SIEMENS - Out of Step Protection

Out of Step Protection
Basics to the Static Stability Two Machine Problem, Replica, Vectors Xd UP XN UG UN

UP UG UN Xd XN Rotor voltage Voltage on generator terminals Reference voltage of network Synchronous direct-axis reactance Reactance of network
Inductive Load UP
Ohmic Load
with: X:=Xd + XN The active power is:

jX I UN
jX I
UP
UN
U 'N U 'P P= sin X

Siemens. Innovation for generations.
Copyright Siemens Australia & NZ 2007. All rights reserved.
Basics to the Static Stability Power Angle Characteristic

Point A: Deflection of rotor angle from point A Psupply = Pm + P > Pm P is taken from the stored energy in the Psupply centrifugal mass Rotor will be slow down and the machine returns to point A P Point B: Deflection of rotor angle from point B Psupply < Pm
Threshold angle of static stability
Pm
3
A 90
Rotor will be accelerate (P is going into rotor) and the machine falls out of step
Pm mechanical Power of Turbine

(Calculation is done per Phase)
Stability is always fulfilled, if the inclination of supplied power is positive

Basics to the Transient Stability Discussion of the Areas

U 'N U ' P P= sin X'
Stiff system U= const. Tm infinite
Pbefore Pafter
3phase SC: Pm > Pduring (SC) Rotor is accelerated After the fault clearance: Pafter >Pm Rotor is braked
Pm
3
V B
before after
Pduring
perm. Limit
Transient stability is fulfilled if area V area B

Is during the SC < perml. , than the transient stability is fulfilled (can be guaranteed) Is > Limit than the machine falls out of step
t SC perm =
2 Tm S N ( perm before ) P
3 P = Pm Pduring (before ) Pduring (perm ) 2
Tm - mechanical time constant

Measures for Improvement of Transient Stability (Warranty of Dynamic Stability) Up should be large (overexcited operation at synchronous machines) UN should be large (high voltage level in the grid) Up should be large in the case of a fault (field forcing) X should be small (high degree of meshed networks) perm. should be small (fast fault clearing time, especially at faults close to the power plant; dead time should be so optimised, that the changing of the rotor angle is very small during an unsuccessful AR at the critical machine for the stability) Pmechanical decreasing during short circuit (total or partly closing of valves (fast valving)) P increasing with additional load impedance during a short circuit (e.g. concrete resistor)
Why is a Out of Step Protection necessary ? Xd XTr XN Protection 1. If the generator supplies too long to the short circuit, the rotor will be accelerates and the permissible angle perm. passes the limit. 2. Active power swings appears after the clearing of the short circuit, because the generator was fallen out of step. 3. When the out of step stress passes into the generator region, an inadmissible mechanical (torsion vibration) and thermal stress of the system (generator, turbine) is possible.
Stiff system U= const. Tm infinite
Example of a Power Swing

Gemessene Leiterstrme Currents
5
Strom in A
iL1
400
600
800
1000 ta
1200
1400
1600
i Gemessene Phase to Leiter-Erde-Spannungen earth voltages Zeit in ms

100
50 Spannung in V
uL1
50
100
400
600
800
1000 i Zeit in ms ta
1200
1400
1600
Equivalent Circuit for the Description of the Process Xd ZG Up UR

Measuring point Protection
XT ZT
XN ZN UN
Measured Impedance:
U 'P Z ZR = ' - ZG ' UP UN

ZG Generator impedance ZT Transformer impedance ZN Network impedance
Z = ZG + ZT + Z N
U N U 'N - j = ' e ' UP UP
'
Z ZR = - ZG ' U N - j 1 ' e UP
ZR = f()
Principle Impedance Trajectory during a Out of Step Condition (Power Swing)
ZR =
jX ' jX d U 'N - j 1 ' e UP
0
70
50
Example: X = 10 p.u Xd = 3 p.u. Power swing centre: Un/Up = 1 and X/2 -3 + 5 = +2
Im( Z1( ) ) Im( Z2( ) ) Im( Z3( ) ) 0
180
7 3
50
0
70 60 70 40 20 0 20 40 60 70 Re( Z1( ) ) , Re( Z2( ) ) , Re( Z3( ) )
Un/Up =.85 Un/Up = 1,15 Un/Up = 1
Impedance Curves during a Power Swing

150
127.761
100
Impedanz in Ohm
Z1 R1 i
50 10 0 10
X1 i
50
72.53
100 300
400
600
800
1000 ta i Zeit in ms
1200
1400
1600
1800 1.75 .10 3
Impedance Trajectory during a Power Swing

126.856 150 10 10
100
X1 i
50
Short circuit
10 0 10
Load
8.156 50 80 72.53 60 40 20 R1 i 0 20 40 60 52.638
Impedance Trajectory during a Synchronous Power Swing

Ortskurve: Circle diagram
140 10 120
100
80 X1 i 60
40
20 10 0
20
40
60 R1 i
80
100
120
System goes back into the stability operation

Rate of Impedance Change during a Power Swing

jX Z= - jX 'd ' U - j 1 N e ' UP
Z=
jX U 'N - j2 fpt 1 ' e UP
- jX 'd
X fP dZ (t ) dR(t) = 2 sin 2 ( f P t) dt dt = X fP in 2 sin 2 ( ) s 2

fp Power swing frequency
300
300
fp = 1Hz; X=10
250
200
dZ( ) 150
100
50
The power swing has in principle a different rate of impedance change. It has at (180 ) the minimum; (that means at the minimum of calculated Z)
50
100
150
200 Winkel in Grad . 180
250
300
350
400 359.817
0.573
Rate of impedance change nderungsgeschwundigkeit in Ohm/s
Measuring algorithm
1. Filtering and vector calculation
Connection: Xd XTr
iL uL
Fourier filter
IL = IrL + j IiL UL = UrL + j UiL
2. Positive and negative components
Protection
IL UL
Symmetrical components
I2 I1 U1
3. Calculation of the positive-sequence impedance
I1 U1
Positive-seq. impedance
Z1= R + jX
Characteristics and Settings

Im(Z)
Zd
Ch 2
Setting hints:
Zb: transient direct-axis reactance Xd Zc: 0,7-0,9 Transformer reactance XT Zd-Zc: Reactance of the network + rest transformer
Power swing in the network
Alarm Zc
Power swing in generator and unit transformer
p
Ch 1
Re(Z)
Za =
Za
Z sum / 2 tan( / 2)
with = 120 o
Zsum = Zb + Zc
Power swing angle between generator and transformer Power swing angle between generator and network If Ch1 and Ch 2 is used
Trip
Zb
Zsum = Zb + Zd Inclination angle consider R-part; and the infeed of more than one generator
Basic Structure of the Protection Function
Ch.1 I1 > I2 <
&
Release Counter 1
Alarm Ch. 1
n > n1 Measuring Z1 Ch.2
TRIP Ch. 1
Alarm Ch. 2
Counter 2
n > n2
TRIP Ch. 2
How are the Counters increased?

Im(Z)
Rules:
+1(n2) +1(n1)
Ch.2 (n2)
1. The impedance vector must enter into the power swing polygon (Ch.1 or Ch.2) 2. The crossing of the middle line (red) is the criterion of the counter increasing 3. Increasing the counter of characteristic in which the middle line was crossed 4. The increasing of the counter is active, if the vector goes out of the power swing polygon
0
Re(Z)
+1(n1)
Ch.1 (n1)
Settings in DIGSI
Secondary values
Characteristics of the Competitors (ABB)
Im(Z)
Network Trip angle e.g. 120 Transformer
Direction element
Zone2 Zone1
Measuring method: U cos (Voltage, which is in phase with the current - Voltage at zero crossing of the currents)
Re(Z)
Generator
Alarm angle (e.g. 60 )
Alarm signal, possibility for control application ???
Alarm: Siemens renounced on that - this is a part of the control
Characteristics of the Competitors (IEEE) Single and Double Blinder Elements

Blinders Direction Element Supervision of the impedance vector if he enters and leaves the blinders - logic and timers are than active. The double blinder principle is used in the case of a faster decision between short circuit and power swing (indirect speed measurement via the time (t) in which the vector is between the internal and external blinder) The superimposed impedance characteristic is a MHO - circle.
Im(Z)
System
Gen Gen (Xd)
Re(Z)
Dynamic Test of 7UM62 with Real Time Simulator (RTDS) Test Configuration
Impedance protection zones
Z2 Z1 ALF2 ALF1
G 7UM62
ALF: Actual Accuracy limiting factor of CT
Z< t=0,4 s
Network protection trips with a delay; after than a power swing occurs
Load
Dynamic Test of 7UM62 with RTDS Instantaneous Fault Record (RMS Curves)
Trip Network Protection Trip Out of Step
Fault
Power Swing
Power swing trip event

Dynamic Test of 7UM62 with RTDS RMS Fault Record (Fault Duration 300ms)
Positive Sequence Current Positive Sequence Voltage Resistance
After switching off of the short circuit a swing swing occurs. The out of step protection trips, because the power swing centre was in the generator unit.
Reactance
Power swing trip event

Dynamic Test of 7UM62 with RTDS Vectors in the R, X - Diagram (primary impedance)
1 0.15 0.15
0.5
Primary Reactancein in Ohm Primrwiderstand Ohm
Short circuit
Load point
0.17
X1 i
0 .21
Power swing through the characteristic

0.5
1 1
0.5
0 R1
0.5
1.5 1.5
i Primrwiderstand in Ohm Primary Resistance in Ohm

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What are some of the measures discussed for improving transient stability?

What are some of the measures discussed for improving transient stability?

Out of Step Protection

Basics to the Static Stability Two Machine Problem, Replica, Vectors Xd UP XN UG UN

with: X:=Xd + XN The active power is:

U 'N U 'P P= sin X

Copyright Siemens Australia & NZ 2007. All rights reserved.

Basics to the Static Stability Power Angle Characteristic

Threshold angle of static stability

Pm mechanical Power of Turbine

Stability is always fulfilled, if the inclination of supplied power is positive

Copyright Siemens Australia & NZ 2007. All rights reserved.

Basics to the Transient Stability Discussion of the Areas

Transient stability is fulfilled if area V area B

3 P = Pm Pduring (before ) Pduring (perm ) 2

Tm - mechanical time constant

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Stiff system U= const. Tm infinite

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Example of a Power Swing

i Gemessene Phase to Leiter-Erde-Spannungen earth voltages Zeit in ms

Copyright Siemens Australia & NZ 2007. All rights reserved.

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Equivalent Circuit for the Description of the Process Xd ZG Up UR

U 'P Z ZR = ' - ZG ' UP UN

U N U 'N - j = ' e ' UP UP

Copyright Siemens Australia & NZ 2007. All rights reserved.

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Principle Impedance Trajectory during a Out of Step Condition (Power Swing)

jX ' jX d U 'N - j 1 ' e UP

Example: X = 10 p.u Xd = 3 p.u. Power swing centre: Un/Up = 1 and X/2 -3 + 5 = +2

Im( Z1( ) ) Im( Z2( ) ) Im( Z3( ) ) 0

Un/Up =.85 Un/Up = 1,15 Un/Up = 1

Copyright Siemens Australia & NZ 2007. All rights reserved.

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Impedance Curves during a Power Swing

1800 1.75 .10 3

Copyright Siemens Australia & NZ 2007. All rights reserved.

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Impedance Trajectory during a Power Swing

Copyright Siemens Australia & NZ 2007. All rights reserved.

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Impedance Trajectory during a Synchronous Power Swing

System goes back into the stability operation

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Rate of Impedance Change during a Power Swing

jX U 'N - j2 fpt 1 ' e UP

X fP dZ (t ) dR(t) = 2 sin 2 ( f P t) dt dt = X fP in 2 sin 2 ( ) s 2

200 Winkel in Grad . 180

Rate of impedance change nderungsgeschwundigkeit in Ohm/s

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

1. Filtering and vector calculation

IL = IrL + j IiL UL = UrL + j UiL

2. Positive and negative components

3. Calculation of the positive-sequence impedance

Copyright Siemens Australia & NZ 2007. All rights reserved.

Siemens. Innovation for generations.