Manual of Structural Kinesiology

Chapter 1 Foundations of Structural Kinesiology
Manual of Structural Kinesiology

R.T. Floyd, EdD, ATC, CSCS
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2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Kinesiology & Body Mechanics

Kinesiology - study of motion or human movement Anatomic kinesiology - study of human musculoskeletal system & musculotendinous system Biomechanics - application of mechanical physics to human motion
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Structural kinesiology - study of muscles as they are involved in science of movement Both skeletal & muscular structures are involved Bones are different sizes & shapes particularly at the joints, which allow or limit movement
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Muscles vary greatly in size, shape, & structure from one part of body to another More than 600 muscles are found in human body
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Who needs Kinesiology?

Anatomists, coaches, strength and conditioning specialists, personal trainers, nurses, physical educators, physical therapists, physicians, athletic trainers, massage therapists & others in health-related fields
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Why Kinesiology?
should have an adequate knowledge & understanding of all large muscle groups to teach others how to strengthen, improve, & maintain these parts of human body should not only know how & what to do in relation to conditioning & training but also know why specific exercises are done in conditioning & training of athletes
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Why Kinesiology?
Through kinesiology & analysis of skills, physical educators can understand & improve specific aspects of physical conditioning Understanding aspects of exercise physiology is also essential to coaches & physical educators
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Reference positions
basis from which to describe joint movements
Anatomical position Fundamental position
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Reference positions
Anatomical position
most widely used & accurate for all aspects of the body standing in an upright posture, facing straight ahead, feet parallel and close, & palms facing forward
Fundamental position
is essentially same as anatomical position except arms are at the sides & palms facing the body
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Anatomical directional terminology

Anterior
in front or in the front part
Posterior
behind, in back, or in the rear
Anteroinferior
in front & below
Posteroinferior
behind & below; in back & below
Anterosuperior
in front & above
Posterolateral
behind & to one side, specifically to the outside
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From Van De Graaff KM: Human anatomy, ed 6, New York, 2002, McGraw-Hill
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Anterolateral
in front & to the side, especially the outside
Posteromedial
behind & to the inner side
Anteromedial
in front & toward the inner side or midline
Posterosuperior
behind & at the upper part
Anteroposterior
relating to both front & rear
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Contralateral
pertaining or relating to the opposite side
Ipsilateral
on the same side
Bilateral
relating to the right and left sides of the body or of a body structure such as the right & left extremities
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Inferior (infra)
below in relation to another structure; caudal above in relation to another structure; higher, cephalic situated away from the center or midline of the body, or away from the point of origin nearest the trunk or the point of origin on or to the side; outside, farther from the median or midsagittal plane relating to the middle or center; nearer to the medial or midsagittal plane Relating to the middle or center; nearer to the median or midsagittal plane
From Van De Graaff KM: Human anatomy, ed 6, New York, 2002, McGraw-Hill
Superior (supra)

Distal Proximal Lateral Medial Median
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Inferolateral
below & to the outside
Inferomedial
below & toward the midline or inside
Superolateral
above & to the outside
Superomedial
above & toward the midline or inside
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Caudal
below in relation to another structure; inferior
Cephalic
above in relation to another structure; higher, superior
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Deep
beneath or below the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue
Superficial
near the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue
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Prone
the body lying face downward; stomach lying
Supine
lying on the back; face upward position of the body
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Dorsal relating to the back; being or located near, on, or toward the back, posterior part, or upper surface of Ventral relating to the belly or abdomen, on or toward the front, anterior part of
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Volar relating to palm of the hand or sole of the foot Plantar relating to the sole or undersurface of the foot
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Body Regions
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Body regions
Axial
Cephalic (Head) Cervical (Neck) Trunk
Appendicular
Upper limbs Lower limbs
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Body regions
Axial
Cephalic (Head)
Cranium & Face
Cervical (Neck) Trunk

Thoracic (Thorax), Dorsal (Back), Abdominal (Abdomen), & Pelvic (Pelvis)
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Body regions
Appendicular
Upper limbs
Shoulder, arm, forearm, & manual
Lower limbs
Thigh, leg, & pedal
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Planes of Motion
Imaginary two-dimensional surface through which a limb or body segment is moved Motion through a plane revolves around an axis There is a ninety-degree relationship between a plane of motion & its axis
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Cardinal planes of motion

3 basic or traditional
in relation to the body, not in relation to the earth
Anteroposterior or Sagittal Plane Lateral or Frontal Plane Transverse or Horizontal Plane

Modified from Booher JM, Thibodeau GA: Athletic injury assessment, ed 4, New York, 2000, McGraw-Hill 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
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Anteroposterior or Sagittal Plane
divides body into equal, bilateral segments It bisects body into 2 equal symmetrical halves or a right & left half Ex. Sit-up
Modified from Booher JM, Thibodeau GA: Athletic injury assessment, ed 4, New York, 2000, McGraw-Hill 1-27

Lateral or Frontal Plane
divides the body into (front) anterior & (back) posterior halves Ex. Jumping Jacks
Modified from Booher JM, Thibodeau GA: Athletic injury assessment, ed 4, New York, 2000, McGrawHill 1-28

Transverse or Horizontal Plane
divides body into (top) superior & (bottom) inferior halves when the individual is in anatomic position Ex. Spinal rotation to left or right
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Diagonal Planes of Motion

High Diagonal Low Diagonal Low Diagonal
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High Diagonal Upper limbs at shoulder joints Overhand skills EX. Baseball Pitch
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Low Diagonal Upper limbs at shoulder joints Underhand skills EX. Discus Thrower Low Diagonal Lower limbs at the hip joints EX. Kickers & Punters
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Axes of rotation
For movement to occur in a plane, it must turn or rotate about an axis as referred to previously The axes are named in relation to their orientation
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Axes of rotation
Frontal, lateral, or coronal axis
Has same orientation as frontal plane of motion & runs from side to side at a right angle to sagittal plane of motion Runs medial / lateral Commonly includes flexion, extension movements
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Axes of rotation
Sagittal or anteroposterior axis
Has same orientation as sagittal plane of motion & runs from front to back at a right angle to frontal plane of motion Runs anterior / posterior Commonly includes abduction, adduction movements
Modified from Booher JM, Thibodeau GA: Athletic injury assessment, ed 4, New York, 2000, McGraw-Hill
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Axes of rotation
Long or vertical axis
Runs straight down through top of head & is at a right angle to transverse plane of motion Runs superior/ inferior Commonly includes internal rotation, external rotation movements
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Axes of rotation
Diagonal or oblique axis
also known as the oblique axis runs at a right angle to the diagonal plane
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Skeletal System
Modified from Van De Graaff KM: Human anatomy, ed 6, New York, 2002, McGraw-Hill
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Osteology
Adult skeleton 206 bones
Axial skeleton
80 bones
Appendicular
126 bones
occasional variations
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Skeletal Functions
1. Protection of heart, lungs, brain, etc. 2. Support to maintain posture 3. Movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles and acting as levers 4. Mineral storage such as calcium & phosphorus 5. Hemopoiesis in vertebral bodies, femus, humerus, ribs, & sternum process of blood cell formation in the red bone marrow
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Types of bones
Long bones - humerus, fibula Short bones - carpals, tarsals Flat bones - skull, scapula Irregular bones - pelvis, ethmoid, ear ossicles Sesamoid bones - patella
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Types of bones
Long bones
Composed of a long cylindrical shaft with relatively wide, protruding ends shaft contains the medullary canal Ex. phalanges, metatarsals, metacarpals, tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna, & humerus
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Types of bones
Short bones
Small, cubical shaped, solid bones that usually have a proportionally large articular surface in order to articulate with more than one bone Ex. are carpals & tarsals
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Types of bones
Flat bones
Usually have a curved surface & vary from thick where tendons attach to very thin Ex. ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle, & scapula
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Types of bones
Irregular bones
Include bones throughout entire spine & ischium, pubis, & maxilla
Sesamoid bones
Patella, 1st metatarsophalangeal
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Typical Bony Features

Diaphysis long cylindrical shaft Cortex - hard, dense compact bone
forming walls of diaphysis Periosteum - dense, fibrous membrane covering outer surface of diaphysis Endosteum - fibrous membrane that lines the inside of the cortex
Medullary (marrow) cavity

between walls of diaphysis, containing yellow or fatty marrow
2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. From Shier D, Butler J, Lewis R: Holes human anatomy & physiology, ed 9, New York, 2002, 1-46 McGraw-Hill.

Epiphysis ends of long bones formed from cancelleous (spongy or trabecular) bone Epiphyseal plate (growth plate) thin cartilage plate separates diaphysis & epiphyses
Modified from Van De Graaff KM: Human anatomy, ed 6, New York, 2002, McGraw-Hill.
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Articular (hyaline) cartilage covering the epiphysis to provide cushioning effect & reduce friction
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Bone Growth
Endochondral bones
develop from hyaline cartilage hyaline cartilage masses at embryonic stage
From Shier D, Butler J, Lewis R: Holes essentials of human anatomy and physiology, ed 9, New York, 2006, McGraw-Hill. 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
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Bone Growth
Endochondral bones
grow rapidly into structures shaped similar to the bones which they will eventually become growth continues and gradually undergoes significant change to develop into long bone
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Bone Growth
Longitudinal growth continues as long as epiphyseal plates are open Shortly after adolescence, plates disappear & close
From Seeley RR, Stephens TD, Tate P: Anatomy & physiology, ed 7, New York, 2006, McGraw-Hill. 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
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Bone Growth
Most close by age 18, but some may be present until 25 Growth in diameter continues throughout life
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Bone Growth
Internal layer of periosteum builds new concentric layers on old layers Simultaneously, bone around sides of the medullary cavity is resorbed so that diameter is continually increased Osteoblasts - cells that form new bone Osteoclasts - cells that resorb new bone
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Bone Properties
Composed of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen, & water
60-70% of bone weight - calcium carbonate & calcium phosphate 25-30% of bone weight - water
Collagen provides some flexibility & strength in resisting tension Aging causes progressive loss of collagen & increases brittleness
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Bone Properties
Most outer bone is cortical with cancellous underneath Cortical bone low porosity, 5 to 30% nonmineralized tissue Cancellous spongy, high porosity, 30 to 90% Cortical is stiffer & can withstand greater stress, but less strain than cancellous Cancellous is spongier & can undergo greater strain before fracturing
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Bone Properties
Bone size & shape are influenced by the direction & magnitude of forces that are habitually applied to them Bones reshape themselves based upon the stresses placed upon them Bone mass increases over time with increased stress
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Bone Markings
Processes (including elevations & projections)
Processes that form joints
Condyle Facet Head
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Bone Markings
Processes (elevations & projections)
Processes to which ligaments, muscles or tendons attach Crest Epicondyle Line Process Spine (spinous process) Suture Trochanter Tubercle Tuberosity
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Bone Markings
Cavities (depressions) - including opening & grooves
Facet Foramen Fossa Fovea Meatus Sinus Sulcus (groove)
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Classification of Joints
Articulation - connection of bones at a joint usually to allow movement between surfaces of bones 3 major classifications according to structure & movement characteristics Synarthrodial Amphiarthrodial Diarthrodial
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Classification of Joints
Structural classification
Fibrous Synarthrodial Amphiarthrodial Functional classification Diarthrodial --------Gomphosis Suture Syndesmosis Cartilagenous ----Symphysis Synchondrosis Synovial --------Arthrodial Condyloidal Enarthrodial Ginglymus Sellar Trochoidal
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Synarthrodial
immovable joints Suture such as Skull sutures Gomphosis such as teeth fitting into mandible or maxilla
Modified from Booher JM, Thibedeau GA: Athletic injury assessment, ed 4, New York, 2000, McGraw-Hill. 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
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Amphiarthrodial
slightly movable joints allow a slight amount of motion to occur Syndesmosis Synchondrosis Symphysis
Modified from Booher JM, Thibedeau GA: Athletic injury assessment, ed 4, New York, 2000, McGraw-Hill.
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Amphiarthrodial
Syndesmosis
Two bones joined together by a strong ligament or an interosseus membrane that allows minimal movement between the bones Bones may or may not touch each other at the actual joint Ex. Coracoclavicular joint, distal tibiofibular jt.
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Amphiarthrodial
Synchondrosis
Type of joint separated by hyaline cartilage that allows very slight movement between the bones Ex. costochondral joints of the ribs with the sternum
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Amphiarthrodial
Symphysis
Joint separated by a fibrocartilage pad that allows very slight movement between the bones Ex. Symphysis Pubis & intervertebral discs
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Diarthrodial Joints
known as synovial joints freely movable composed of sleevelike joint capsule secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joint cavity
From Seeley RR, Stephens TD, Tate P: Anatomy & physiology, ed 7, New York, 2006, McGraw-Hill.
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Diarthrodial Joints
capsule thickenings form tough, nonelastic ligaments that provide additional support against abnormal movement or joint opening
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Diarthrodial Joints
Articular or hyaline cartilage covers the articular surface ends of the bones inside the joint cavity
absorbs shock protect the bone
slowly absorbs synovial fluid during joint unloading or distraction secretes synovial fluid during subsequent weight bearing & compression some diarthrodial joints have specialized fibrocartilage disks
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Diarthrodial Joints
Diarthrodial joints have motion possible in one or more planes Degrees of freedom
motion in 1 plane = 1 degree of freedom motion in 2 planes = 2 degrees of freedom motion in 3 planes = 3 degrees of freedom
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Diarthrodial Joints
six types each has a different type of bony arrangement Arthrodial Ginglymus Trochoid Condyloid Enarthrodial Sellar
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Diarthrodial Joints
Arthrodial (Gliding) joints
2 plane or flat bony surfaces which butt against each other Little motion possible in any 1 joint articulation Usually work together in series of articulations
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Diarthrodial Joints
Arthrodial (Gliding) joints
Ex. Vertebral facets in spinal column, intercarpal & intertarsal joints Motions are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, diagonal abduction & adduction, & rotation, (circumduction)
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Diarthrodial Joints
Ginglymus (Hinge) joint
a uniaxial articulation articular surfaces allow motion in only one plane Ex. Elbow, knee, talocrural (ankle)
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Diarthrodial Joints
Trochoid (Pivot) joint
also uniaxial articulation Ex. atlantoaxial joint odontoid which turns in a bony ring, proximal & distal radio-ulnar joints
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Diarthrodial Joints
Condyloid (Knuckle Joint)
biaxial ball & socket joint one bone with an oval concave surface received by another bone with an oval convex surface
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Diarthrodial Joints
Condyloid (Knuckle Joint)
EX. 2nd, 3rd, 4th, & 5th metacarpophalangeal or knuckles joints, wrist articulation between carpals & radius flexion, extension, abduction & adduction (circumduction)
Modified from Booher JM, Thibedeau GA: Athletic injury assessment, ed 4, New York, 2000, McGrawHill.
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Diarthrodial Joints
Enarthrodial
Multiaxial or triaxial ball & socket joint Bony rounded head fitting into a concave articular surface Ex. Hip & shoulder joint Motions are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, diagonal abduction & adduction, rotation, and circumduction
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Diarthrodial Joints
Sellar (Saddle) Joint
unique triaxial joint 2 reciprocally concave & convex articular surfaces Only example is 1st carpometacarpal joint at thumb Flexion, extension, adduction & abduction, circumduction & slight rotation
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Movements in Joints
Some joints permit only flexion & extension Others permit a wide range of movements, depending largely on the joint structure Goniometer is used to measure amount of movement in a joint or measure joint angles
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Range of Motion
area through which a joint may normally be freely and painlessly moved measurable degree of movement potential in a joint or joints measured with a goniometer in degrees 00 to 3600
From Prentice WE: Arnheims principles of athletic training, ed 11, New York, 2003, McGraw-Hill.
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Movements in Joints
Goniometer axis is placed even with the axis of rotation at the joint line As joint is moved, goniometer arms are held in place either along or parallel to long axis of bones on either side of joint Joint angle is then read from goniometer Normal range of motion for a particular joint varies in people
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Movements in Joints
Terms are used to describe actual change in position of bones relative to each other Angles between bones change Movement occurs between articular surfaces of joint
Flexing the knee results in leg moving closer to thigh flexion of the leg = flexion of the knee
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Movements in Joints
Movement terms describe movement occurring throughout the full range of motion or through a very small range
Ex. 1 flex knee through full range by beginning in full knee extension (zero degrees of knee flexion) & flex it fully so that the heel comes in contact with buttocks, which is approximately 140 degrees of flexion
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Movements in Joints
Ex. 2 begin with knee in 90 degrees of flexion & then flex it 30 degrees which results in a knee flexion angle of 120 degrees, even though the knee only flexed 30 degrees In both ex. 1 & 2 knee is in different degrees of flexion
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Movements in Joints
Ex. 3 begin with knee in 90 degrees of flexion and extend it 40 degrees, which would result in a flexion angle of 50 degrees Even though the knee extended, it is still flexed
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Movements in Joints
Some movement terms describe motion at several joints throughout body Some terms are relatively specific to a joint or group of joints
Additionally, prefixes may be combined with these terms to emphasize excessive or reduced motion
hyper- or hypo-
Hyperextension is the most commonly used

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Movement Terminology
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GENERAL
Abduction
Lateral movement away from midline of trunk in lateral plane raising arms or legs to side horizontally
Adduction
Movement medially toward midline of trunk in lateral plane lowering arm to side or thigh back to anatomical position
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GENERAL
Flexion
Bending movement that results in a of angle in joint by bringing bones together, usually in sagittal plane elbow joint when hand is drawn to shoulder
Extension
Straightening movement that results in an of angle in joint by moving bones apart, usually in sagittal plane elbow joint when hand moves away from shoulder
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GENERAL
Circumduction
Circular movement of a limb that delineates an arc or describes a cone combination of flexion, extension, abduction, & adduction when shoulder joint & hip joint move in a circular fashion around a fixed point also referred to as circumflexion
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GENERAL
Diagonal abduction
Movement by a limb through a diagonal plane away from midline of body
Diagonal adduction
Movement by a limb through a diagonal plane toward & across midline of body
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GENERAL
External rotation
Rotary movement around longitudinal axis of a bone away from midline of body Occurs in transverse plane a.k.a. rotation laterally, outward rotation, & lateral rotation
Internal rotation
Rotary movement around longitudinal axis of a bone toward midline of body Occurs in transverse plane a.k.a. rotation medially, inward rotation, & medial rotation
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ANKLE & FOOT

Eversion
Turning sole of foot outward or laterally standing with weight on inner edge of foot
Inversion
Turning sole of foot inward or medially standing with weight on outer edge of foot
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ANKLE & FOOT

Dorsal flexion
Flexion movement of ankle that results in top of foot moving toward anterior tibia bone
Plantar flexion
Extension movement of ankle that results in foot moving away from body
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ANKLE & FOOT

Pronation
A combination of ankle dorsiexion, subtalar eversion, and forefoot abduction (toe-out)
Supination
A combination of ankle plantar exion, subtalar inversion, and forefoot adduction (toe-in)
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RADIOULNAR JOINT
Pronation
Internally rotating radius where it lies diagonally across ulna, resulting in palm-down position of forearm
Supination
Externally rotating radius where it lies parallel to ulna, resulting in palm-up position of forearm
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SHOULDER GIRDLE
Depression
Inferior movement of shoulder girdle returning to normal position from a shoulder shrug
Elevation
Superior movement of shoulder girdle shrugging the shoulders
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SHOULDER GIRDLE
Protraction
Forward movement of shoulder girdle away from spine Abduction of the scapula
Retraction
Backward movement of shoulder girdle toward spine Adduction of the scapula
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SHOULDER GIRDLE
Rotation downward
Rotary movement of scapula with inferior angle of scapula moving medially & downward
Rotation upward
Rotary movement of scapula with inferior angle of scapula moving laterally & upward
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SHOULDER JOINT
Horizontal abduction
Movement of humerus in horizontal plane away from midline of body also known as horizontal extension or transverse abduction
Horizontal adduction
Movement of humerus in horizontal plane toward midline of body also known as horizontal flexion or transverse adduction
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SPINE
Lateral flexion (side bending)
Movement of head and / or trunk laterally away from midline Abduction of spine
Reduction
Return of spinal column to anatomic position from lateral flexion Adduction of spine
1-102
WRIST & HAND

Palmar flexion
Flexion movement of wrist with volar or anterior side of hand moving toward anterior side of forearm
Dorsal flexion (dorsiflexion)

Extension movement of wrist in the sagittal plane with dorsal or posterior side of hand moving toward posterior side of forearm
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WRIST & HAND

Radial flexion (radial deviation)
Abduction movement at wrist of thumb side of hand toward forearm
Ulnar flexion (ulnar deviation)

Adduction movement at wrist of little finger side of hand toward forearm
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WRIST & HAND

Opposition of the thumb
Diagonal movement of thumb across palmar surface of hand to make contact with the hand and/or fingers
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Movement Icons
Shoulder girdle
Scapula elevation
Scapula depression
Scapula abduction
Scapula adduction
Scapula upward rotation
Scapula downward rotation
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Movement Icons
Glenohumeral
Shoulder flexion
Shoulder extension
Shoulder abduction
Shoulder adduction
Shoulder horizontal abduction
Shoulder horizontal adduction
Shoulder external rotation
Shoulder internal rotation
1-107
Movement Icons
Elbow Radioulnar joints
Elbow flexion
Elbow extension
Radioulnar supination
Radioulnar pronation
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Movement Icons
Elbow Radioulnar joints
Wrist extension
Wrist flexion
Wrist abduction
Wrist adduction
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Movement Icons
Thumb carpometacarpal Thumb joint metacarpophalangeal joint Thumb interphalangeal joint
Thumb CMC flexion
Thumb Thumb CMC CMC extension abduction
Thumb MCP flexion
Thumb MCP extension
Thumb IP flexion
Thumb IP extension
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Movement Icons
2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th MCP, PIP, & DIP joints 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th MCP & PIP joints 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th metacarpophalangeal joints 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th PIP joints 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th DIP joints
2-5th MCP, PIP, & DIP flexion
2-5th MCP, PIP, & DIP extension
2-5th MCP & PIP flexion
2-5th MCP flexion
2-5th MCP extension
2-5th PIP flexion
2-5th DIP flexion
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Movement Icons
Hip
Hip flexion
Hip extension
Hip abduction
Hip adduction
Hip external rotation
Hip internal rotation
1-112
Movement Icons
Knee
Knee flexion
Knee extension
Knee external rotation
Knee internal rotation
1-113
Movement Icons
Ankle Transverse tarsal and subtalar joint
Ankle plantar flexion
Ankle dorsal flexion
Transverse tarsal & subtalar inversion
Transverse tarsal & subtalar eversion
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Movement Icons
Great toe metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints 2-5th metatarsophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints
Great toe MTP & IP flexion
Great toe MTP & IP extension
2-5th MTP, PIP & DIP flexion
2-5th MTP, PIP & DIP extension
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Movement Icons
Cervical spine
Cervical flexion
Cervical extension
Cervical lateral flexion
Cervical rotation unilaterally
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Movement Icons
Lumbar spine
Lumbar flexion
Lumbar extension
Lumbar lateral flexion
Lumbar rotation unilaterally
1-117
Physiological movements vs. accessory motions

Physiological movements - flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, & rotation
occur by bones moving through planes of motion about an axis of rotation at joint
Osteokinematic motion - resulting motion of bones relative to 3 cardinal planes from these physiological
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For osteokinematic motions to occur there must be movement between the joint articular surfaces Arthrokinematics - motion between articular surfaces
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3 specific types of accessory motion
Spin Roll Glide
From Prentice WE: Rehabilitation techniques for sports medicine and athletic training, ed 4, New York, 2004, WCB/McGraw-Hill.
1-120

If accessory motion is prevented from occurring, then physiological motion cannot occur to any substantial degree other than by joint compression or distraction Due to most diarthrodial joints being composed of a concave surface articulating with a convex surface roll and glide must occur together to some degree
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Ex. 1 as a person stands from a squatted position the femur must roll forward and simultaneously slide backward on the tibia for the knee to extend
If not for the slide the femur would roll off the front of the tibia If not for the roll, the femur would slide off the back of the tibia
2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. From Prentice WE: Rehabilitation techniques for sports medicine and athletic training, ed 4, New York, 2004, WCB/McGraw-Hill.
1-122

Spin may occur in isolation or in combination with roll & glide As the knee flexes & extends spin occurs to some degree
In Ex. 1, the femur spins medially or internally rotates as the knee reaches full extension
From Prentice WE: Rehabilitation techniques for sports medicine and athletic training, ed 4, New York, 2004, WCB/McGraw-Hill.
1-123

Roll (rock) - a series of points on one articular surface contacts with a series of points on another articular surface Glide (slide) (translation) - a specific point on one articulating surface comes in contact with a series of points on another surface
1-124

Spin - A single point on one articular surface rotates about a single point on another articular surface
Motion occurs around some stationary longitudinal mechanical axis in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction
1-125
Web Sites
Anatomy & Physiology Tutorials: www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/index.htm BBC Science & Nature www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/skeleton_anat omy.shtml Describes each bone and allows viewing of each from different angles BBC Science & Nature www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/interactives/3djigsaw_ 02/index.shtml?skeleton Allows interactive placement of bone and joint structures.
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Web Sites
BBC Science & Nature www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/joints/ball_and_ socket_joint.shtml Describes each type of joint and allows viewing of how the joint moves within the body. University of Michigan Learning Resource Center, Hypermuscle: Muscles in action www.med.umich.edu/lrc/Hypermuscle/Hyper.html#flex Describes each motion and allows viewing of the motion performed. Articulations http://basic-anatomy.net/ A thorough discussion of the articulations
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Web Sites
Foss Human Body http://sv.berkeley.edu/showcase/pages/bones.html An interactive site which allows assembly of the skeleton Functions of the Skeletal System http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit3_1_bone_fun ctions.html Several pages with information on bone tissue, bone development and growth, and the joints Wireframe Skeleton www.2flashgames.com/f/f-220.htm Move around the skeleton's limbs arms legs body and make it do funny things Skeletal system www.bio.psu.edu/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/skeletal.htm Pictures of dissected bones and their anatomical landmarks
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Web Sites
Articulations www.douglas.bc.ca/biology/project/articulations/ Details all of the joint types with pictures and review questions eSkeletons Project www.eskeletons.org/ An interactive site with a bone viewer showing the morphology, origins, insertions, and articulations of each bone ExRx Articulations www.exrx.net/Lists/Articulations.html Detailed common exercises demonstrating movements of each joint and listing the muscles involved Skeleton Shakedown www.harcourtschool.com/activity/skel/skel.html Help put a disarticulated skeleton back together
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Web Sites
Human Anatomy Online www.innerbody.com/image/skelfov.html Interactive skeleton labeling KLB Science Department Interactivities www.klbschool.org.uk/interactive/science/skeleton.htm Skeleton labeling exercises Introductory Anatomy: Joints www.leeds.ac.uk/chb/lectures/anatomy4.html Notes on joint articulations The Interactive Skeleton www.pdh-odp.co.uk/skeleton.htm Point and click to detailed skeletal illustrations Radiographic Anatomy of the Skeleton www.rad.washington.edu/radanat/ X-rays with and without labels of bony landmarks
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Web Sites
Radiographic Anatomy of the Skeleton www.szote.u-szeged.hu/Radiology/Anatomy/skeleton.htm X-rays with and without labels of bony landmarks Virtual skeleton www.uwyo.edu/RealLearning/4210qtvr.html A 3-dimensional human osteology with Quicktime movies of each bone Skeleton: The Joints www.zoology.ubc.ca/~biomania/tutorial/bonejt/outline.htm Point and click to detailed joint illustrations Forensic Anthropology http://www-personal.une.edu.au/~pbrown3/skeleton.pdf A detailed discussion of skeletal anthropology with excellent pictures of dissected bones
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Manual of Structural Kinesiology

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Chapter 1 Foundations of Structural Kinesiology

Manual of Structural Kinesiology

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Kinesiology & Body Mechanics

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Kinesiology & Body Mechanics

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Kinesiology & Body Mechanics

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Who needs Kinesiology?

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Anatomical directional terminology

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Anatomical directional terminology

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Anatomical directional terminology

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Anatomical directional terminology

Anatomical directional terminology

Distal Proximal Lateral Medial Median

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Anatomical directional terminology

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Anatomical directional terminology

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Anatomical directional terminology

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Anatomical directional terminology

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Anatomical directional terminology

Anatomical directional terminology

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Cervical (Neck) Trunk

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Cardinal planes of motion

Anteroposterior or Sagittal Plane Lateral or Frontal Plane Transverse or Horizontal Plane

Cardinal planes of motion

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Cardinal planes of motion

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Cardinal planes of motion

Diagonal Planes of Motion

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Diagonal Planes of Motion

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Diagonal Planes of Motion

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.