Differential Protection

Differential Protection
Measuring Principle
Basis is the first Kirchhoffs law
I I1 I I = II1 + I2I In the case of load: I1 = IL I = 0 I2 = -IL
e.g. Transformer
1 I2 IL
I=0
The currents to a node are positive defined.
Internal fault (nfeed from two sides) I1 = I1,F I2 = I2,F I = II1,F + I2,FI trip
External fault I1 = IF I2 = -IF I = IIF - IF I = 0 no trip

Siemens. Innovation for generations.
/ Copyright Siemens Australia & NZ 2007. All rights reserved.
Peculiarity of the Transformer Differential Protection

1. Vector group (e. g. Yd5)
I1 I I 150 I2 trip region current transformer tap changer, CT adaptation (will be eliminated) magnetising current
2. Different CTs, tap changer, magnetising current
vector group adaptation

3. Dynamic currents
inrush current overflux (overexcitation) CT saturation during external faults
restraint function (stabilising) is necessary

I = f (Irestr.) Irestr. = |I1| + |I2|
blocking via harmonics saturation detector
ITr, IRestr.
Differential Currents with Harmonics

i
energising
t=0
Y y
iDiff = i1
even, 2nd harm.

20 i 40 60 iDiff = i1 80 ms 100 t
i1
energising
t=0
D y
even 2nd harm.

20 40 60
i1
paralleling (energising transformer T1)

i2 T2
80 ms 100 iDiff = i2
even and odd 2nd harm.
T1
20
40
60
ms
80
Differential Currents with Harmonics

Over-excitation UTr > UN
odd
i1 i2 i
iDiff = i1 - i2
3rd and 5th harm.

20 i 40 60 ms 80 t
External short circuit with saturation of the CTs at the low-voltage side
even and odd
iDiff = i1 - i2
i1
i2
20
40
60
ms
80
t iDiff = i1
internal short circuit with saturation of the CTs at the high-voltage side
even and odd
i1
i2 ~ 0 20 40 60 ms 80 t
Differential Protection for Generators and Motors

Basic principle can be nearly direct used.
1. Stabilising characteristic
I
I
Trip area
Error currents via CT
IRestr.
identically current transformers sensitive setting is possible
2. Transients
sensitive settings Insensitive settings at matching transformers in the secondary circuit different primary CTs different burden
generators: external short circuit with large dc time constants motors: start-up currents transient transfer features of a CT are important (dc component)
Devices with Differential Protection Functions 7UM62 and7UT6xx -Family
7UM621 and 7UM622 for protection objects with two ends (machines) 7UT612 for protection objects with two ends 7UT613 for protection objects with three ends 7UT633 for protection objects with three ends 7UT635 for protection objects up to five ends
Applications
7UM 62 7UT612 7UT613
7UT613
Transformer
Two winding transformer 2 or 3phases
Three winding transformer 2 or 3phases
1 1/2 circuit breaker application with two winding transformer
GS 3~
7UT6 7UM 62 7UT612
7UT613
Generator/Motor longitudinal or transversal differential protection
Short lines 2 ends
Short lines 3 ends
Connection Example
Side1 (Winding1) Side 3 (Winding 3) Side 2 (Winding 2)
direct connection to the main CTs no matching transformers / no matching connections numerical vector group adaptation without zero sequence current correction depending of the type of earthing of the winding.
7UT613; 633
increased sensitivity by 33% by measuring of the zero sequence current (7UT6) for single-pole faults. 1A/5A main CTs adaptation in the relay permissible ratio CT nominal current to transformer nominal current up to 1:8
7UM 62 7UT 612 )*

)* direct zero sequence current also possible
Functional Diagram of the Differential Protection

tripping characteristic and saturat. detection
IDiff IDiff>
tripping by IDIFF>
IStab
i1P
measured value preprocessing winding 1 measured value preprocessing winding 2 measured value preprocessing winding 3
i1A* iDIFF = i1A* + i2A* + i3A* basic wave filtering IDiff iStab = | i*1A | + | i*2A | + | i*3A | rectified mean value IStab
harmonics analysis crossblock blocking by 2nd harmonics and 3rd or 4th. or 5th harmonics fast tripping with evaluation of
IDiff and iDiff
tripping logic
Blocking by harmonics
TRIPcommand TRIP L1 TRIP L2
i2P
i2A*
&
>1
TRIP L3
i3P
i3A*
tripping by IDIFF>> iDIFF>> Stage
i1P, i2P, i3P i *1A, i *2A, i *3A IDiff iDiff IStab iStab
sampling values from winding 1, 2, 3 values after vector group and CT matching basic wave contents in the differential current differential current rectified mean value of the stabilising current stabilising current
Measuring Pre-processing, Example for CT Matching (Part 1)

SN = 100MVA UN1 = 110kV UN2 = 30kV 1000/1A IP1 = 500A (load current) Side 1 Side 2 2000/1A IP2 = 1833A (load current)
IN, Trafo = 525A
IN, Trafo = 1924A
IS1 = 0,5A
7UM 62 7UT6
IS2 = - 0,92A
measured secondary currents
IDiff = ? IRestr. = ?
Measuring Pre-processing, Example for CT Matching (Part 2)

1. Calculation of the transformer nominal current 2. Correction factor 3. Correction nominal current 4. Calculation of the differential and stabilising current INTrafo = kW =
SN 3 UN I NCT I NTrafo
I = kW IS Idiff = |I1' + I2' | Istab = |I1' | + |I2' |
Calculation example:
SN = 100MVA; UN1 = 110kV; UN2 = 30kV; Correction factors: Load conditions: Secondary currents: Matched currents: IN1CT = 1000A; IN2CT = 2000A kW2 = 1,04 Ip2 = 1833A Is2 = 0,92A I2' = 0,95A Idiff = 0A IStab = 1,9A Idiff = 0 IN Trafo Istab = 1,9IN Trafo
kW1 = 1,9; Ip1 = 500A; Is1 = 0,5A; I1' = 0,95A;
Measuring Preprocessing: Vector Group Adaptation)

Ip
L1 L2 L3
YN
d5
Is IpL1 IsL3
IE IpL3 IpL2
IsL2
IsL1
Protection
zero sequence elimination

I *pL1 I pL1 2 - 1 - 1 1 I *pL2 = 3 -1 2 - 1 I pL2 I * I pL3 -1 - 1 2 pL3
I * sL1 - 1 0 1 I sL1 I * = 1 1 - 1 0 I sL2 sL2 3 0 1 - 1 I sL3 I * sL3
standard setting
additional earth current measurement (I0-correction)

I *pL1 I pL1 1 0 0 I E 1 I *pL2 = 0 1 0 I pL2 + 3 IE I * I pL3 0 0 1 I E pL3
I * sL1 - 1 0 1 I sL1 1 I * sL2 = 3 1 - 1 0 I sL2 0 1 - 1 I sL3 I * sL3
increasing of the sensitivity via the connection of IE-CT (only at 7UT6 possible)
Example Calculation: Vector Group Correction Situation: Single Phase Fault, No Load
ISC L1 L2 L3 ISC F1 IL1 IL2 IL3 IE = -ISC = 0 = 0 = ISC F2 IL1 IL2 IL3 IE = = = = 0 0 0 ISC Il 1 = Il 3 = ISC / 3 0 Il 2 = - ISC / 3 ISC/ 3 F1 F2
Ynd1
ISC/ 3 Source
Example Calculation: Vector Group Correction I Zero Elimination

F1 I*L1 2 -1 -1 I*L2 = 1/3 -1 2 -1 I*L3 -1 -1 2 I*L1 = I*L2 = I*L3 = IDIFF1 = I*L1 + I*l 1 = IDIFF2 = I*L2 + I*l 2 = IDIFF3 = I*L3 + I*l 3 = - ISC 0 0 -2/3 ISC 1/3 ISC 1/3 ISC 0 0 0 F2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2/3 ISC 1/3 ISC 1/3 ISC I*l 1 = 1/3 ISC + 1/3 ISC = 2/3 ISC I*l 2 = 0 - 1/3 ISC = -1/3 ISC I*l 3 = -1/3 ISC + 0 = -1/3 ISC I*l 1 I*l 2 I*l 3 1 -1 0 = 1/3 0 1 -1 -1 0 1 ISC / 3 - ISC / 3 0
We see in all three phases a differential current; this must be considered during a single phase test Use only the trip signal from the tested phase!
Example Calculation: Vector Group Correction I Zero Correction

F1 I*L1 I*L2 I*L3 1 0 0 = 0 1 0 0 0 1 I*L1 = I*L2 = I*L3 = IDIFF1 =I*L1 + I*l 1 = IDIFF2 =I*L2 + I*l 2 = IDIFF3 =I*L3 + I*l 3 = - ISC 0 0 -2/3ISC 1/3 ISC 1/3 ISC 0 0 0 F2 0 0 0 1/3 ISC 1/3 ISC 1/3 ISC ISC 0 0 1/3 ISC + 1/3 ISC 1/3 ISC I*l 1 1 -1 0 ISC / 3 1 I*l 2 = 0 1 -1 - ISC / 3 I*l 3 3 -1 0 1 0
I*l = 1/3 ISC + 1/3 ISC = 2/3 ISC I*l 2 = 0 - 1/3 ISC = -1/3 ISC I*l 3 = -1/3 ISC + 0 = -1/3 ISC
We see only in the faulty phase the currents
Tripping Characteristic
flexible adaptation to various transformers, e.g. with tap changer or different main CTs high stability against external faults with CT saturation fast tripping for solid short-circuits within one period
Relay Settings Influence of the Tap Changer Problem: The tap changer modifies the transformer ratio additional error in the differential current Example:
tap changer c = 16%
I diff = I res c = 0,16
c 2m c I diff
0 ,087 I res
If IN.Tr. is flowing the additional Idiff is approx. 17,5% of the transformer current. With slope 1 = 0,25 there is the pick-up threshold at 50%. The security margin is for steady state conditions high enough. Considering transient conditions (CT-influence) a small increasing of slope 1 (to 0,3) is recommended. Recommendation for voltage setting:
U N, New
U max U min = 2 = U N (1 - c2 ) U max + U min

c: steps of tap changer (p.u.)

Pick up of Differential Protection
For triggering of internal tasks, events and fault records the differential protection function needs a pickup information. This pickup becomes active, if the differential current or the restraint current is over an internal threshold (dotted line). Each external large current leads to a pickup.
Pickup doesnt always means internal failure!

IDiff / IRestr.- Areas for Short Circuit / Normal Operation

I diff I NTr
internal short circuit/ Inrush
limiting curve
external short circuit with CT saturation
external short circuit normal operation 2 (nominal current)
(low current) 4
external short circuit with a high current
I Restr. I NTr
Rush Stabilisation
Cross-block = No (phase separate blocking)
iRUSH = iDiff filter window 1 cycle L1-block Idiff, L1 > trip blocking Idiff, L2 > trip blocking Idiff, L3 > trip blocking
Inrush current in one phase
& & &
L2-block L3-block
t
1P I2HAR Idiff 2P 3P
Cross-block = Yes (blocking of all phases)

L1-block
block
setting value
no block t
15 %
L2-block L3-block
OR 1
IDiff > trip blocking for a limited time
Recognise inrush condition by evaluating the ratio 2nd harmonic I2HAR to basic wave IDiff. Time limit for cross-block. Reliable reaction to the inrush condition with cross-block. Trip of a short circuit after the set time delay. Recognise over-excitation by evaluating the ratio 3rd or 5th harmonic to basic wave
Example of an Inrush Current

A unit transformer (IN = 396 A) was switched on from the high voltage side
Stabilising at Motor Starting

Typical for motor starting is the starting current and the superimposed dc component with a large time constant. The current transformers (ct) transfer different this dc component. The result is a differential current and the risk of an over-function is given.
Detection of motor starting: Increases the pick-up values for a restricted time
Criterion: Supervision of restraint current Istab > I-Restr. Startup (until 2 I/InO) than the Start-Factor (max. 2) is active for a restricted time T Start Max (Duration of dynamical increasing of pickup)
Setting Recommendations
Power System Data 1
The setting of this parameters are important, because they are necessary for the scaling and direction definition of the measurands. At the protection object transformer the setting for star point Solid Earthed leads to a zero sequence elimination. Isolated leads to a direct current comparison (without zero sequence consideration). This setting is only allowed at a really free star point (no over voltage arrester, no Peterson coil). At the protection object generator always the direct current comparison method is active (no zero sequence elimination).
Setting values:
Under normal conditions the factory settings correspond with the practical experiences. Its not necessary to change these parameters. At transformers with tap changer the inclination of SLOPE 1 should be increased. The setting for the inrush detection can be final select during the primary test. If we are on the limits (low setting value) an activation of CROSSBL. 2. Harm. is recommended. If are current transformer operates on their limit the pickup value Idiff > and die slope 1 should be increased. The Idiff >> - stage must be set over the maximum inrush current. At generators and motors SLOPE 1 can be reduced (to 0,15), if the current transformers are identical. At generators the Idiff>>-stage must be set over the transient fault current (3 to 7 IN,G). Additional at generators its also recommended an activation of increasing the pickup threshold during starting or at external faults (Start-Factor > 1). Siemens. Innovation for generations.
Earth Current Differential Protection in the 7UM62

The earth current differential protection (restricted earth fault protection - REF) offers a higher sensitivity at single phase faults (approx. 5 %) against the conventional protection. Its used at generators with low ohmic star point or at earthed Wye connected transformer windings . Connection 1
Connection 2
At connection 1 the zero sequence current is calculated from the phase currents and direct measured on the star point (transformer application) At connection 2 the zero sequence current is calculated only from the phase currents. (generator application, where more than one generator feeds into the busbar)
protection object
protection object
Measuring Principle of Earth Current Differential Protection in the 7UM62

protection object: generator
iL1S1 iL2S1 iL3S1
iL1S2 iL2S2 iL3S2 iee2
3I 01 = I L1S1 + I L2S1 + I L3S1 3I 02 = I L1S2 + I L2S2 + I L3S2

or
3I01
3I02 1
1
3I 02 = I EE2
I/InO
I0Diff
Tripping range Stabilizing range Range not possible
I 0 Diff = 3I 01 + 3I 02 I 0 Stab = 3I 01 + 3I 02
I-EDS>
1
I/InO
I0Stab
Earth Current Differential Protection in the 7UM62 Stabilizing against Overfunction

Main problem are external faults: Transient conditions with large time constants; Short current circuits with current transformer saturation
Direction of zero sequence current:
90 115 65
II. III.
1 8 0
I. IV.
| | = 0
I. internal fault III. external fault IV. direction not considered II. measuring repetition (<90internal fault)
2104 EDS || I MIN>
Limitation of phase current: I > Imax (max. 2.5 IN), than blocking Release at zero sequence voltage: A release of zero sequence current measurement is be caused by a measured zero sequence voltage (can be switched off).
Restricted Earth Fault Protection (REF) in the 7UT6

Trip = I0' - k S Stab < 0 Trip Trip = I0' Trip - tripping quantity
i1 i2 i3
Stab 0 Stab - I0 angle-dependent stabilization

iF
restricted earth fault protection 7UT6

i "0 = i1 + i2 + i3
i '0
fault current against earth stabilization area
tripping area IEDF- pick-up valve
i 0" + i0' = iF
Stab = I I '0 - I " 0| - | I ' 0 + I " 0|
calculation of the basic wave and the complex vectors of I0' and I0" insensitive against DC components and CT saturation evaluation of the modulus and angle between I0' and I0" sensitive fault detection starting with 5% transformer nominal current
Commissioning with Browser- Support
Currents on the high and low voltage side
Tripping characteristic with actual operating points
Benefits for the Customer

Protection relay with flexible adaptation to the transformer/generator/motor or short line. Programming of the device data in the relay. Reduced amount of wiring by direct connection to the main CTs. No matching transformers and therefore no wiring errors. Zero sequence current can be measured (in the 7UT6). Sensitivity for single-pole faults in the transformer increased by 33% . Flexible adaptation of the tripping characteristic to various main CTs, tapped transformers. Exact discrimination between the short circuit condition and the inrush condition by on-line analysis of the harmonics. Fast tripping for high-current faults. Saturation detector for external faults. Thermal monitoring of two transformer windings. Back-up DMTL/IDMTL with reverse blocking for one winding. Sensitive short circuit protection for faults winding against earth. Manifold commissioning aids.

Differential Protection

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What are some of the challenges in differential protection?

What are some of the challenges in differential protection?

How does the 7UM62 differential relay work?

How does the 7UM62 differential relay work?

Differential Protection

The currents to a node are positive defined.

External fault I1 = IF I2 = -IF I = IIF - IF I = 0 no trip

/ Copyright Siemens Australia & NZ 2007. All rights reserved.

Peculiarity of the Transformer Differential Protection

2. Different CTs, tap changer, magnetising current

vector group adaptation

restraint function (stabilising) is necessary

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Differential Currents with Harmonics

even, 2nd harm.

even 2nd harm.

paralleling (energising transformer T1)

even and odd 2nd harm.

/ Copyright Siemens Australia & NZ 2007. All rights reserved.

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Differential Currents with Harmonics

3rd and 5th harm.

even and odd

/ Copyright Siemens Australia & NZ 2007. All rights reserved.

Siemens. Innovation for generations.