to decide the
factors which launch or hold bac this struggle. The researchers
are generally agreed that in this context culture shows specal
signifcance. So one can ague that any attempt to clarify the
true role of culture in the development of the (pre-independ
ence) liberation movement can make a useful contribution to
the broad stugle of the people against imperialist domination.
In this short lecture, we consider particularly the problems
of the "return to the surce," and of identity and dignity in
the context of the national liberation movement.
PAT I
The fact that independence movements are generally marked,
even in their early stages, by an upsurge of cultural activity,
has led to the view that such movements are preceded by a
"cultural renaissance" of the subject people. Some go as far as
to suggest that culture is one means of collecting together a
group, even a weapon in the struggle for independence.
From the experience of our own struggle and one might say
that of the whole of Africa, we consider that there is too limited,
even a mistaken idea of the vital role of culture in the develop
ment of the liberation movement. In our view, this arises from
a fake generalization of a phenomenon which is real but limited
which is at a particular level in the vertical structure of colonized
societies-at the level of the elite or the colonial diasporas. This
generalization is unaware of or ignores the vital element of the
problem: the indestructible character of the cultural resistance
of the masses of the people when confronted with foreign
59
RETRN TO THE SOURC
domination.
Crtainly imperialist domination calls for cultural oppression
and attept either directly or indirecty to do away with the
most important elements of the culture of the subject people.
But 'te people are only able to create and develop the libera
tion movement because they keep their culture alive despite
continual and organized repression of their cltural life and
because the continue t resist culturally even when teir poli
tcmilitary resistance is destoyed. And it is cultural rsistance
which, at a given moment, can take on new forms, i.e., politil,
economic, ared to fght foreign domination.
With cetain exceptions, the period of coloniztion was not
long enough, at least in Africa, for tere to be a signifcant
degree of destruction or damage of the most important facets
of the culture and taditions of the subject people. Colonial
experience of imperialist domination in Afica (genocide, racial
seation and apartheid excepted) shows that the only so
called positive solution whch the colonial power put forward
to repudiate the subject people's cultural resistance was "assimi
ltion." But the complete failure of the policy of "progressive
assimilation" of native populations is the living proof both of
te falsehood of this teor and of the capacity of the subject
people to resist. As far as the Portuguese colonies are concerned,
the maximum number of people as imilated was 0.3% of the
total population (in Guine) and this was after 500 yeas of
civilizing infuence and half a century of "colonial peace."
On the other hand, even in the settlements where te over
whelming majority of the population are indigenous peoples,
the aa occupied by the colonial power and especially the area
of cultural influence is usually restricted to coastal strips and to
a few limited parts in the interior. Outside the boundares of
the capital and other urban centers, the infuence of the clonial
power's culture is almost nil. It only leaves its mark at the ver
top of te colonial social pyramid-which created colonialism
itself-and particularly it infuences what one might call the
"indigenous lower middle class" and a very small number of
worker in urban areas.
It can thus be seen that the ' masses in the rural areas, like
a large section of te urban population, say, in aU, over 99%
of the indigenous population are untouched or almost untouched
by the culture of the colonial power. Tis situation is patly
6
lntit and Digit
the result of the necessarily obscurantist caracter of the im
perialist domination which while it despises and suppresses in
digenous culture takes no interest in promoting cultue for the
masses who are their pool for forced labor and the main object
of exploitation. It is also the result of the efectiveness of cul
tural resistance of the people, who when they are subjected to
political domination and economic exploitation fnd that their
own culture acts as a bulwark in presering teir identity_
Where the indigenous society has a vertical structure, this
defense of their cultural heritage is further strengthened by the
colonial power's interest in protecting and backing the cultural
infuence of the ruling classes, their allies.
The above arument implies that generally speakng tee is
not any marked destruction or damage to culture or tadition,
neither for the masses in the subject countr nor for the in
digenous ruling classes (traditional cief, noble families, religious
authorities) . Repressed, persecuted, humiliated, betrayed by cer
tain social goups who have compromised with te foreig power,
culture took refuge in the villages, in the forests, and in te
spirit of the victims of domination. Culture survive all tese
challenges and through the strugle for liberation blossoms
forth again. Tus the question of a "retur to the source" or
of a "cultural renaissance" does not arise and culd not aise
for the masses of these people, for it is they who are the reposi
tory of the culture and at the same time the .only social sector
who can preserve and build it up and make histor.
Thus, in Afica at least, for a true idea of the real role
which culture plays in

the development of the liberation move
ment a distinction muSt be made between the situation of te
masses, who preserve their culture, and that of te sal goups
who are assimilated or partially so, who are cut of and, cul
turally alienated, Even tough the indigenous colonial elite
who emerged during the process of colonization still contnue
to pass on some element of indigenous cultue yet they live bot
materially and spiritually according to the foreign colonial cul
ture. They seek to identif themselves increasingly wth tis
culture both in their social behaviors and even i teir appre
ciation of its values.
In te course of two or three generations of colonization, a
social class arses made up of civil serants, people who ae em
ployed in various branches of the economy, especaly cm-
61
RETURN TO THE SOURC
merce, professional people, and a few urban' and agricltural
landowners. This indigenous petite bourgeosie which emerged
out of foreign domination and is indispensable to the sstem
of colonial exploitation, stands midway between the masses of
the working class in town and country and the small number
of local representatives of the foreign ruling class. Altough
they may have quite strong links with the masses and with the
traditional chiefs, generally speaking, they aspire to a way of
life which is simila if not identical wth that of the foreign
minority. At the same time while tey restrict their dealing
with the masses, they try 'to become integated into this minority
often at the cost of family or ethnic ties and always at geat
personal cost. Yet despite the apparent exceptions, the do not
succeed in getting past the barrers thrown up by the system.
They are prisoners of the cultural and social contradiction

of
their lives. They cannot escape fom their role as a margInal
class, or a "margnalized" class.
The marginal character or the "marginality" of tis class both
in their own country and in the diapora established in the ter
ritor of the colonial power is responsible for the socio-cultural
conficts of the colonial elite or the indigenous petite bour
geoisie, played out very much according to their material
.

cumstances and level of acculturation but always at the mdl

vidual level, never collectively.
I t is within the framework of ' this daily drama, against t
backcloth of the usually violent confrontation between the mass
of the people and the ruling colonial class that a feeling of
bitterness or, a frustration complex is bred and develop among
the indigenous petite bourgeoisie, At the same time, they are be
coming more and more conscious of a c
?
mpelling
?
eed
.
to
question their marginal status, and to re-dlscover an IdentIt.
Thus, tey turn to the people around them, the people at
the other extreme of the socio-cultural confict-the native masses.
For this reason arises the problem of "return to the source"
whic seems to be even more pressing the greater is the isola
tion of the petite bourgeoisie (or native elites) and their acute
feelings of frustration as in te case of Afican diasporas living
in the colonial or racist metropolis. It come as no surprse that
the theories or "movements" suc as Pan-Africanism or N
tude (two pertinent expressions arising mainly from the asump
tion that all black Africans have a cultural identity) were pro-
62
Identit and Digit
punded outside black Africa. More recently, the Blac Ame
icans' claim to an African identity is another proof, possibly
rather a desperate one, of the need for a "return to the source"
although clearly it is infuenced by a new situation: the fact
that the great majority of African people are now independent.
But the "return to the source" is not and cannot in itself
be an act of struggle against foreign domination (colonialist
and racist) and it no longer necessarily means a return to . tra
ditions. It is the denial, by the petite bourgeoisie, of the pre
tended supremacy of the culture of the dominant power ove
that of the dominated people with which it must identif i tself,
The "return to the source" is therefore not a voluntary step,
but the only possible reply to the demand of concrete need,
historically determined, and enforced by the inescapable con
'tradiction between the colonized society and the colonial power,
the mass of the people exploi ted and the foreign exploitive class,
a contradiction in the light of which each social stratum or
indigenous class must defne its position.
Wen the "return to the source" goes beyond the individual
and is expressed through "groups" or "movements," the con
tradiction 'is tansformed into struggle (secret or overt) , and
is a prelude to the pre-independence movement or of the strug
gle for liberation fom the foreign yoke. So, the "return to
the source" is of no historical importance unless it brings not
only real involvement in the struggle for independence, but
also complete and absolute identifcation with the hops of the
mass of the people, who contest not only the foreign cul ture
but also the foreig domination as a whole. Otherwise, the
"return to the source" is nothing more than an attempt to fnd
short-term benefts-knowingly or unknowingly a kind of poli
cal opportunism.
One must point out that the "return to the source," apparent
or real, does not develop at one time and in the same way
in the heart of te indigenous petite bourgeoisie. It is a slow
process, broken up and uneven, whose development depend
on the degree of acculturation of each individual, of the material
crcumstances of his life, on the forming of his ideas and on
his experience as a social being. This uneveness is the basis of
the split of the indigenous petite bourgeoisie into three goup
when confronted with the liberation movement: a) a minority,
which, even if it wants t see an end to foreig domination,
63
RETUR TO THE SOURC
cng to te dominant coloniaist class and openly oppose the
movement to prtect its social psition; b) a majority of peo
ple who ar hesitant and indecisive; c) another minority of
people who share in the building and leadership of the libera
tion movement.
But the latter goup, which plays a decisive role in the de
velopent of the preindependence movement, does not tly
identif with the mass of the people (with their culture and
hop) except through strugle, the scale of this identifcaton
depending on the kind or methods of strugle, on the ideo
logical basis of the movement and on the level of mora and
political awareness of each individual.
PAT B
Identifcation of a section of the indigenous petite bour
geoisie with the mass of the people has an essential prerequisite:
that, in the face of destructive action by imperialist domina
tion, the mases retain their identity, separate and distinct from
that of the colonial power. It is worthwhile therefore to de
cide in what circumstances this retention is pssible; why, when
and at what levels of the dominated society is raised the prob.
lem of the loss or absence of identity: and in consequence it
becomes necessar t assert or reassert in the framework of the
pre-independence movement a separate and distinct identity
from that of the colonial power.
The identity of an individual or a particular goup of peple
is a bio-sociological facto outside the will of that individual or
goup, but which is meaningful only when it is expressed in re
lation to other individuals or' other groups. The dialectical
charcte of identity lies in the fact that an individual (or a
group) is only similar to certain individuals (or groups) if it
i also diferent to other individuals (or groups) .
The defnition of an identity, individual or collective, is at
the same time the afmation and denial of a certain number
of caracteristics which defne the individuals or groups, thrugh
hitorical (biological and sociological) factors at a moment of
their developent. In fact, identity is not a constant, precisely
because the biological and sociological factors which defne it
ar in constant chang. Biologically and sociologically, there are
no two being (individual or collective) completely the same
6
Idntit and Dignit
or cmpletely dfn, for it is always possible to fnd in them
comon or distinguishing characteristics. Therefore te identity
of a being is always a relative quality, even circumstantial for
defning it demands a selection, more or less rigid and strict,
of t biological and sociological characteristics of the being in
quetion. One must point out that in the fundamental binomial
in the . d

fnition of identity, the socioloical factors are more

deterlnmg than the biologicaL In fact, if it is corect that
!
he biological e!ement (inherited genetic patrimony) is the
m

capale
J
h
r
cal basis of the existence and continuing growth
of Identity, It IS no less correct -that the socioloical element is
the factor whc gives it objective substance by gving content
and form, and allowing confontation and comparison be
tween individuals and between groups. To make a ttal defni
tion of identity, the inclusion of the bioloical element is indis
pensabe, but does not imply a sociological similarit, whereas
two bemgs who are sociologcally exactly the same must necs
sarily have similar biological identities.
Tis show on the one hand the supremacy of the social over
the individual condition, for society (human for example) is a
higher for of life. It shows on the other hand the need not
to cnfuse, the original idtity, of which the biological element
is the main deterinant, and the actual idtity, of whic the

ain
.
deteri

ant i the SOciologcal element. Clearly, the

Identit of which one must take account at a given moment
?f th

growth of a being (individual or collective) is the actual
Iden!ity,

d a
,
aren

f t being reached only on the basis

of his ongInal Identity IS Incomplete, partial and false, for it
leave out or does not comprehend the decisive infuence of
social conditions on the content and form of identity.
In the formation . and development of individual or cllec
tiv identit, the social condition is an objective agnt, arising
fr ec?0!ic, political, social and cultural aspects which le
charactenstlc of the gowth and history of the society in ques
tion. If one arges that the economic aspect is fundamental, one
can assert that identity is in a certain sense the expression of
an ecnomic reality. This reality, whatever the geogaphical
contet and the path of development of the society, is defned
by the level of productive forces (the relationship between man
and nature) and by the means of production (the relations
between me and between classes wthin ts societ) . But if
65
RETURN TO THE SOURC
one accepts that culture is a dynamic synthesis of the
n
ateri

l
and spiritual conditon of the society and expresses relauonship
both between man and nature and between the diferent classes
within a society, one can assert that identity is at the indi
vidual and collective level and beyond the economic condition,
the expression of culture. This is why to attribute, recognize
or declare the identity of an individual or group is above all
to place that individual or goup in the framework of a culture.
Now as we all know, the main prop of culture in any society
is the social structure. One can therefore draw the conclusion
that the possibility of a movement group keeping (or losing) its
identity in the face of foreign domination depends on the ex
tent of the destruction of its social structure under the stresses
of that domination.
As for the efects of imperialist domination on the social
structure of the dominated people, one must look here at the
case of classic colonialism against which the pre-independence
movement is contending. In that case, whatever the stage of
historical development of the dominated society, the social
structure can be subjected to the following experiences: a)
total destruction, mixed with immediate or gradual liquidation
of the indigenous people and replacement by a foreign people;
b) partial destruction, with the settling of a more or less numer
ous foreign population; c) ostesible preseration, brought
about by the restriction of the indigenous people in geographi
cal areas or special reserves usually without means of living, and
the massive infux of a foreign population.
The fundamentally horizontal character of the social struc
ture of African people, due to the profusion of ethnic groups,
means that the cultural resistance and degree of retention of
identity are not uniform. So, even where ethnic groups have
broadly succeeded in keeping their identity, we observe that
the most resistant groups are thoe which have had the most
violent battles with the colonial power during the period of
efective occupation- or those whQ because of their geographical
location have had least contact with the foreign presence."
One must point out that th attitude of the colonial power
towards the ethnic groups creates an insluble contradiction:
In ou county: Mandjaques, Pepels, Oncas, Balantes, Beafadas.
Pajadncas and ote miorties i te interior.
66
Idntit and Digit
On the one hand i t must divide or keep divisions in oder to
rule and for that reason favors separation if not cnfict be
tween ethnic goups; on the other hand to try to keep the
peranency of its domination i t needs to destroy the social
structure, culture, and by implication identity, of these groups.
Moreover, it must protect the ruling class of those groups whic
(like for example the Fula tribe or nation in our country) have
given decisive support during the colonial conquest- a policy
which favors the preservation of the identity of these goups.
As has already been said, there are not usually important
changes in respect of culture in the upright shape of the in
digenous social pyramids (groups or societies with a State) .
Each level or class keeps it identity, linked with that of the
group but separate from that of other social classes. Conversely,
in the urban centers as in some of the interior regions of the
country where the cultural infuence of the colonial power is
felt, the problem of identity is more complicated. While the
bottom and the top of the social pyamid (that is the mass of
the working class drawn from diferent ethnic goups and the
foreign dominant class) keep their identities, the middle level
of this pyramid (the indigenous petite boureoise) , culturally
uproted, alienated or more or less assimilated, engags in a
sociological battle in search of its identity. One must also
point out that though united by a new identity-anted by the
colonial power-the foreign dominant class can not free itself
from the contradictions of its own society, which it brings to
the colonized countr.
When, at the initiative of a minority of the indigenous petite
bourgeoisie, allied with the indigenous masses, the pre-inde
pendence movement is launched, the masses have no need to
assert or reassert their identity, which they have never con
fused nor would have known how to confuse with that of the
colonial power. This need is felt only by the indigenous petite
bourgeoisie which fnds itself obliged to take up a position in
the strugle which opposes the masses to the colonial power.
Howeer, the reassertion of identity distinct from that of the
colonial power is not always achieved by all the petite bour
geoisie. It is only a minori ty who do this, while another . min
ority asserts, often in a noisy manner, the identity of the
foreig dominant class, while the silent majorit is trapped in
indecision .
67
RTR 'o 'Hl SOtRC
Moreover, even when there is a reassertion of a identit
distinct from that of the colonial power, therefore te same a
tat of the masses, it does not show itself in te same way
everhere. One part of the middle class minority engaged in
the pre-independence movement, uses the foreign cultural nors,
calling on literature and art, to express the discovery of it
identity rather tan to express the hopes and suferng of te
masses. And precisely because he uses te langage and speec
of the minority colonial power, he only ocasionally manages t
infuence the masses, generally illiterate and familar wt other
fors of artistic expression. This does not however remove the
value of the contibution of t development of the stugle
made by this petite bourgoise minority, for it can at te sae
time infuence a secto of the uprooted or those who are late
comers to its own class and an important sector of public opinion
in the colonial metropolis, notably te class of intellectuals.
The oter part of the lower middle class which from t
start join in the pre-independence movement fnds in it
prompt share in the liberation struggle and in integtion with
the masses of the best means of expression of identity distct
fom that of the colonial power.
That is why identifcation with the masses and reassetion of
identity can be teporary or defnitve, apparent or ra, in
the light of the daily eforts and sacifces demanded by te
stggle itself. A struggle, which while being the oranize pl
tical expression of a culture is also and necesarily a proof not
only of identity but also of dignity.
In the course of the process of colonialist domination, te
masses, whatever the caacteristic of the social structure of the
goup to which tey belong, do not stop resisting te colonia
power. In a frst phasethat of conquest, cyically caled
"pacifcation"-they resist, gn in hand, foreign occupation. In
a second phase-that of the glden age of tiumphant coloal
ism-tey ofer te foreig domination passive resistanc, amot
silent, but blazoned with many reolt, usually indivdual and
once in a while collective. The revolt i particularly in the
feld of work and taxes, even in social cntacts wit the repre
sentatives, foreig or indigenous of te coloal power. In a
third phase-that of the liberation stugle-it is te masss
who provide the man strengt whic employs plitical or
armed resistance to challenge and to dest foreig domin-
6
I det" and Digi"
tion. Such a prolonged and ve resistanc is psible only
because while keeping their clture and identity, the mas
keep intact te sense of their individual and collectve digity,
despite te wories, humiliations and butalities to whic they
are often subjected.
The assertion or reassertion by the indigenous petite bour
goisie of identity distinct f tat of the colonial power does
not and could not bring about restoration of a sense of digity
to that cass alone. In tis cntext, we see tat the sens of
dignity of the petite boureisie cas depends on the objective
moral and social feeling of eac individual, on his subjective
attitude towards the two pole of the colonial confict, between
which he is forced to live out t daily drama of colonialization.
This drama is the more sattering to the extent to whic te
petite bourgeoisie in fulflling its role is made to live alongide
both the foreign dominating class and the masses. On one side
the petite bourgeoisie is the victim of frequent if not daily
humiliation by the foreiner, and on the other side it is aware
of the injustice to which the masses are subjected and of their
resistance and spirit of rebellion. Hence, arises te apparent
paradox of colonal domination; it is from within the indignous
petite bourgeoisie, a soial clas which gows fm colonialism
itself, that arise the frst important steps towards mobilizing
and oranizing the masses for the stugle against the colonial
power.
The strugle, in the face of aU kinds of obstacles and in a
variety of forms, refects the awareness or gasp of a complete
identity, generalizes and consolidates the sense of digit,
strengtheed by the developent of political awarness, ad
derives fom the culture or cultures of the masses in revt
one of its principal strngths.
69
Inside liberated Guine. (P AIGC)
Mother and child listening to address by member of 1 972 Special Mis
sion of the UN to liberated Guine . (UN Photo/Yutaka Nagata)
Two PAIGe members taking a rest in the Balana-Kitafne
Sector, liberated Guine. (UN Photo/Yutaka Nagata)
Inside a liberated zone. (PAIGC)
Amilcar Cabral addressing an
audience at Lincoln University
where he received the honor
ary doctorate during his last
visit to the United States in Oc
tober 1 972. (A IS/Ray Lewis)
A neighborhood youth sits in
front of UN and OAU repre
sentatives at a memorial serv
ice held in Harlem, New York
on January 24, 1 973 for the
slain Amilcar Cabral. (UN
Photo/Yutaka Nagata)
Lai Seck, in charge of Security
in the Cubucare Sector. (UN
Photo/Yutaka Nagata)
Paula
C
assama, member of a
action committee, addresses a
mass meeting. The local action
commi t tees are composed of
five members, two of whom
must be women. (AIS/Robert
Van Lierop)
A third grade student at a math class at the Aerolino Lopez Cruz board
ing school. At right is Chairman of the 1 973 Mission of the United
Nations, Sevilla-Borza, visiting liberated Guine. (UN Photo/Yutaka
Nagata)
People of the Cubucare Sector. (UN Photo/Yutaka Nagata)
Conecting
the Struggles:
an informal talk with Black Americans
During hi lt visit to the United States Cabra aked the
Africa Informatin Servie to organue a smll informal
meeting at which he could speak with representatives of
diDerent black organiations. The A.l.S. contated approxi.
mately thirty organuations and on October 20, 1972, more
than 120 people representing a wide range of blck groups
in America crowde into a small room to meet with Amilcar
Cabral. A number of the peopl present clme to Ne York
specifcally lor this meeting. At the meeting, the vitality,
warmth and humr of Cabra the person became evident to
those who had not met him before. Parts of the dicussion
have ben edied (gramatically) to compensate for th fat
that although Cobral spke mny lnguages, English Wa not
h most comfortble languge.
.
I am bringing to you-our African brothers and sisters of the
United States-the fraternal salutations of our people in assuring
you we are very conscious that all in this life concerning you
also concerns us_ If we do not always pronounce words that
clearly show this, it doesn' t mean that we are not conscious of
it. It is a reality and cnsidering that the world is being made
smaller each day all people are becoming conscious of this fact.
Naturally if you ask me between broters and comrades what
75
RTUR TO THE SURC
I prefer-i we ae brothe it is not our fault or our responsi
bility. But if we ae cd it is a political engagement.
Naturally we lke o brother but in our cnception it is better
to be a brother and a cmade. We like our brothers very much,
but we tink that if we are brothers we have to reaiz te
responibilty of thi fact and take clear positions about our
problem in order to see if beyond this conditio of brothes,
we ae also comrades. This is very important for us.
We t to understnd your situation in this country. You can
be sure tat we realiz the difclties you face, the problems
you have and your feelings, your revolts, and also your hops.
We think tht our fghting for Afic against colonialism and
imperialm is a proof of understanding of your problem and
also a contrbution for te solution of your prblems in tis
continent. Natually te invere is also te. All the achieve
ments toward the solution of your prblem here are real con
tibutions to our own strgle. And we are very encouraged in
our strgle by te fact that each day more of the African people
br in America become conscous of their responsibilitie to
the strugle in Afrca.
Doe that mean you have to all leave here and go fght in
Africa? We do not believe so. That i not being realistic in our
opinion. Histor is a ver stong cain. We have to accept the
limit of history but not te limits imposed by the soceties
where we are living. There is a diference. We think tat all
you cn do here to develop your ow condition in the sense
of progess, in the sense of histor and in the sense of the total
realization of your aspirtions a human being is a contribution
for us. It is also a contributon fot you to never forget that
you are Afcn.
Does that mean that we ae racist? Nol We are not racists.
We are fundaentaly ad deeply anst ay kind of rcism.
Even when pople are subjected to racism we are against racism
fom t who have bee oppressed by it. In our opinion-not
f dreaming b fom a deep analysis of te real conditions
of the eistenc of makind and of the divsion of societies
racism is a result of certain crcumstances. I is not eteral in
any lattude tn the world. It is the result of historical and eco
nomic condtions. And we c not answer racism with racis.
It is not possible. In our count, despite some racist mnfe
tatons by te POltuguese, we are not fghting against the Por-
76
Connecting the Struggles
tuguese people or whites. We are fghting for the freedom of
our people-to free our people and to allow tem to be able
to love any kind of human being. You can not love if you are
a slave. It is ver difcult.
In combatting racism we don't make progess if we combat
te people themselves. We have to combat the causes of racism.
1 a bandit comes in my house and I have a gun I can not shoot
the shadow of this bandit. I have to shoot the bandit. Many
people lose energy and efort, and make sacifces combatting
shadows. We have to combat the material reality that prduces
the shadow. If we can not change the light that is one cause of
the shadow, we can at least change the body. It is important to
avoid confusion between the shadow and the body that projects
the shadow. We are encouraged by the fact that each day more o
our people, here and in Afica, realize this reality. This rein
forces our confdence in our fnal victory.
The fao that you follow our strg le and are interested in
our achievements is good for us. We base our struggle on the
concrete realities of our country. We appreciate the experiences
and achievements of other peoples and we study them. But
revolution or national liberation struggle is like a dress which
must b ft to each individual's body. Naturally, there ae
certain general or universal laws, even scientifc laws for any
condition, but the liberation struggle has to be developed ac
cording to the specifc condition of each country. This is fun
damental.
The specifc conditions to be considered include-economic,
cultural, social, plitical and even geogaphic. The guerrilla
manuals once told us that without mountains you can not make
guerilla war. But in my county there are no mountains, only
the people. In the economic feld we committed an error. We
began training our people to commit sabotage on the railroads.
When they retured fom their training we remembered that
there were no railroads in our count. The Portuguese built
them in Mozambique and Angola but not in our county.
There are other conditions to consider as well. You must con
sider the type of society in which you a fghting. Is it divided
along horizontal lines or vertical lines? Some people tell us
our strggle is the same as that of the Vietnamese people. It
is Iimilar but it is not the same. The Vietnamese are a people
tat hundreds of years ago fought against foreign invader like
77
RETURN TO THE SOURCE
a nation. We are now forgng our nation in the strugle. This
is a big diference. It i difcult to imagine what a diference
that makes. Vietnam is also a society with clear social structures
with classes well defned. There is no national bourgeoisie in
our country. A miserable small petit bourgeoisie yes, but not a
national bourgeoisie. These diferences are very important.
Once I discussed politics with Eld,ridge Cleaver. He is a
clever man, very intelligent. We ageed on many things but
we disageed on one thing. He told me your condition is a
colonial condition. In certain aspects it seems to be, but it is
not really a colonial condition. The colonial condition demands
cetain factors. One important factor is continuity of teri
tories. There are others which you can see when you analyze.
Many times we are confronted with phenomenon that seem
to be the same, but political activity demands that we be able
to distinguish them. That is not to say that the aim are not
the same. An that is not to say that
.
even some of the means
cannot be the same. However, we must deeply analyze each
situation to avoid loss of tme and energy doing things that we
are not to do and forgetting things that we have to do.
In our country we have been fghting for nearly ten yeas.
If we consider ,the changes achieved in that time, principally
in the relationship between men and women, it has been more
than 100 years. If we were
9.
nly shooting bullets and shells,
yes, ten years is too much. But we were not only doing this. We
were forging a nation during these years. How long did it take
the European nations to be formed-ten centuries from the
middle ages to the renaissance. (Here in the United States
you are still forging a nation-it is not yet completed, in my
opinion. Several things have contributed to the forming and
changng of this country, such a the Vietnam war, though
unfortunately at the expense of the Vietnamese people. But
you know the details of change in this country more than my
self.)
Ten years ago, we were Fula, Mandjak, Mandinka, Bal
ante, Pepel, and others. Now we are a nation of Guineans.
Tribal divisions were one reason the Portuguese thought i t
would not be possible for us to fght. During tese ten years
we were making more and more changes, so that today we can
see that there is a new man and a new woman, born with our
new nation and because of our fght. This is because of our
78
Conecting the Struggles
ability to fght as a nation.
Naturally, we are not defending the armed fght. Maybe I
deceive people, but I am not a great defender of the armed
fght. I am myself very conscious of the sacrifces demanded by
the ared fght. It i a violenc against even our own people.
But it is not our invention-it is not our ' cool decision; it is
the requirement of histor. This is not the frst fght i our coun
try, and it is not Cabral who invented the struggle. We are
following the example given by our grandfathers who fought
against Portuguese domination 50 years ago. Today's fght is
a continuation of the fght to defend our dignity, our right to
have an identity-our own identity.
I it were possible to solve this problem without the armed
fght-why notl ?1 But while the armed fght demands sacifces, it
also has advantages. Like everything else in the word, it has
two faces-one positive the other negative-the problem is in
the balance. For us now, it [the armed fght] is a good thing
in our opinion, and our condition is a good thing because this
armed fght helped us to accelerate the revolution of our peo
ple, to create a new situation that will facilitate our progress.
In these ten years we liberated about three-fourths of the coun
tr and we are efectively controlling two-thirds of our country.
We have muc work to do, but we have our state, we have a
strong political organization, a developing administration, and
we have created many services-always while facing the bombs
of the Portuguese. That is to say, bombs used by the Portuguese,
but made in the United States. In ,the military feld we realized
good things dur

these ten years. We have our national army
and our local mIlItIas. We have even been able to receive a num
ber of visitors-journalists, flm-makers, scientists, teachers, writ
e, gvernment representatives, and others. We also received a
special mission of the United Nations last April whic made a
very god report about the situation in our country.
However, through this ared fght, we realized other things
more important than the size of the liberated regions or the
ca

acity of our fghters, such as the irreversible change in the

attltudes of our men. We have more sacrifces to make and more
difculties to overcome, but our people are now accustomed to
this, and know that for freedom we must pay a price. What can
we consider bette than freedom? It is not possible-nothing
compares with freedom. During the visit of the Special Mission
79
RETURN TO THE SOURCE
of the UN to our country, one of the ofcial observers, while on
a long march, asked a small boy if he ever got tired; The boy
answered, "I can't get tired-this is my country. Only te Por
tugese soldiers get tired."
Now we cn accelerate the process of the liberation of the
rest of our countr. Each day, we gt more and better workers.
Now we need more ammunition in order t give greater impact
to our attacks against the Portuguese positions. Instead of attack
ing with 80 shells, we have to attack wit 800, if not 2,000, and
we are preparing to do this. The situation is now better in the
urban centers. We are dominating the urban center in spite of
the Portuguese occupation. Links with our undeound organi
zation in ,these centers are now very god, and we have decided
to develop our action inside these centers. We told this on the
radio to the Portuguese. We told all of the people because the
Portuguese cannot stop us. We told them before they would be
afraid, and they are. The ae even afraid of their shadows.
Another ver positive aspect of our struggle is the political
situation on the Cape Vere Islands. Some days ago, there were
riots between our people and the police. This is a sign that
great developments are coming within the framework of our
fght on the Islands.
We have taken all measures demanded by the strugle, in the
political as well as the military feld. With the general election
just completed in the liberated region, we are now creating our
National Assembly. Naturally we are not doing a National As
sembly like the Congess you have here or the British Parliament.
All these are very important steps in accelerating the end of the
colonial war in my county and for its total liberation.
We have decided to forally procaim our state, and we hope
that our brothers and sisters here, our brothers and sisters in
Africa, and our friends all over the world, will take the neces
sary position of support for our new initiatives in this political

feld. In an armed fght like ours, all the political aspects have
been stressed. They are stressed naturally when you approach
the end. It is a dialectcal process. In the begnning the fght is
political onl, it is then followed by the transformation into the
armed stage. Step by step, the political aspect retus but at a
diferent level, the level of the solution.
I am not going to develop these things further, I think it is
better if you ask questions. We are very happy t be with you,
80
Connecting the Strug les
our brothers and sisters. I tell you frankly, although it might
hurt my visit to the United Nations, each day I feel myself
more identifed with you. I am not racist, but eac day I realize
that if I did not have to do what I have to do in my country,
maybe I would come here to join you.
I am at your disposal for any kind of question; no secrets, or
ceremonies or diplomacy with you.
QUESTION: I am from Mali. I don' t know how comfortable
you will be with this question, but given the nature of the fght
you have been leading, are you satisfed with the type of moral,
political and military aid you have been receiving from other
African countres?
CABRAL: First of all, let me say to my brother, that I am com
fortable with any kind of question-there is no problem. Sec
ondly, when one is in a condition that he has to receive aid, he
i never satisfed. The condition of people who are obliged by
CIrcumstances to ask for and receive aid, is to never be satisfed.
If you are satisfed it is fnished, you don' t need aid.
Thirdly, we have to also consider the situation of the people
who are helping us. You know the political and economic
circumstances conditioning the attitudes of the African coun
ties. It's tue the past decade of the sixties was a geat achieve
ment for Africa-the independence of Africa. But we are not
of this tee of independence of Africa. We must take our inde
pendence with force and our position is to never ask for the
aid we need. We let eac people gve us the ad they can, and
we never accept conditions with the aid. If you can give us aid
like this, O.K. we are satisfed. If you ca give more, we ae
mor satisfed.
I have said to the African heads of state many times, tat the
aid from Afica is ver useful, but not sufcient. We believe that
they c
.
ould d
.
o better, and so do they. Last June in the Rabat
summIt meetmgs [of the OAU tey ageed to incease their aid
by 50 percent. Why didn't they do this before? We know that
they ad not only fnancial and economic difculties, but politi
cal dl
.
fculties as well. In
.
some cases, the difclt was a lack of
consclOusness about the uportance of this problem. But eac
day
.
they are realizing more and maybe when they fully realize
the Importance of this problem we will all be independent.
QUESTION: I would like to know what forard thrust your
81
RETURN TO THE SOURCE
country would have in the absence of NATO support, that this
country gives, and what the arguments are that the U.S. ofer for
its participation in NATO which we all know is the conduit
which supplies the Portuguese with their arms? This is something
which we can take immediate political acton on.
CABRAL: You see, Portugal is an underdeveloped countr-the
most backward in Western Europe. It is a country that doesn't
even produce toy planes-this is not a joke, it's true. Portugal
would never be able to launch three colonial wars in Afica
without the help of NATO, the weapons of NATO, the planes
of NATO, the bombs of NATO-it would be impossible for them.
This is not a matter for discussion. The Americans know i t, the
British know it, the French know it very well, the West Germans
also know it, and the Portugese also know it very well.
We cannot talk of American participation in NATO, because
NATO is the creation of the United States. Once I came here
to the U.S. and I was invited to lunch by the representative
of the U.S. or the United Nations' Fourth Committee. He was
also the deputy chief of the U.S. delegation to the United Na
tions. I told him we are fghting against Portuguese colonialism,
and not asking for the destruction of NATO. We don' t think
it is necessary to destroy NATO in order to free our country.
But why is the U.S. opposing this? He told me that he did not
agree with this policy [U.S. support of NATO] but that thee
is a problem of world security and in the opinion of his gov
ernment it is necessary to give aid to Portugal in exchange for
use of the Azores a a military base. Acceptance of Portuguese
policy is necessary for America's global strateg, he explained.
I think he was telling me the tuth, but only part of the truth
because the U. S. also supports Portugal in order to continue
the domination of Africa, if not over other parts of the world.
I must clarify that this man left his position in the U.N. and
during his debate in the U.S. Congress took a clear position
favorable to ours and asked his government many times to stop
its aid to Portugal, but the government didn' t accept.
What is the justifcation for this? There is no justifcation
no justifcation at all. It is U. S. imperialism. Portugal is an ap
pendage of imperialism, a rotten appendage of imperialism. You
know that Portugal is a semi-colony itself. Since 1 775 Portugal
has been a semi-colony of Britain. This is the only reason that
Portugal was able to preserve the colonies during the partition
82
Connecting the Strggles
of Africa. How could this poor miserable country preserve the
colonies in the face of the ambitions and jealousies of Germany.
ra?ce. England, Belgium, and the emerging American impe
nabsm? It was because England adopted a tactic. It said
Portu

al is my colony. if it preserves colonies they are also my

colontesand England defended the interests of Portugal with
force. But now it is not the same. Angola is not really a Portu
guese colony. Mozambique is not really a Portuguese colony.
You can see the statistics. More than 60 percent of the principal
exports of Angola are not for Portugal. Approximately the same
percentage of the investments in Angola and Mozambique are
not Portuguese, and each day this is increasing. Guinea and
Cape Verde are very poor and do not have very good climates.
They are the only Portuguese colonies. Portugal is, principally
for Angola and Mozambique. the policeman and the receiver
of taxes. But they will not tell you this.
QUESTION: My question concerns the basis of law you are
,
sing in your country. Are you using the laws of the Portuguese
II ters of the National Assembly? What kinds of criteria are
you going to use?
CABRAL: If Portugal had created in my country an Assembly.
we would not create one ourselves. We don't accept any insti
tution of the Portuguese colonialists. We are not interested in
the preservation of any of the ' structures of the colonial state.
It is our opinion that it is necessary to totally destroy, to break,
to reduce to ash all aspects of the colonial state in our country
in order to make everything pO$sible for our people. The masses
realize that this is true, in order to convince everyone we are
really fnished with colonial domination in our countr.
Some independent African states preserved the structures of the
colonial state. In some countries the only replaced a white man
with a black man, but for the people it is the same. You have
to realize that it is very difcult for the people to make a dis
tinction between one Portuguese. or white, administrator and
one black administrator. For the people it is the administrator
that is fundamental. And the prnciple-if this administrator.
a black one is living in the same house, with the same gestures,
with the same car, or sometimes a better one, what is the dif
ference? The nature of the state we have to create in our country
is a ve good question for it is a fundamental one.
Our fortune is that we are creating the state through the
88
RETURN TO THE SOURCE
struggle. We now have popular tribunals-people's courts-in
our country. We cannot create a judicial system like the Por
tuguese in our country because it was a colonial one, nor can
we even make a copy of the judicial system in Portugal-it is
impossible. Through the struggle we created our courts and the
peasants participate by electing the courts themselves. Ours is
a new judicial system, totally diferent from any other system,
bor in our cuntry through the struggle. It is similar to oter
systems, like te one in Vietnam, but it is also diferent because
it corresponds to the conditions of our country.
If you really want to know the feelings of our people on this
matter I can tell you that our government and all its institutions
have to take anoter nature. For example, we must not use the
houses occupie by the colonial power in the way they used
them. I proposed to our party that the government palace in
Bissau be transformed into a people's house for culture, not for
our prime minister or something like this (I don' t believe we
will have prime ministers anyway). This is to let the people
realize that they conquered colonialism-it's fnished this time
it's not only a question of a change of skin. This is really ver
important. It i. the most important problem in the liberation
movement. The problem of the nature of the state ceated afte
independence is perhaps the sect of the failure of African in
dependence.
QUESTION: Looking at Africa geographically, where does the
PAIGC get most of its support, Nort Africa, or SubSaharan
Africa, and in a broader sense, how does support from China
and Russia compare?
CABRAL: We don' t like this division of Afica. We have the
support of the OAU for some years now. We have the total sup
port of the OAU. All the Afican countries support the PAIGC,
no exceptions of any voice against us. And through the OAU,
the Liberation Committee gives us fnancial help. There are
some African countries, maybe not more than the fngers on my
hand, that help us directly, also. With them we have biateral
relations. Some are in the north, others in the west, and others
in the east.
Aout China and the Soviet Union, we always had te
support of the socalist countries-moral, political and ma
terial. Some have gven more material support than oters. Unt
now the country that has helped us the most is the Soviet Union,
84
Connecting the Struggles
and we said it many times before all kinds of meetings. Until
now they've helped us the most in supplying materials for the
war. If you want to verify this you can come to my country and
see. This is the situation.
QUESTION: My question is about the role of women. What
is the nature of their transformation from the old system under
imperialism?
CARL: In our country you fnd many societies with diferent
traditions and rules on the role of women. For example, in the
Fula society a woman is like a piece of property of the man,
the owner of the home. This is the typical patriarchal society.
But even there women have dignity, and if you enter the house
you would see that inside the house, the woman is the chief.
On the other hand, in the Balante society women have more
feedom.
To understand these diferences you have to know that
in the Fula society all that is produced belongs to the father.
In the Balante society all that is produced belongs to the people
that work and women work very hard so they are free. It is very
simple. But the problem is about the political role in the fght.
You know that in our country there were even matriarchal soci
eties where women were the most important element. On the
Bijagos Islands they had queens. They were not queens because
they were the daughters of kings. They had queens succeeding
queens. The religious leaders were women too. Now they are
changing.
I tell you these things so that you can understand our society
better. But during the fght the important thing is the political
role of women. Yes, we have made geat achievements, but not
enough. We are very far from what we want to do, but this is
not a problem that can be solved by Cabral siging a decree.
It is all a part of the process of transformation, of change in the
material conditions of the existence of our people, but also in
the minds of the women, because sometimes the geatest dif
culty is not only in the men but in the women too.
We have a big problem with our nurses, because we trained
about three hundred nurses-women-but they married, they
get children and f them it's fnished. This is very bad. For
some this doesn't happen. Carmen Pereira, for instance, is a
nurse, and she is also a member of the high political staf of
the Party. She is responsible for all social and cultural problems
8
RETURN TO THE SOURC
in the southern liberated regon. She's a member of the Execu
tive Committee of the Party. There are many others too, trained
not only in the country but in the exterior also, in foreign
countries. But we have much work to do.
In the beginning of the struggle, when we . launched the
guerrilla struggle, young women came without bing called and
asked for weapons to fght, hundreds and hundreds. But step by
step some problems came in this famework and we had to dis
tribute, to partition the war. Today, women are principally in
what you call the local amed forces and in the political wa
working on health poblems, and instruction also.
I hope we can send some of our women here so you will be
able to know them. But we have big problems to solve and we
have a great problem with some of the leaders of the Party. We
have (even myself to combat ourselves on this problem, be
cause we have to be able to cut this cultural element, with its
great roots, until the day we put down this bad thing-the ex
ploitation of women, but we made great progess in this feld
in these ten years.
QUESTION: Comrade Cabral, you spoke about universal sci
entifc laws of revolution. It is very clear that in this country,
we too, are engaged in some stage of development of a revolu
tionary struggle. Certainly one of the most controversial aspect
of our struggle is the grasp of these scientifc universal laws.
Would you, therefore, talk about your Party's understanding
of revolutionary theor, particularly as related to Cuba, China,
the Soviet Union, and the anti-colonial wars of national lib
eration? It is very clear that on the interational level there
are defned positions being taken that are probably more im
portant in countrie, and with parties, which have defned
positions than they are in our struge which is so fractured
that we play little part in this international struggle for the
clarifcation of these universal scientifc laws. So I wonder, would
you speak on this prblem?
CABRAL: You see, I think that all kinds of struge for lib
eration obey a group of laws. The application of these laws to
a certain case depends on the nature of the case. Maybe all these
laws are applicable, but maybe only some, maybe only one, it
depends. In science you know water boils at 1000 C. It's a law.
Naturally, with the condition that we are speaking in centi
gade degees, this is a specifcation. What does it mean if we
86
Conecting the Strugles
ae measuring fahrenheit-it's not the same. And this is also
only at sea level. When you go up in the mountains this law
is not true. Newton and many others told us it is the same but
Einstein demonstrated that it is not always true. It is sometimes
more complex.
It's the same in the feld of the scientifc character of te
liberation stuggle. Cuba, Soviet Union, China, Viet Na, and
so on-our country, are diferent entities in this context. Some
times you can even explain conficts between their people
because of the difrent nature of their stuggle, dictated by te
diferent cnditions of the countries-historical, economica, ad
so on.
I have to tell you that when we began preparing for our
strugle in our own country, we didn' t know Mao Tse-tung.
The frst time I faced a book of Mao Tse-tung was in 1960.
Our party was created in 1956. We knew less about the struggle
of Cuba, but later we tried to know the experiences of other
peoples. Some experiences we put aside because the diferenc
was so geat that it would waste time to study them. We think
the experiences of other people is very important for you,
principally to know things you should not do. Because what you
have to do in your country you have to create yourself.
The general laws are very simple. For instance, the develop
ment of the armed fght in a country characterzed by agiculture
whee most, if not all, of the population are peasants means you
have to do the struggle as in China, in Viet Na or in my coun
try. Maybe you bgn in the towns, but you recogize that thi is
not good. You pass to the countrside to mobilize the peasant.
You recognize that the peasants are very difcult to mobilize
under certain conditions, but you . launch the armed struggle
and step by step you approach the towns in order to fnish the
colonist.
For instance, this is scientifc: in the colonial war there is a
contradiction. What is it? It is that the colonial power in order
to really dominate the country has to disperse its forces. In dis
persing its forces it becomes weak-the national forces can
destroy them. As you begin to destroy them they are obliged
to concentrate, but when they concentrate they leave areas of
the country you can control, administer and create structures in.
Then they can never destroy you. It's always possible. You can
tell me it's not possible in the United States, the United States
87
RTRN TO THE SOURC
is not an agicultural country like this. But if you study deeply
the conditions in your country maybe you will fnd that this
law is also applicable. This is what I can tell you, because it is
a very big problem to discuss, if I undertood your . question.
QUESTION (cont'd) : I'd like to rephrae part of it. What I'm
trying to get at is how, in setting up the cadre training school
that you set up in Conakry, did you have access to the revo
lutionary experiences of the countries I mentioned? What kind
of literature did you read? The point that I am .trying to drive
at is nat the form of waging a revolutionary strugle. I under
stand the diferences in concrete conditions. I want to kow
how one moves thrugh a colonial or a semi-feudal condition
into socialism-how the experience of moving from capitalism
into socialism (clearly the dominant revolutionary experente
in the world) was gained-how you were able to set up a train
ing progam in which cadre were exposed to this information?
CABRAL: In the beginning we established in Conakry what
you call a political school for militants. About one thousand
people came from our country by groups. We frst asked-who
are we? Where are we? Wat do we want? How do we live? What
is our enemy? Wo is this enemy? Wat can he do ainst us?
What is our county? Were is our country?-thing like this,
step by step, explaining our real conditions and explaining what
we want, why we want it and why we had to fght against the
Portuguese. Among all tese people some step by step, ap
proached other experiences. But the problem of going from
feudal or semi-feudal societ or tribal society to socialism is a
very big problem, even from capitalism to socialism.
If there are Marxists here they know that Marx said that
capitalism created all the conditions for socialism. The condi
tions . were ceated but never passed. Even then it is ver dif
cult. This is even more reason for the feudal or semi-feudal
tribal societies to jump to socialism-but it's not a problem of
jumping. It's a process of development. You have to establish
the political aims and based on your own condition the ideo
logcal content of te fght. To have ideolog doesn't necessarily
mean that you have to defne whether you are communist, so
clialist, or something like this. To have ideology is to know
what you want in your own condition.
We want in our country this: to have no more exploitation o
our people, not by white people or by black peple. We don't
88
Conecting the Strg les
want any more exploitation. It is in this way we educate ou
people-the masses, the cadres, the militants-in this way.
For that we are taking step by step, all the measures necessar to
avoid this exploitation. How? We give to our people the instu
ment to control, the people lead. And we give to our people all
possibility to participate more actively each day in the direction
of their own life.
Naturally, if an American comes he may say you are doing
socialism in your country. This is a responsibility for him. We
are not preoccupied with labels you see. We are occupied in the
content of the thing, what we are doing, how we are doing it,
what chances are we creating for realizing this aim. There are
some societies that passed from feudal or semi-feudal stages to
being socialist societies. But one of their specifcs was having
a state imposing this passage. We do not have this. We have to
create f ourselves the instruments of the state inside our coun
try, in the conditions of our history, in order to orientate all
to a life of justice, work for progress and equality. Equality of
chance for all people is the problem. The problem of equality
is equality of chance. This is what I can tell you. This is a
very big discussion, philosophical if you want something like
this.
QUESTION: What direct relationship does the OAU have with
your party? You mentioned the OAU several times and I heard
some things about the OAU, but I wanted to know whether
or not it has been helpful to you and, if it has, in what ways?
CABRL: Yes, they are good relations. Now we can even tell
that we are nearly members of the OAU, because at the last
summit conference in Rabat, they admitted the recognized
liberation movements, like my party, to participate in the debate
concerning their own cases. The relations are very good. We
have the help of the OAU, like I said-not enough we think,
but they are trying to increase this help and we think that in
our own case, maybe next year, we will be a member, full mem
ber of the OAU.
QUESTION: (cont'd) Why? Do you see it as the organi
zation for Africa?
CABRAL: A real organization for Africa? It depends. Now at
this stage of the revoluton . in Africa, the OAU is a very good
thing. It is such a good thing that imperialism is doing its best
to fnish it. Naturally, maybe for your ideas the OAU doesn't
89
RETURN TO THE SOURCE
answer well, doesn' t full) correspond to your hopes. Mayb you
are right, but this is not the problem. In the political feld, you
have to know at each stage if you are doing the possible or not,
and preparing the feld for the possible for tomorrow or not.
This is the problem.
QUESTION (cont' d) Yes, but how was it created and how is
it being supported?
CABRAL: Oh, that' s a very big matter. You don' t know how
it was created? They met in May in 1 963 in Addis Ababa, and
they established a charter.
QUESTION (cont'd) Who is supporting this organization?
CABRAL: Who is supporting it? The states-the African states?
Yes the African states. The imperialists-no, you are not right.
You are not right, my sister, We can tell that some of the Afri
can states . " (interrupted)
QlESION: (cont'd) If there is such an organization why are
we still where we are? It is just the leaders that elect to g there,
not the kind of people like yourself, who are coming down to
the masses and speaking the truth. These are neo-colonial
leaders.
CABRAL: No. But that is not the problem. You are confused.
You are making a mistake. One problem is the problem of
OAU. The OAU is an organization of African states, it's tre.
The African states pay to the OlU their respective dues, it's
true. Are imperialists supporting the OAU? On the contrary,
they do their best not to because there is a potential danger for
them. The other problem is: are these African states all realy
independent? Some of them are neo-colonialist, but you have
to distinguish this thing in order to do something. If you confuse
all-it's not possible.
QUESTION (cont'd) But brother, why is it that each time the
question of Pan-Africanism is brought to the discussion mot
of them take diferent views?
CABRAL: Oh yes. You see you cannot demand all the Afican
states to agree immediately on Pan-Africanism. Even if we dis
cuss PanAfricanism you would be surprised. I am for Pan-Afri
can ism. I am for African unity. But we have to be for these
things and do them when possible, not to do it now. You see,
my sister, you here in the United States, we understand you.
You are for Pan-Africanism and you want it today. Pan-Afri
canism now! We are in Africa; don' t confuse this reaction
90
Connecting the Strugls
against Pan-Africanism with the situation of the OAU. I can
tell you, the head of state in Africa I admired the most in my
life was Nkrumah.
QUETION: (cont'd) He was the only one. He was the father.
CABRAL: Nkrumah was not the father of Pan-Africanism. An
American, DuBois, was the father, if you want. Pan-Africanism
i a means to return to the source. You see, it's a very big
problem. It's not like this. You are looking at the surface. It's
?
ot like
.
this. Nkrumah told me in Conakry-(unfortunately he
IS not ahve, but I am not lying, I never lied in my life) he was
one of my best friends, I'll never forget him; and you can read
my speech at his memorial-you see he told me, "Cabral, I tell
you one thing, our problem of African unity is very important,
really, but now if I had to begin again, my approach would be
diferent."
Unfortunately, I am leaving, but if not I would like ve
much to speak with you in order to show you Pan-African
ism is a very nice idea; but we have to work for i t, and it is not
for me to accuse Houphouet-Boigny or Mobuto, because they
don't want it. They cannot want i t! It is more difcult for some
heads of state in Africa to accept African unity as defned by
Nkrumah than it is for them to come here to the most racist of
the
.
whi te racists and tell them to accept eq
ual rights for all
Afnca. You see, more difcult. It's a great problem, my sister.
And we think on this problem every day because our future
concerns that.
We have a meeting at half past seven wi th the Chairman of
the Decolonization Committee. We have to go there. It is about
20 minutes from here. I am late.
QUESTION: When wiII we see you again?
CABRAL: Again? I never know. It is difcult for me but I
hope in two years. Also for some of you, if you want, you can
come to my country and see me and see our people.
QUESTION: How?
CABRAL: By paying the travel. [laughter]
QUESTION: What are some of the specifc fnancial and polit
ical things we can do to further the struggle?
CABRAL: Personally I don' t agree with that question. I think
that this meeting is a meeting of brothers and sisters. You
represent several organizations. I am very glad because we
want your unity. We know it's very difcult-it's more dif-
91
RETR TO THE SOURC .
fcult to make your unity than Pan-Aficanism maybe. But we
would like you to consider tis meeting a meeting between
brothers and sisters trying to reinforce not only our links in
blood, and in histor, but also in ais. I am ver glad to have
been here with you and I deeply reget that it is not possible to
be with you longer. Tan you ve muc.
92
New Yea's
Messae
Th is the Ne Year's Message oj Janur, 1973, de
livered by Cabra to the P AIGC. It was the lst written st
ment by Cabral to the people of Guine and the Cape Verde
Islands. In tha respect it is th politica testament of Ami1
car Cabral. In this document he anly:8s what progress has
ben made and the nature of the struggle yet to cme
Comrades, Compatriots,
At this time, as we commemorate a new year of life and strug
gle, and a year in which our people's fght for independence
is ten years old, I must remind everyone-militants, fghters,
leaders and responsible peple in our Party-that i t is time for
action and not words. Action that must daily become more
vigorous and efective in Guine in order to infict greater defeats
on the Portuguese colonialists, and to remove all ther vain and
criminal pretensions of reconquering our country. Action, too,
that must develop daily and become more organized in the
Cape Verde islands, so as to lead the strugle into a new phase,
in harmony with the aspiratons of our people and the re
quirements of the total liberation of our country.
I wish, however, to respect tradition by addressing a few
words to you at a time when all sane people-those who want
peace, liberty and happiness for all men-renew their hopes and
belief in a better life for humanity, belief in dignity and in the
independence and progess of all peoples.
93
RETURN TO THE SOURCE
As everyone knows, in the past year we have achieved gen
eral elections in the liberated areas, with universal sufrage and
a secret vote, for the creation of Regional Councils and the
frst National Assembly in the history of our people. In all
sectors of all the regions the elections were condncted in an
atmosphere of great enthusiasm among the population. The
electorate voted massively from the lists that had been prepared
throughout eight months of public and democratic debates, in
the course of which the representatives for each sector were
selected. Once assembled the elected Regional Councils elected,
in their turn, representatives to the National Popular Assembly
from among their members. This will have 120 members, of
which 80 will have been drawn from the popular masses and
40 from the political cadres, the military, the technicians and
others of the Party. As you know, the representatives of the
sectors temporarily occupied by the colonialists have been
chosen provisionally.
And so, today, our African Peoples of Guine possess a new
means of sovereigty: their National Assembly. This will be. in
accordance with the constitution we are preparing, the supreme
medium of the sovereignty of our pople in Guine. Tomorrow,
with the certain advance of the strugle, we will create in te
same way the frst National Popular Assembly of te Cape
Verde islands. The combined meeting of the members of these
two organs will constitute the Supreme Assembly of the People
of Guine and the Cape Verde islands.
The creation of the frst Natinal Popular Assembly in Guine
is a victory that transcends even the difcult but glorious strug
gle of our people for independence. It opens new perspectives
for the progress of our politico-militar action; it is the result,
of the efort and willing sacrifce of our people through ten
years of armed struggle; it is a concrete proof of the sovereigty
of our people and of their high level of patriotic and national
consciousness. I wish, theefore, at this time, to warmly con
gratulate our people and all of the electorate who, as conscious
men and women, have been able to accomplish their duty as
fee citizens of our African nation with such dignit. I wish
to congratulate also all the militants, organizers and leaders
who, in electoral committees or in other kinds of activities,
have contributed to the success of this venture, the achieve
ment of which will live in the history of our count. I con-
94
New Years Messa
g
e
gatulate the brave fghters of our armed forces with equal
enthusiasm; by their courageous action they have created in all
sectors the security needed for holding the elections, despite
the ciminal attempts of the colonialist enemy to stop them
taking place.
A National Assembly, however, like any organ in any living
body, must be able to function in order to justify its existence.
We thus have a major task ahead of us, to be accomplished
within the framework of our struggle in this new year of 1 973:
we must make our National Popular Assembly work. And
this we shall do, thereby implementing the decisions taken
by our geat Party at the meeting of the Supreme Council of
the Struggle held in August 1 971 , decisions which are upheld
by the people with great enthusiasm.
In the course of this coming year and as soon as it is con
veniently possible, we shall call a meeting of the National
Popular Assembly in Guine in order to accomplish the frst
historic mission incumbent upon it: the proclamation of our
State, the creation of an Executive for this State and the pro
mulgation of a fundamental Law-the frst Constitution in
our history-which will be the basis of the active life of our
African nation. That is to say: legitimate representatives of our
people, chosen by the people and freely elected by patriotic
and responsible citizens of our country, will proceed with the
most important act of their lives and in the lives of our people:
that of stating to the world that our Afican Nation, forged
in the struggle, has irreversibly decided to move towards inde
pendence without waiting for the consent of the Portuguese
colonialists, and that, dating from this statement, the Executive
of our State will be, under the direction of our Party, the
PAIGC, the only true and legitimate representative of our
people in everything, national and international, that concerns
it.
We are moving from the position of a colony which has a
Liberation Movement and of which the people have already
liberated, in ten years of armed struggle, the greater part of its
national territory, to the position of a country which runs its
own State and which has a part of its national territory occu
pied by foreign armed forces.
This radical change in the situation in our country corres
ponds to the concrete reality of the life and struggle of our
95
RETURN TO THE SOURCE
people in Guine; is based on the concete rsults of our stg
gle and has the frm support of all AfiCan peoples and gv
ernments, as well as that of the anti-colonialist and anti-racist
fores of the world. It also adheres to the princples of the
United Nations Charter and to the resolutions adopted by this
international organization, notably in its 27th session.
Nothing, no crminal action or illusionist manoeuve by the
Portuguese colonialists can stop our African people, masters of
their own destinies and aware of their rights and duties, fom
taking this decisive and transcendent step towards the aciee
ment of the fundamental objective of our strugle: the conquest
of national independence and the building, in restored peace
and dignity, of its true advancement unde the excusive direc
tion of its own children beneath the glorious fag of our Party.
The particular importance of the formation of the National
Popular Assembly, of the procamation of the State of Guine
and of the creation of its corresponding executive membership,
who will be neither provisional, neither will they live in exile,
necessarily implies much greater responsbilities for our people,
and in particular for the militants, the fghters, the organisers
and the leaders of our Party. These historic undertakings de
mand geater efort and daily sacifce on our part, furter
thought to ensure better action, further activit to ensure bette
thought. We must tink about each specfc problem that we
have to resolve in such a way as to fnd the best solution for it
under the particular conditions of our country and our struggle.
These undertakings also require that we intensify and further
develop our political and military action in Guine without,
however, neglecting the important activities that we are cary
ing out in the economic, social and cultural felds. They demand
that we successfully deploy the necessar efort for the advance
of the political stugle in the Cape Verde islands and in order
that our people should as soon as possible move into systematic
direct action against the Portuguese colonialists.
Under these conditions we cannot for one moment forgt
that we are at war and that the main enemy of our people and
of Africa-the fascist Portuguese colonialists-stilI nourish, wit
the blood and misery of their people and by underhand
manoeuvres and savage acts, the criminal intention and vain
hope of destroying our Party, of annihilating our stuggle and
recolonizing our people. Our attention and the best of our
96
Ne Years Message
energy and efort must be devoted to the armed struggle, to
war, to concrete action by both our local and our national
armed forces. We must also, in 1973, set in motion all our
human and material capability and ability in order to inject
even geater intensity into the struggle on all fonts and extract
the geatest proft from men, arms and the experience we have,
thereby to infict even geater blows on the colonialist enemy
by destroying an even larger number of their living forces. For
the history of colonial warfare as well as our own experience
over ten years of struggle have taught us that the colonial ag
gressors-and the Portuguese colonial aggressors in particular
-only understand the language of force and only measure
reality by the number of corpses.
It is true that in 1972 we inficted great defeats and important
losses on the Portuguese aggessors. In a few days our Informa
tion Serice will publish the account of our actions over the
past year, which will be widely reported by our broadcasting
station "Radio Libertacao" as well as by other means of informa
tion. But we must recognize that te enemy, possessing more
planes and helicopters provided by its allies in NATO, has
signifcantly increased i ts bombing and terrorist raids against
our liberated regions; it has attempted and still ties to ceate
difcult conditions for us with its plots for the reoccupation of
a certain number of localities in these regions. Above all, we
must recognize that with the manpower, arms and experience
that we possess we could and should have done more and bet
ter. This is what we must do and certainly will do in 1 973,
especially as we are going to use more powerful arms and other
instruments of war on all fronts.
Basing ourselves on a greater number of better trained cadres
and fghters, strengthened by greater experience, we are going
to make more efcient use of all the means presently at our
disposal, and of those that we will have in the future, inficting
decisive and mortal blows on the criminal colonialists.
Parallel to our intensifcation of armed action on all fronts
we must be capable of developing our action behind and at the
heart of the enemy, and where it feels itself to be most secure.
I wish to congratulate the courageous militants who by their
decisive action, have inficted some important blows against
the enemy over the past year, particul arly in Bissau, Bafata
and Bula. But I also draw everyone's attention to the need to
97
RETURN TO THE SOURC
develop and intensify this kind of action.
In fact the time has come when, based on solid and efcient
clandestine organization, there should be the destruction of
the greatest possible number of the human and material assets
of the Portuguese colonialists in the urban centres of our coun
try. In fact we are facing a savage enemy which does not have
the slightest scruple in its criminal activities, which has access
to every possible means of attempting to destroy us wherever
we are. Also, since we are fghting in our country for the saced
right of our people to independence, peace and true progress.
we must at this decisive moment attack the colonialist and
racist enemy-itself. its agents, its assets.-with destructive blows,
wherever tney are. This is an urgent task to which all organizers
and militants of this part of the truggle must dedicate them
selves with the greatest attention; particularly those comrades
who, with courage and decisiveness, are active in the centres
and areas still occupied by the enemy.
I would like to mention here an important problem that
we are facing in the colonial war; the huge attempts by the
enemy to occupy or reoccupy a certain number of the localities
of the liberated areas. I wish to remind the comrades of the
Party and our people that these attempts, such as bombing and
terrorist assaults, successful or not, are characteristic of colonial
warfare. Tey are necessarily part of the action of the colonialist
agressor, especially when the patriotic forces have liberated
the greater part of the national territor, as in our case. We
must therefore face this problem realistically and give i t its
proper evaluation within the general context of our struggle,
without either exaggerating or diminishing i ts importance.
As the comrades, and especially the leaders and organizers
of the Party know, in the context of i ts colonial war the colonial
aggessor is coming up against a fundamental contradiction,
which has no solution and with which it struggles throughout
the war. It is the following: so as to feel that it dominates the
territor, it is forced to disperse i ts troops to enable them to
occupy the greatest possible number of positions. This makes
it weaker, and the concentrated patriotic forces are able to direct
hard and mortal blows at it. This forces it to retreat, to enable
it to concentrate i ts troops and try to avoid losing a great
many human lives and be able to resist the advancing nation
alist forces, and gain time against them. But, by concentrating
98
Ne Years Message
its troops, i ts military and political presence ceases to exist
0
v
er vast areas of the country, which are organized and ad
mInistered by the patriotic forces.
Blinded by the despair brought on by defeats to which it
has been subjected and is still subjected both in our country
and i nternationally, in the present phase of our struggle and of
the Portugues

colonial war, the enemy tries vainly to, make
the Corubal flver return to Fouta Djalou instead of fowing

owards ' the Goba and the sea. This attempt, like that of tric.
mg our people wi th the mirage of the "Better Guine" a la
Portu!al, and that of making African fght African, is domed
to faIlure. The enemy will never free itself from the basic
contradiction of its dirty colonial war.
'hat is import

nt for us, with our knowledge of the strateg

wIch the ene

y IS forced to use by the objective laws of colo

mal warare, IS not to worry too much when the enemy tries
to settle II Gompara, Cabochanque, Cadique or in other places.
What is important is on the one hand to carr forward our
own battle plans and on the other to do our best to destroy
the greatest number of living enemy forces; whenever they
settle or move to take up a psition in any part of our liberated
areas. What counts is to aim heavy blows at them, to allow them
no rest, to turn any occupied position into a gaveyard for

heir troops, until they are forced to retreat, as we have done

II Blana, Gadembel and more ,recently in Tabanca Nova in
the Cubise

Regi

n. This we must do and will certainly do

to any pOSItIOn WhIch the enemy occupies inside the liberated
areas. It is what we must also do to the barracs and entrenched
camps still in our countr.
Naturally, in 1 973 we must continue to intensify our political
work among the popular masses, both inside the liberated areas
and the occupied zones of Guine, and on the Cape Verde islands.
Wi thout wishing to diminish the value of the work already done
in this feld, which produced the failure of the so-called "Better
Guine" policy-a policy as false as the boasts that were made
about i t, we must recognise that there are some sectors where
political action is still defcient. In this coming year we must
make every efort to improve our activities in these areas for,
as we know, however important our armed action is, our strug.
gle is a thoroughly political one which aims at a specifc polito
ical objective: the independence and progess of our countr.
99
RETUR TO THE SOURCE
While I congratulate the comrades who, both in Guine and
on the Cape Verde islands, have bettered their political work
throughout the past year, I encourage everyone to double their
eforts in consolidating and developing the political conquests
of the Party and the Struggle, so that each day the political
consciousness and patriotism of the masses, the militants and
the fghters will be raised higher, strengthening the indestruct
ible unity of our people. the vital basis of the success of our
struggle. In this way, in the area of security and control, vigi
lance will be strengthened towards the enemy and their agents,
against all those who because of opportunism, ambition and
moral weakness or servility towards the enemy, might tr to
destroy our Party and consequently the just struggle of our
people for independence.
On the Cape Verde islands the events of September 1972.
which formed the frst clash between the population of the
Archipelago and the forces of colonial oppression, have once
again shown the level of tension produced by the political situ
ation. In congratulating the patriots of Praia and Santiago, who
acted with courage and decisiveness in the face of provocation
by the colonialists and their agents, I wish to encourage them
continually to improve their clandestine organization, to act
with sureness and without allowing the enemy to destroy the
Natonalist cadres, and to prepare themselves by every , means
within their reach for the new phase of our struggle in the
Archipelago, which is forced ahead by the criminal stubborn
ness of the Portuguese colonialists. I wish to stress that the
Party executive is more determined than ever to put everything
into developing the struggle on the Cape Verde islands.
Looking back on the progess already made and at the com
plexity of the specifc problems to be solved, it has become
necessary and urgent, in my opinion, to proceed with a realistic
modifcation inside the structure of the Party to enable a certain
number of comrades to devote themselves entirely to the devel
opment of the struggle on the Cape Verde islands. Such a modi
fcation will be proposed at the next meeting of the Party ex
ecutive.
Still on the political front, I draw the attention of the com
rades to the diversity of the new problems that we have to study
in an efcient manner, problems arising fom the new perspec
tives of the development of the struggle whi ch will be opened
100
Ne Years Message
up by the proclamation of te state of Guine: in the interior.
improvement and development of the administrative services;
creation of controlling bodies for our activities, a new census
of the population with identifcation of all its component ele
ments etc.; and in the exterior, organization, control and pro
tection of emigrant citizens, their identifcation and a corres
ponding distribution of pasports, mobilization for the struggle,
etc. wthout going into the kinds of relations to be established
on the international front. Thee are certainly new problems
and very important one that we must study deeply and resolve
in time.
The preoccupation of war and political work must not, how
ever, make us forget or underestimate the importance of our
activities on the economic, social ad cultural front which are
the foundations of the new life we are creating inside the lib
erated regions. We must all, especially the cadres who specialize
in these matters, pay our best attention to the problems of the
economy, health, social welfare, education and culture, to im
improve our work sigifcantly and be able to resolve the vast
problems we have to face in this new phase of our struggle.
With this in view we must now steadfastly and determinedly
face up to our major concers: the feeding of the people, the
improvement of living conditions for the population, taxes, the
exchequer, the new fnancial life which we hope to establish,
the money we will use, etc. as well as the kind of social security
to be evolved based on our experience, school curriculae and
the forming of new centres for national reconstruction and the
building of our people's progress. So many new problems, com
plex certainly, but invigorating, that we must resolve while we
continue to intensify and develop vigorous politico-military
action to expel the colonialist troops from the positions they
still occupy in Guine and the Cape Verde islands. The specialist
groups in the Party will have to devote their attention to the
study and solution of these problems, in order to accomplish
their duty towards the people.
In the name of the Party executive, I congratulate the agri
cultural workers of Guine for the crops they harvested last year
despite the scarcity of rain. I wish to encourage them to do more
and better this year to ensure a good crop for, as we know,
therein lies the main bae of our life and struggle and the Por
tuguese try to destroy it by every means in their power when
101
RETURN TO THE SOURC
they fnd themselves unable to steal the fruits of our people's
labors.
But it is with sadness that I now remember that at this mo
ment the population of the Cape Verde islands is menaced by
famine. This is the Portuguese colonialists' fault because they
have never wished nor thought to ceate the economic and
social conditions in the Archipelago to ensure the subsistence
at a decent level of the population in very dry years. Forced by
the advance of the struggle and by the denunciations of the
Party to the world, the fascist colonial government of Portugal
granted loans and subsidies to the Cape Verde islands to, as
the colonialists say, "attenuate the crisis." That is to say, in
order to prevent too many people dying of staration at one
time, although without stopping the weak, especilly children,
frm dying of specifc hunger or even total starvation. I raise
my voice once again in the name of the Party executive to
protest against this situation and to denounce the crime perpe
trated by the fascist colonial Goverment of Lisbon in trans
porting to Portugal ffteen or twenty thousand young Capever
dians to work in the mines, sweep the streets in the main cities,
and do unskilled labor. This is done with the ulterior aim of
baring the way to progress in our liberation struggle, causing
a great loss of vital strength from the Cape Verde Islands. I
appeal to all Capeverdian and Guinean patriots living in Por
tugal to keep in close contact and organize themselves towards
uniting with all the forced laborers transferred from the Cape
Verde Islands, developing their patriotic activities in the service
of the Party, our people and Africa. Thus, at the rigt moment,
they should be able to aim hard blows at the enemy with the
result that the takers are in turn taken.
I daw the attention of those responsible for the revictualling
of the population, especially those who work in the people's
shops, to the fact that this year the Party will posess greater
quantities than ever before of urgently needed articles. We must
be able to place them at the disposal of the population of all
the liberated areas, whatever the difculties we may face in
so doing. In fact we have received aid from socialist countries,
in particular the Soviet Union, Sweden, Norway and other
countries, as well as fom humanitarian organizations; this aid
will aford us great improvements in the functioning of the
people's shops, as well as of health and educational institutions.
10
Ne Year\ Mesage
I hope that everyone will make the necessary efort to ensure
tat 1973 will be a period of geater efcienc still in the revic
tualling of our population in articles of primary necessity.
A everyone knows 1 972 was a year of great and decisive inter
national victories by our great Party and our people. Among
the main achievements I wish to remind you of the following:
The

ow historic visit of the United Nations Special Mission

to the lIberated areas of our country, which brought great re
sults for the prestige not only of our Party and the struggle, but
also to all the African Liberation Movements. While recalling
this event which the Portuguese colonial aggessors wished to
oppose with their most violent crimes, I salute in this new year
the peoples of Ecuador, Sweden, Tunisia, Senegal and Japan,
whose courageous children visited our country as members of the
special mission. I thank their respective Governments for having
allowed their representatives to make such a visit, and the Sec
retary General of the United Nations for the frm way in which
he applied a great historic resolution of the General Assembly
of that interational organization.
The ,Resolution of the Decolonization Committee of the
United Na

ions in its session in April 1 972, by which our Party

was rec
?
mzed by general
.
acclamation as being the only true
and letimate representative of the peoples of Guine and the
Cape Verde Islands.
The res
?
lution
?
f the 27th Session of the General Assembly
of the Umted NatIOns whIch, among other vital decisions, con
fred the recogition of our Party as the sole legitimate repre
sentative of our African people and requested all the States,
Goverments a

d
.
national

nd international organizations, as
well a the speCIalIzed agenCles of the United Nations to rein
or

e their ad to our Party and to always and only deal with

It II every Crcumstance concerning the peoples of Guine and
the Cape Verde Islands.
'
.
The historic resolution of the Security Councl which, under
It frst woman President, our Guinean sister and comrade
]eann
.
e Martin Cisse, unanimously adopted a resolution cn
demnmg Portugese colonialism and demanding the Potuguese
G

vernment stop the colonial war in Africa, withdraw its occu

pymg troops and enter into negotiations with the respective
patriotic force whi

h i

our c

untry,

re represented by our
Party. For the frst tIme In the dIplomatIc and political struggle
105
RERN TO THE SOURCE
aginst Portugese colonialism, our Part spoke at the United
Nations with the status of Obserer; even the allies of the fascist
Colonial Government of Portugal voted in unison against it in
the United Nations Security Council. This resolution ha, and
will have, geat signifcance in the future development of our
politico-military actions to expel the criminal Portuguese co
lonial aggressors.
Finally, but not least, I remember the resolutions of solidarity
and unconditional total support adopted by the conference of
te African heads of State and Governments in Rabat, at which
our Party was once again chosen as spokesman for all the African
Liberation Movements.
This past year has been full of great international victoies,
made more so by the fact that we are sure of the moral, political
and, in some cases, material support of the independent African
States. Firstly, the neighboring and fraternal countries, the Re
publics of Guine and Senegal, as well as that of all the anti
colonialist and anti-racial countries and forces. We have re
ceived, or are about to receive in this coming year further ma
terial from the Soviet Union and from all the other socialist
countries; from Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland; various
Parties and political organizations in Europe and from humani
tarian institutions like the World Council of Churches, Rown
tree in England, the World Church Service of America, the
French Popular Aid, the International Red Cross and various
other support committees established around the world. Spe
cialized or autonomous departments of the United Nations, like
the African Economic Committee, UNESCO, UNICEF, WHO,
the High Commission for Refugees and the ILO a and wll
continue to increase their cooperation with our Party, and
tomorow, surely, with our State.
Comrades and Compatriots, you now understand why the
fascist colonial Government of Marcelo Caetano and its repre
sentatives in our countr fnd reason to despair. You wl also
undertand why, given their unscrupulous and contemptuous
attitudes towards the rights of all peoples including their own,
they reort to any means and crimes with which to try and stop
our struggle. You understand now why the Portuguese colonial
aggressors and their leader in our countr are more vicious than
Interatonal Labo Orgaaton.
10
Ne Yea", Mesage
ever, and intensify their bombing, multiply their assaults on our
liberated areas, and make every efort to tr and reoccupy a
certain number of places inside these areas. It is in order to
console themselves for the military, politicl and diplomatic
defeats that we infict upon them; it is in order to try, with
every new crime they perpetrate, to demoralize our forces and
demobilize our population. It is the defeats they endured in
1 972 in our countr, in Africa and abroad that explain the
heightened agression against our - liberated areas, especially in
Cubacare which was visited in April by the United Nations
Special Mission.
The despair of the fascit Portuguese colonial Goverment
is even more understandable now that it is certain that the
"better Guine policy" has totally failed, and it is certain that
the lie about a "better Cape Verde" policy will also fail. As
far as Guine is concerned, it is the fascist colonial Government
in Lisbon itself which, .with the voice of the head of the criminal
colonial aggressors, confesses to this defeat while stating at the
same time that what the African wants is to have "his own
political and social voice." It is exactly what the Africans of
Guine and Cape Verde Islands wants. But we call that inde
pendence, that is to say, the total sovereignty of our people
nationally and internationally, to build himself, in peace and
dignity through his own eforts and sacrifces, walking on his
own two feet and guided by his own head, the progess that
is his right, like all the peoples of the world. And this must
come about in cooperation with other peoples, i ncluding the
people of Portugal who, in the course of three liberation wars
against Castile or Spain, fought to conquer their own social
and political voice, their own independence-and won.
Also, as you know, while te populations of the colonialist
occupied urban centres show an increasing interest in the Party
and the strugles, proved by te geat number of young people
who have abandoned Bissau and other towns to join the combat,
the situation in Portugal is deteriorating with gathering speed
and t
.
he Portu

ues
:
peope are voicing their opposition to the
colomal war WIth IncreasIng clamor. The fascist colonial Gov

rnment n Lisbon an its agents in our country are pressurized

Into seekIng to ascertam whether they can change the situation
before their cause becomes completely lost in their own country.
But they are wasting their time and lose the lives of the
105
RTRN TO THE SOURC
young Portugese they send to war ingloriously and in vain.
They will continue to perpetrate crimes agai

st our populace;
the will make a lot more attempts at destroYlOg our Party
m
d
our struggle. Without a doubt they will take shameless agesslve
action against neighboring countries. But all in vain. For no
crime, no use of force, no maneuver in word or deed of the
criminal Portuguese colonial aggessors will be able to stop
the march of history, the irreversible march of our own Afican
people of Guine and the Cape Verde Islands towards their
independence.
Forard; comrades and compatriots in the historic strugle
for National Liberationl Health, long life and increasing success
to our African People, our courageous fghters, to all the mili
tants, organizers and leades of our great Party!
Let us proclaim the existence of our State in Guine and ad
vance with the victorious struggle of our people in the Cape
Verde Islandsl
Long live the P AIGC, strength and guide of our people, in
Guine and the Cape Verde Islands!
Death to the ciminal Portugese colonial aggressors!
10
Further Readi
g
s
What follows is a survey of selected literature relevant to the
le of Amilcar Cabral and the strugle which he led. In this
regard it is sugsted that the frst source a reader should use
is the witings of Comrade Cabral himself.
More often than not the plentifulness and depth of Cabral's
wrtings is not pointed out. With this in mind we begn this
biblioraphy sugesting the following additional works by Com
rade Cabral.
I. Cabral, Amilcar, "In Defense of the Land"; "Memorandum
t te Portuguese Government." Written in 1952 and 1960
respectively, these and other early witings of Cabral can
be found (translated into English) in Emerging Nationalism
in Portuguese Africa, edited by Ronald Chilcote, Stanford,
Hoover Institution, 1 972. (Though $25. 00 this collection is
well worth whatever efort is necessary to obtain it. It includes,
for example, Cabral ' s poignant 1 96 1 s tat ement about the
"Death Pangs of Imperialism. ")
2. Cabral, Amilcar, "The War in Portuguese Guinea, " African
Revolution 1 (June, 1 963) 1 03- 1 0S.
8. Cabral, Amilcar, "The Strugle in Guinea," Intenational
Socialist Joural, I. (August, 1964) 42S46. This artice
was reprinted by the Africa Research ,p. Cambrdge.
Mass., in 1969. It is now available from the Africa Informa
tion Service.
4. Cabral, Amilcar, "Lbeating Portugese Guinea Frm
Witin," The New African, IV. Gune, 1965) 85. Atice
107
RETURN TO THE SOURC
shows how as early as '65 Cabral and the P AIG regard
the liberated areas as having "all the instuments of a
state." The interiew i conducted by Frene Ginwala, a
South African comrade and former editor of the Tanzanian
Standrd.
5. Caal, Amilca, "Guinea The Power of A" Tricon
cotinental XII, (May-June, 1 969) 5-16. This piece pro
vides some elaboration on how the peasantry was m
bilized in the early stages of the struggle. It is also avail
able in a good collection of analyses from all the move
ments in the Portuguese colonies, namely, Portuguese Col
onies: Victor or Death, Tricontinental, Havana, 1 971,
286 pp.
6. Cabral, Amilcar, Revolution in Guinea: An African People'S
Struggle, Selected Texts, Stage I, London, 1 969, 142 pp. , and
Revolution in Guinea: Selected Texts, Monthly Review Press,
New York, 1 970, 174 pp. Both of these are collections of Cabral's
speeches and writings.
7. Cabral, AmiIcar, "PAIG: Optimistic and Fighter" Tri
continental, Havana, Ouly-Oct., 1 970) 27-29 + 167-74_
This is essentially an extract fom te June 1 970 "Rome
Conference in Support of the Peoples of the Portuguese
Colonies." The full addess . by Cabral and te other
major addresses are available in Liberation Strugle in
Portuguese Colonies, All-India Peace Council & Indian As
sociation for Afro-Asian Solidarity, People's Publishing
House, New Delhi, 1970, 72 pp.
8. Cabral, Amilcar, "Reprt on Portugese Guinea and
the Liberaton Movement," In Ufahamu, Vol. I, No. 2,
Univ. of California, Los Angeles (Fall, 1970) 69-103. Full
text of Cabral's 1970 appearance before Hou Subcommit
tee on African Afairs chaired by Congessman Diggs. On
this occasion facing a hostile audience the Secretary Gen
eral's astuteness and political clarity withers away the Mc
Carthy-like questioning coming from subcommittee mem
bers like Derwinski of Illinois. The original document (re
port given February 26, 1 970 to the Ninety-First Congess,
second session) can be obtained at a nominal fee from the
Government Printing Ofce. The government reprint in-
108
Further Reading
eludes Cabral's 1 969 Report to the Organization of African
Unit's Lib
.
eratio

Co

mittee meeting in Dakar, Senegal.

9. Cabral, Amllcar, A Bnef Report on the Situation of the
Stge Oan.-August 1 971) ." In Ufahamu, Vol. II, No. 3,
wmter, 1972, pp. 4-25.
10. Cabral, AmiIcar, Our People Are Our Mountains. Reprint
of speech and questions/answers; Central Hall, London,
October, 1 971 , available from Committee for Freedom in
Mozambique, Angola and Guine, 12, Little Newport Street,
London WC2AH 7 JJ. Ver valuable collection of Cabrars
recent thoughts and refections. The questions posed add to
the usefulness of this pamphlet.
1 1 . Caral, Amilcar, "A informal talk by A. Cabral," Souther
Afrzca VI, 2 (February 1 973) 6-9, published by Souther
Africa Committee, 244 W. 27th St., New York 10001 .
Much has been wri tten about Comrade Amilcar Cabral. Un
d0
l
btedly

uch more will be written. The following are a few

artIcles whIch together convey a further impression of our fal
len comrade:
12. Ahmed, Feroz, "Amilcar Cabral : An Editorial" Pakistan
Forum, I 4 Oanuary, 1973) 3-4 + interiew, P.O. Box
1 198, SauIte St. Marie, Ont., Canada.
1 3. Braganca, Aquino, "La Longue Marche d'un Revolution
naire Africain, "Afrique Asie, XXIII, 5 (February 1 8, 1 973)
12-20.
14. Chilcote, Ronald, "The Political Thought of Amilcar Ca
bra!," Joural of Moder African Studies VI 3, 1968) 373-
388.
'
,
15. Davidson Basil, "Profle of Amilcar Cabral," West Africa,
XXVIII (April, 1964) .
1 6. Davidson, Basil, "Cabral's Monument," New Statesman
(Jan. 26, 1 973) .
17. Magbane. Berard, "Amilcar Cabral: Evolution of Revo
lutionary Thougt," Ufahamu, II, 2 (FaIl, 1 971) 71-88.
1 8. lnited Nations Ofce of Public Information, Objective Jus
h(e (February-March, 1973) i ssue devoted to Cabral.
1 9. Reed, Rick, "A Song of Word Reolution: In Tribute to
Amilcar Cabral," Institute of the Black World Monthly Re-
10
RTURN TO TE SOURCE
port, Februar, 1973. 87 Chestnut Steet, S.W., Atlanta,
Ga. 30314.
20. Ufahamu, Ill, 3 (Winter, 1 973 special issue) . This issue
contains some of Cabral's earliest writings and some good
analytical articles. Partial contents: "The Cape Verdeas
and the PAIGC Struggle for National Liberation" by Sala
hudin Matteos-"Theory of Revolution and Bacgund to
his Assassination" by Eduardo }'erreira-"Culture and His
tory in a Revolutionar Context" by Marinez Hubbard
"The PAIGC Without Cabral: Ai Assessment" by Gerard
Chaliand-HBibliographical Memorial to Amilcar Cabral by
Francis Kornegay.
Lastly. and most important, Comrade Cabral must be viewed
within the context of the people of Guine and their historical
stuggle. The- following selected books and articles paint an
accurate picture of the nature of Portuguese colonialism and
the national liberation struggle:
21 Chaliand, Gerard, Armed Struggle in Africa, Monthly Review
Press, New York, 1 969, 1 42 pp.
22. da Mota, Texeira, Guinea Portuguesa, Lisbon, 1 954, 2 vols.
23. Davidson, Basil, The Libertion of Guine: Aspects of an
African Revolution, with a foreword by Amilcar Cabral, Pen
guin, Baltimore, 1 969, 167 pp.
24. Dufy, James, Portugal in Africa, Penguin, Baltimore, 1 962.
25. Ferandes, Gil, "Talk with a Guinean Revolutionary" uta
hamu, I, 1 (Spring, 1 970) 6-21 . In a frank and concise ma
ner tis Guinean comrade of Cabral's describes their strug
gle giving much information about the revolutionary social
transformation underay.
26. Land, Thomas, "Western Investment in Portugal's African
Wars" Eat African Jurnal, University College, Nairobi
(June, 1971) 27-29+.
27. Minter, WIlliam, Portuguese Africa and the West, Penguin,
Harmondsworth, England, 1 972, 1 67 pp. and Monthly Re
view Press, New York, 1 973, 200 pp.
28. Rudebeck, Lars, "Political Mobilization in Guinea-Bissau,"
Joural of Moder African Studes (May I, 1972) 1-18, in
. eludes detailed information on the political education pro
gram of the PAIGC.
29. United Nations, Ofce of Public Information, "Mission to
Guinea (Bissau)," New York, 1 972.
1 10
\