Key Grammar Practice Gr.10

Grammar and Composition
Grammar Practice Workbook

Teachers Annotated Edition Grade 10
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; and be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with Writers Choice. Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited without written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, Ohio 43240 ISBN 0-07-823363-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 079 04 03 02 01 00
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Contents
Unit 10
Parts of Speech
10.1 10.2 10.3 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Interrogative and Relative Pronouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Action Verbs and Verb Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Linking Verbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Subordinating Conjunctions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Unit 11
Parts of the Sentence

11.3 11.5 11.5 11.5 Compound Subjects and Predicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Indirect Objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Object Complements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Subject Complements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Unit 12
Phrases
12.1 12.2 12.3 12.3 12.3 Prepositional Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Appositives and Appositive Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Participles and Participial Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Unit 13
Clauses and Sentence Structure

13.1, 3 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 13.10 Main Clauses; Simple and Compound Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Adjective Clauses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Adverb Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Noun Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Four Kinds of Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Sentence Fragments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Run-on Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Unit 15
Verb Tenses and Voice

15.2 15.4 15.7 Regular and Irregular Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Perfect Tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Voice of Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
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Contents
Unit 16
Subject-Verb Agreement
16.2 16.45 Agreement with Linking Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Agreement with Special Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Unit 17
Using Pronouns Correctly

17.1 17.2 17.3 17.5 17.6 Case of Personal Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Pronouns with and as Appositives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Pronouns After Than and As . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Clear Pronoun Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Unit 18
Using Modifiers Correctly

18.2 18.4 18.7 Irregular Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Incomplete Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Unit 20
Capitalization
20.1 20.23 Capitalization of Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Capitalization of Proper Nouns and Proper Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Unit 21
Punctuation, Abbreviations, and Numbers

21.13 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.6 21.6 21.6 21.6 21.7 21.9 21.10 21.11 21.1213 End Punctuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 The Colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 The Semicolon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Commas and Coordinate Adjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Commas and Compound Sentences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Commas with Parenthetical Expressions and Conjunctive Adverbs . . . . . . 45 Commas with Direct Address and Tag Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Misuse of Commas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 The Dash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Quotation Marks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Italics (Underlining) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 The Apostrophe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Hyphens and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
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Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
10.1
Nouns
Key Information A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea. A concrete noun names an object that can be recognized by any of the senses; an abstract noun names an idea, a quality, or a characteristic. A proper noun names a particular person, place, thing, or idea; a common noun is the general name of a person, place, thing, or idea. A collective noun names a group and can be regarded as either singular or plural.
I A. Identifying Nouns
Underline the nouns in the following sentences.

1. During the early years of the United States, thousands of settlers traveled west to build new homes. 2. Women and men worked together to clear the land, plant crops, and build homes. 3. Besides this work, women tended the children and did housekeeping chores. 4. They prepared food to use during the winter. 5. They made clothes for the whole family and used homemade soap to wash the laundry. 6. A frontier mother was often the only teacher her children had. 7. Because there were few doctors, women had to take care of the medical needs of their families. 8. Settlers usually lived so far apart that isolation was a common problem. 9. Sometimes pioneer families became friends with Native Americans who lived nearby.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
10. To help fight loneliness, many women wrote journals and diaries about their lives and experiences. I B. Identifying Noun Types
From the nouns you identified in the sentences above, list an example for each type of noun. Possible answers are given. family Collective noun _____________________________________________________________________ isolation, loneliness Abstract noun ______________________________________________________________________ women, land, United States Concrete noun _____________________________________________________________________ years, settlers, journals Common noun _____________________________________________________________________ United States, Native Americans Proper noun ___________________________________________________________________________
Writers Choice: Grammar Practice Workbook, Grade 10, Unit 10
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
10.2
Interrogative and Relative Pronouns

Key Information Questions are formed with interrogative pronouns. who whom whose which what Who is coming to dinner? Whose keys are these? A relative pronoun is used at the beginning of a special group of words that contains its own subject and verb and is called a subordinate clause. who whom which what whoever whomever whichever whatever whose that
The woman who won the marathon is 35. Whoever works hardest will get promoted.
I A. Distinguishing Between Interrogative and Relative Pronouns
Underline the pronoun in each of the following sentences. Then write whether the pronoun is interrogative or relative. interrogative 1. Who finally auditioned for the lead role? __________________
2. The explosion that shook the town was caused by an error at the factory. relative __________________
relative 3. The barn, which was painted red, stood in a field of daisies. __________________ interrogative 4. What have you done to make Angela so angry? __________________ relative 5. Ben is trying to decide whom to ask for help with his biology. __________________
I B. Using Interrogative Pronouns
Use an appropriate interrogative pronoun to turn each of the following statements into questions. Write your new interrogative sentence in the space provided.
1. Kendall called me last night.
Whom did Kendall call last night?/Who called you last night? __________________________________________________________________________________
2. This is the quickest way to get to the cafeteria.
Which/What is the quickest way to get to the cafeteria? __________________________________________________________________________________

3. These are my sisters jeans.
Whose jeans are these? __________________________________________________________________________________

4. I would like to have lasagna for my birthday dinner.
What would you like to have for your birthday dinner? __________________________________________________________________________________
5. The Pulitzer Prize is named after Joseph Pulitzer.
After whom is the Pulitzer Prize named? __________________________________________________________________________________
Grammar Practice
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10.3
Action Verbs and Verb Phrases

Key Information Action verbs tell what someone or something does, either physically or mentally. The ball slammed into the catchers mitt. The child dreamed of cotton candy. Transitive action verbs are followed by words that answer the question what? or whom? We finally spotted our mistake. [spotted what?] We eventually invited Kate. [invited whom?] Intransitive action verbs are not followed by words that answer what? or whom? Instead, they are frequently followed by words that tell when, where, why, or how an action occurs. I sometimes sing in the shower. [sing where?] Mark Twain wrote with great wit. [wrote how?] A verb phrase consists of a main verb and all of its auxiliary, or helping, verbs. The ice was melting quickly in the sun. He did remember to order french fries.
I A. Distinguishing Between Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
Underline the entire action verb, including all auxiliary verbs, in each of the following sentences. Then write whether the verb is transitive or intransitive. transitive 1. Sailboats have the right-of-way over motorboats. __________________ intransitive 2. The careful truck driver slowed noticeably in the rain and snow. __________________ transitive 3. The Chinese pandas should attract many visitors to the zoo. __________________ transitive 4. Architects begin their work long before the start of construction. __________________
transitive 5. Most of the actors have already learned their lines. __________________ intransitive 6. The new compact disc will arrive in stores tomorrow. __________________ intransitive 7. The ball landed only six inches from the hole. __________________ transitive 8. The scent of fresh sheets welcomes the hotels guests every night. __________________ intransitive 9. Did you simply guess on the last question? __________________ transitive 10. A blues singer does not always sing sad songs. __________________
I B. Using Action Verbs
Underline the verb in each of the following sentences. Then write a more lively verb that adds interest to the sentence. Possible answers are given. trudged 1. Jeff walked home slowly in the gray January light. __________________ plummeted 2. The parachutist fell toward the ground. __________________ raced 3. The police car drove by at high speed. __________________ pelted 4. During last months storm, hail hit our roof loudly. __________________ chatter 5. Those three girls talk constantly. __________________
Grammar Practice
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10.3
Linking Verbs
Key Information A linking verb links, or joins, the subject of a sentence with a word or expression that identifies or describes the subject. The most commonly used linking verb is be in all its formsam, is, are, was, were, will be, has been, was being. Other verbs that sometimes act as linking verbs include the following: appear look smell become feel grow remain seem sound stay taste
Note: Except for seem, these words can also serve as action verbs. If seem can be substituted for the verb in a sentence, that verb is probably a linking verb. The soup smelled delicious. [linking] The chef smelled the soup. [action]
I A. Distinguishing Between Action and Linking Verbs
Underline the verb in each of the following sentences. Then write whether it is an action verb or linking verb. action 1. Many people admire Andrew Jackson. __________________ action 2. He came from the Carolina pine woods. __________________ linking 3. He eventually became president. __________________ action 4. Later he built a house near Nashville, Tennessee. __________________ action 5. Tourists still visit it today. __________________ linking 6. The house looks lovely. __________________ action 8. People called Jackson Old Hickory. __________________ linking 9. To many people he seemed a tough man. __________________ linking 10. However, he was a man of tenderness, too. __________________
I B. Using Linking Verbs
action 7. Jackson grew hickory trees there. __________________
Complete each of the following sentences by writing a word or group of words in the blank that follows the linking verb. The words you write should identify or describe the subjects of the sentences. Sentences will vary.
1. Usually our family vacations are ____________________________________________________ 2. That groups latest hit song was_____________________________________________________ 3. The chocolate milk tastes _________________________________________________________ 4. After making a foul shot to tie the game, Michelle felt ___________________________________ 5. The temperature of the room seemed unusually _________________________________________
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
10.4
Adjectives
Key Information An adjective modifies a noun or pronoun and limits its meaning. freezing rain fire exit legal system Possessive nouns: Terris books, the boys desk Articles: a, an, the Pronouns as adjectives: Possessive adjectives: his bike, our home Interrogative adjectives: which car, whose coat Demonstrative adjectives: that job, this pen
There are a few special types of adjectives. Proper adjectives: Maine lobsters, Irish music Nouns as adjectives: train station, biology class
I A. Identifying Adjectives
Underline all adjectives in the following sentences. Do not count the articles a, an, or the.
1. An active volcano destroyed those tiny country villages. 2. Dave loves spicy Mexican food but dislikes sweet, rich desserts. 3. A Hawaiian vacation can be expensive, especially for a family with many children. 4. Bobs two dogs are friendlier than his Siamese cat. 5. A narrow but swift river kept the young hikers from finishing their trip. 6. Often characters in Roman mythology were similar to the Greek gods. 7. That new student has the loudest voice in the pep club. 8. Which locker in the girls gym belongs to your older sister?
I B. Distinguishing Adjective Types
From the adjectives you identified above, list two in each category below. Possible answers are given. Mexican, Hawaiian, Roman, Greek Proper adjectives ____________________________________________________________________ Bobs, his, girls, your Possessive adjectives _________________________________________________________________ those, That Demonstrative adjectives ________________________________________________________________
I C. Using Adjectives
Write a sentence using each of the following nouns as an adjective. Sentences will vary.
1. town__________________________________________________________________________ 2. California______________________________________________________________________ 3. power _________________________________________________________________________ 4. water _____________________________________________________________________________
Grammar Practice
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10.5
Adverbs
Key Information An adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb and makes its meaning more specific. I slowly opened the big door. [modifies opened] I opened the very big door. [modifies big] I very slowly opened the door. [modifies slowly] Negative words such as not, never, and rarely also function as adverbs.
I A. Identifying Adverbs
Underline the adverbs in the following sentences.

1. The archaeologist carefully examined the ancient ruins. 2. Anyone who arrived late was denied entrance. 3. A good surgeon never stops improving his or her operating techniques. 4. The people in the very small crowd applauded loudly and soon were generating plenty of noise. 5. Can meteorologists predict the weather accurately? I B. Determining What Adverbs Do
Underline the word being modified by the italicized adverb in each of the following sentences. Above each word you underline, indicate whether it is a verb, adjective, or adverb.
1. My brothers loud snoring repeatedly woke me up. 2. Julee worked extremely hard on her college applications. 4. Robots routinely perform many complex industrial tasks. 5. Did Rene order the tickets yesterday? I C. Using Adverbs
verb verb
verb
adverb
3. The algebra homework was terribly complicated.
adjective
Change each of the following adjectives to an adverb, and then write a sentence using the adverb. Sentences will vary. recently 1. (recent) ________________________________________________________________________ reluctantly 2. (reluctant) _____________________________________________________________________ quickly 3. (quick) ________________________________________________________________________ wisely 4. (wise) _________________________________________________________________________ well 5. (good) ____________________________________________________________________________
Grammar Practice
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10.6
Prepositions
Key Information A preposition is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to some other word in a sentence. Some common prepositions are against, behind, for, of, over, to, and with. Some prepositions are made up of more than one word. These are called compound prepositions. Some common compound prepositions are according to, because of, and instead of. The noun or pronoun that follows a preposition is called the object of the preposition. The ball rolled under the couch.
I A. Identifying Prepositions
Underline the prepositions in the following sentences.

1. At the site of Daniel Websters birthplace in Franklin, New Hampshire, there is a replica of his familys original two-room house. 2. The home of this great orator reflects the struggles faced by the family. 3. Websters father kept a tavern and also ran a sawmill on nearby Punch Creek. 4. The farmhouse is decorated with simple housekeeping tools. 5. The young Websters education came mostly from newspapers. 6. One of Websters early employers sent him to Phillips Academy at Exeter. 7. Years later Webster taught school for a while. 8. Webster went to Dartmouth College, where he distinguished himself in oratory. 9. Years later before the Supreme Court, Webster spoke highly of Dartmouth.
10. Even at the height of his fame, Webster would return to his humble birthplace. I B. Using Prepositions
Choose a preposition from the list below to complete each of the following sentences. after around by for in inside of without
in 1. Noah Webster was born _________________ West Hartford, Connecticut. of 2. The birthplace was part _________________ a 120-acre farm. inside 3. Exhibits illustrating his spellers and dictionaries are _________________ the house. 4. Without _________________ its excellent definitions, Websters dictionary never would have become popular. 5. After _________________ his death, Websters heirs sold the rights to his dictionaries.
Grammar Practice
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10.7
Subordinating Conjunctions
Key Information A subordinating conjunction joins two clauses, or ideas, in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent upon the other. The idea or clause introduced by a subordinating conjunction is considered subordinate, or dependent, because it cannot stand alone as a sentence. I like pizza unless it has anchovies on it. If it rains, the ceremony will be postponed. A traffic jam formed after police were forced to close two of the roads lanes.
I A. Identifying Subordinating Conjunctions
Underline the subordinating conjunction in each of the following sentences.

1. You can call the toll-free number if you live out of state. 2. Although the crowd was small, the concert was a stunning success. 3. We were not at home when our cousins stopped for a surprise visit. 4. As soon as the poet cleared her throat, the audience fell silent. 5. I usually bring my lunch whenever the cafeteria serves meatloaf sandwiches. 6. If there are no unexpected problems with the scheduling, the job is yours. 7. Some players wear sunglasses so that they do not lose sight of balls in the sun. 8. The chemist vowed to keep experimenting until she finds a cure for the disease. 9. Before you leave an answer blank, be sure you cannot make an educated guess. 10. The sculptor always wore goggles whenever he worked with marble. I B. Using Subordinating Conjunctions
For each of the following sentences, choose the correct subordinating conjunction in parentheses, and write it in the blank. Although 1. _________________ Emily Dickinson was a great poet, we know little about her personal life. (Although/If) until 2. She lived a normal life _________________ she was about thirty. (because/until) After 3. _________________ she visited Boston for eye treatment, she resolved to stay at home with her family. (After/As if)
4. Dickinson spent nearly all of the last two decades of her life in a house in Amherst, where Massachusetts, _________________ she wrote more than 1,700 poems. (because/where)
so that 5. Some people travel to Amherst _________________ they can visit the old Dickinson home. (if/so that)
Grammar Practice
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11.3
Compound Subjects and Predicates

Key Information In a compound subject a conjunction joins two or more simple subjects, which share the same verb. Cheetahs and lions travel in prides. A compound predicate is made up of two or more verbs or verb phrases, also joined by a conjunction, that have the same subject. Hyenas sometimes watch and follow the big cats. Some sentences have both a compound subject and a compound predicate. The students and their parents stood and applauded the speaker.
I A. Identifying Simple and Compound Subjects and Predicates
Above each sentence, indicate whether each subject and predicate is simple or compound. If compound, underline the nouns or verbs that make up the compound element.
1. Catherine Parr married Englands King Henry VIII and outlived him by one year. 2. Clydesdales often pull floats or large wagons in parades. 3. Haydn and Mozart maintained a close friendship. 4. Few hay fever victims can either prevent or cure their symptoms. 5. One fifth of Hungarys population lives and works in Budapest, the countrys capital. 6. Forts both housed and protected people in feudal times. 7. The primroses grew and blossomed in the hot sun. 8. Poems can inspire us to great deeds.
compound
simple simple
compound
simple
compound
simple
simple
compound
simple simple
compound
compound
simple
compound
simple
simple
9. Neil Armstrong and the other astronauts worked long, hard hours. 10. The actors and actresses rehearsed under the bright lights. I B. Using Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates
compound simple
simple
Each of the following sentences has a simple subject and a simple predicate. Expand the sentences so that they include either compound subjects, compound predicates, or both. You may add other words to your sentences to make them more interesting. Sentences will vary.
1. Monsters lurked under the bed. 2. My toes tingled in delight. 3. I peeked carefully. 4. Nothing was under there.
1. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________

Grammar Practice
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11.5
Indirect Objects
Key Information An indirect object tells to whom or to what or for whom or for what something is done. A sentence can have an indirect object only if it has a direct object. The indirect object usually appears after the verb and before the direct object. The animal shelter gives stray animals protection. [The shelter gives protection to what?] Contributions buy the shelter needed supplies. [Contributions buy supplies for what?] The words to and for are never used with indirect objects. To and for are prepositions. A noun or pronoun following to or for is actually the object of the preposition.
I A. Identifying Direct and Indirect Objects
For each of the following sentences, underline the direct object once and the indirect object twice. One sentence does not have an indirect object.
1. Paris has always given foreign writers a place of shelter. 2. Paris also offered a source of inspiration to these writers. 3. In the twenties American writers in Paris would bring Gertrude Stein their writings. 4. In her criticisms she would tell them the truth. 5. Sadly, living in Paris now costs such creative young people a great deal. I B. Using Indirect Objects
Add an indirect object to each sentence. Rewrite the sentences. Possible answers are given.
1. The bride and groom pledged their love and faithfulness. each other __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. My brother left a funny message on my answering machine. me __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. The doctor sent notices of her change of address. patients __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Some people do not lend money. anyone __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Maria promised a phone call if she was going to be late. her mother __________________________________________________________________________________
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Grammar Practice
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11.5
Object Complements
Key Information An object complement completes the meaning of a direct object by identifying or describing it. Object complements appear only in sentences that contain direct objects. They also need an action verb that has the general meaning of make or consider. appoint call choose consider elect find make name prove render think vote An object complement follows a direct object and may be an adjective, noun, or pronoun. Dad makes common courtesy mandatory. [adjective] Her friends elected Sue captain. [noun] We now consider the stray dog ours. [pronoun]
I A. Identifying Object Complements
Underline the object complements in the following sentences. Above each, write whether it is an adjective, noun, or pronoun.
1. Computers and word processors have made typewriters practically obsolete. 2. Most great musicians consider daily practice necessary and even enjoyable. 3. The art investigator has labeled that painting a fraud. 4. The womans will declares the land theirs forever. I B. Using Object Complements
pronoun noun adjective adjective
Complete each of the following sentences with an object complement. Possible answers are given. surprised 1. The presidents resignation left everybody _________________. unsafe 2. Several engineers have declared the factory _________________. heroic 3. The newspaper called the wounded police officer _________________. chairperson 4. The committee members voted Mr. Franklin _________________.
I C. Writing Object Complements
Now try your own sentences. Use verbs from the list on this page or similar verbs, and write four sentences about your school or community and how people feel about it. Sentences will vary.
1. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________
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Grammar Practice
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11.5
Subject Complements
Key Information A subject complement describes or further identifies the subject of a sentence. The two kinds of subject complements are predicate nominatives and predicate adjectives. A predicate nominative is a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and further identifies the subject. My neighbor is a plumber. Nestor remained a singer for many years. A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject. The book was exciting. Gail feels confident about the test.
I A. Identifying Subject Complements
Underline the subject complements in the following sentences. Above each, write whether it is a predicate nominative (PN) or predicate adjective (PA).
1. A lawyer can become a judge. 2. The stew tastes too salty. 3. The signal may have been a warning. 4. Eddie and Alex Van Halen are brothers as well as professional musicians. 5. That directors movies always have been mysterious. I B. Using Subject Complements
PA PN PN PN PA PN
Complete each of the following sentences with a subject complement. Identify your subject complement as a predicate nominative (PN) or a predicate adjective (PA). Answers will vary.
1. Both of the politicians running for re-election are _________________. 2. The instructions on the box seemed _________________. 3. The cars windshield is _________________. 4. The acting in the Oscar-winning movie was _________________. 5. After winning the scholarship, Amelia felt _________________. I C. Subject Complements: You Are the Subject
Write five short sentences about yourself. Use a different linking verb in each sentence. Use a variety of predicate nominatives and predicate adjectives. Sentences will vary.
1. ____________________________________________________________________________ 2. ____________________________________________________________________________ 3. ____________________________________________________________________________ 4. ____________________________________________________________________________ 5. ____________________________________________________________________________
12
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
12.1
Prepositional Phrases
Key Information A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and usually ends with a noun or pronoun, called the object of the preposition. I left before halftime. [Halftime is the object of the preposition before.] Prepositions may have more than one object. We stopped at the supermarket and the mall. A prepositional phrase can act as an adjective or adverb. The man on the cover is a professional model. [adjective phrase modifying man] The model has appeared in many magazines. [adverb phrase modifying has appeared]
I A. Identifying Prepositional Phrases
Underline the prepositional phrases in the following sentences.

1. Langston Hughes was a major poet of the Harlem Renaissance. 2. Hughes stood out because he tried to incorporate jazz rhythms into his poems. 3. Beneath its formal surface, his best poetry is filled with life and emotion. 4. Over the years many poets have used the poetry of Langston Hughes as a model. I B. Identifying Prepositional Phrases and Their Functions
Underline the prepositional phrase in each of the following sentences. Then write whether each phrase is acting as an adjective or adverb. adverb 1. Pablo Neruda, the great Chilean poet, died in 1973. _________________ adjectives 2. He wrote beautiful poems for both adults and children. _________________
3. He wrote about the lonely, haunting, and remote Chilean countryside. adverb _________________
adjective 4. Nerudas poetry urges a return to simpler things. _________________ adjective 5. The superior quality of his poetry earned him a Nobel Prize. _________________
I C. Using Prepositional Phrases
Use each of the following nouns or noun phrases in a sentence. Make each noun or phrase the object of a preposition. Sentences will vary.
1. (her aunt) _________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. (the restaurant)_____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. (Indianapolis) ______________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. (the tornado) ______________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________
13
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
12.2
Appositives and Appositive Phrases

Key Information An appositive is a noun or pronoun next to another noun or pronoun that identifies or gives additional information about it. Our dog Buck likes to sleep next to the door. An appositive phrase is an appositive plus any words that modify it. The car, a shiny, red convertible, sped past. As in the sentence above, appositive phrases that are not essential to the meaning of the sentence should be set off by commas.
I A. Identifying Appositives and Appositive Phrases
Underline the appositive phrases in the following sentences once. Underline the appositives themselves twice.
1. The jade plant, a popular houseplant, is a hardy and adaptable succulent. 2. Gils sister-in-law Marjorie is an attorney. 3. We enjoyed visiting Williamsport, a colonial village. 4. The actor Harrison Ford has starred in several action films. 5. Compact discs now have a new music rival, digital audio tapes. 6. Melanies boss, Ms. Green, allowed her to report to work late during track season. I B. Using Appositives and Appositive Phrases
1. James Joyce is considered one of the great writers of the English language. (a twentiethcentury novelist)
James Joyce, a twentieth-century novelist, is considered. . . . __________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________ 2. He wrote three novels, all of them set in Ireland. (the country of his birth)
. . . set in Ireland, the country of his birth. __________________________________________________________________________________

3. The action in his novel takes place during one day in Dublin. (Ulysses)
. . . his novel Ulysses takes place. . . . __________________________________________________________________________________

4. The day is celebrated by some as Bloomsday. (June 16)
. . . Bloomsday, June 16. __________________________________________________________________________________

5. Bloomsday is named for Leopold and Molly Bloom. (the novels central characters)
. . . for Leopold and Molly Bloom, the novels central characters. __________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
14
Rewrite each of the following sentences, using the group of words in parentheses as an appositive phrase. If the phrase is not essential to the meaning of the sentence, set it off with commas.
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
12.3
Participles and Participial Phrases

Key Information A participle is a verb form that can function as an adjective. The dripping faucet kept us awake all night. [dripping modifies the noun faucet] Present participles always end in -ing. Past participles often end in -ed but can take other forms as well. The motorcycles roaring engine shook the windows. The muted notes came from a hidden speaker. A participial phrase contains a participle plus any complements and modifiers. Running at great speed, the deer escaped the wolf. [phrase modifies noun deer] Chris, smelling smoke from the basement, called the fire department. [phrase modifies noun Chris] The photographer, determined to get a picture of the comet, stayed awake all night. [phrase modifies noun photographer]
I A. Identifying Participles and Participial Phrases
Underline the participles and participial phrases in the following sentences. Then circle the word each phrase modifies.
1. People looking for a words exact definition should consult a dictionary. 2. Elated with his grade report, Maurice sprinted home to tell his parents. 3. The wolverine, cornered by the bear, hissed and snapped its teeth. 4. The painting hanging in the hall is an original Picasso. 5. Frustrated, the inexperienced golfer threw his putter into the lake.
I B. Using Verbs and Participles
Write two sentences using each of the following words. In the first sentence use the word as the main verb. In the second sentence use the word as a participle. Sentences will vary.
Example: walking a. I was walking home when the rain began. (verb) b. Walking home in the rain without an umbrella, I got drenched. (participle) 1. shaking a. _______________________________________________________________________________ b. _______________________________________________________________________________ 2. painted a. _______________________________________________________________________________ b. _______________________________________________________________________________ 3. leaping a. _______________________________________________________________________________ b. _______________________________________________________________________________
15
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
12.3
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases

Key Information A gerund is a verb form that ends in -ing and is used in the same way a noun is used. Walking is an effective and safe exercise. [gerund as subject] My wife hates my singing. [gerund as direct object] She has not thought about running. [gerund as object of a preposition] A gerund phrase is a gerund plus any complement and modifiers. Bills secret for good pies was putting the dough in the freezer for an hour. [gerund phrase as predicate nominative] Be careful not to confuse gerunds with present participles. Both end in -ing, but a present participle is used as an adjective, whereas a gerund is used as a noun. A gerund phrase can usually be replaced by the word it.
I A. Identifying Gerunds and Gerund Phrases
Underline the gerunds and gerund phrases in the following sentences.

1. Yves Saint-Laurents business, designing fashionable clothing, became popular in the sixties. 2. His brilliant capacity for setting new fashion standards helped him rise quickly. 3. Admirers have noted his preference for combining the stylish with the unusual. 4. Actually, with all his talents, succeeding was relatively simple for Saint-Laurent. I B. Using Participles and Gerunds
Write two sentences using each of the following words. In the first sentence use the word as a participle. In the second sentence use the word as a gerund. Sentences will vary.
a. Walking home in the rain without an umbrella, I became drenched. (participle) b. Walking home in the rain without an umbrella is a good way to become drenched. (gerund) 1. cleaning a. _______________________________________________________________________________ b. _______________________________________________________________________________ 2. driving a. _______________________________________________________________________________ b. _______________________________________________________________________________ 3. shining a. _______________________________________________________________________________ b. _______________________________________________________________________________ 4. placing a. _______________________________________________________________________________ b. _______________________________________________________________________________ 16
Example: walking
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
12.3
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases

Key Information An infinitive is a verb form that is usually preceded by the word to and is used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. To apologize is not always easy. [infinitive as subject] Ernest Hemingway loved to hunt. [infinitive as direct object] That horse is the one to watch. [infinitive as adjective] Bonita practices piano to improve. [infinitive as adverb] An infinitive phrase contains an infinitive and any complements and modifiers. To have admitted the problem is important. He hoped to save time with the shortcut.
I A. Identifying Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases
Underline the infinitives and infinitive phrases in the following sentences.

1. The ability to budget time is a large part of being a good student. 2. Melissa has earned the opportunity to attend a prestigious college. 3. This engine has the ability to produce 180 horsepower. 4. I am not sure what I am going to do. 5. Karl certainly has the patience to teach small children. 6. Working up the nerve to ask another person out on a date is often a lengthy process. 7. After much inner debate, George finally decided to ask Jennifer to the prom.
8. He started to dial Jennifers phone number sixteen times before actually letting the call go through. 9. Without even hesitating, Jennifer said she would be delighted to go with George. 10. George hopes that he will be able to overcome the effects of his astonishment in time for the prom. I B. Using Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases
Write a sentence using each of the following infinitives. Then write whether the infinitive functions as a noun, an adjective or an adverb. Sentences will vary.
1. (to hide) __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. (to have won) ______________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. (to save) __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. (to instruct)________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________
17
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
13.1, 3
Main Clauses; Simple and Compound Sentences

A compound sentence contains two or more main clauses. Kim dances, and Terry sings. The main clauses are usually joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, nor, yet, or for. Kim also dances professionally, but Terry sings only as an amateur. The main clauses may also be joined by a semicolon. Kim also dances professionally; Terry sings only as an amateur.
Key Information A simple sentence may contain a compound subject, compound predicate, or both, but it must have only one main clause. Remember that a main clause has a subject and a predicate and can stand alone as a sentence. Kim dances. Kim and Terry dance. [compound subject] Kim dances and sings. [compound predicate] Kim and Terry dance and sing. [compound subject and compound predicate]
I A. Identifying Simple and Compound Sentences
Write whether each of the following sentences is simple or compound. In the sentences that are compound, bracket the main clauses. simple 1. Under cover of darkness, the scout crossed the enemys line. __________________ compound 2. Tomatoes are usually easy to grow, but broccoli is more difficult. __________________ compound 3. Naomi shrieked, but Paulette only laughed. __________________ compound 4. The pencil sharpener was broken; the teacher permitted the use __________________ of pens. compound 5. You should read the entire chapter, but I can summarize it for you. __________________ simple 6. The dog and the cat got along quite well and even shared each __________________ others food.
I B. Writing Simple and Compound Sentences
Use each of the following pairs of verbs to form first a simple sentence and then a compound sentence. You may change the tenses of the verbs if you wish. Sentences will vary.
1. saw, heard _________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. lived, moved _______________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. leaped, bolted ______________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. fly, land ___________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________
18
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
13.5
Adjective Clauses
Key Information An adjective clause is subordinate and modifies a noun or pronoun. That show is one that always amuses me. My room is the place where I have the most privacy. Adjective clauses are introduced by relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, that, and which) or by the subordinating conjunctions where and when. Adjective clauses that cannot be removed without clouding the sentences meaning are essential, or restrictive, clauses. That is one show that the public loves. Adjective clauses that are not needed to make a sentences meaning clear are called nonessential, or nonrestrictive, clauses. They are always set off by commas. That show, which is my favorite also, airs every Monday night at 9:00 P.M.
I A. Understanding Adjective Clauses
For each of the following sentences, underline the adjective clause once, write either essential or nonessential above it, and circle the word that it modifies. One sentence has two adjective clauses.
1. In the game of cricket, play takes place between two teams, which have eleven members each. 2. The two wickets are the objects that are central to the game. 3. The wickets, which are three wooden stumps, are placed sixty feet apart. 4. The player whose turn it is to bat stands in front of a wicket. 5. The bowler, who is like a pitcher in baseball, throws a ball that resembles a baseball.
nonessential
essential
nonessential
essential
nonessential
6. The batter tries to hit the ball while defending his wicket, which has two crosspieces balanced on top. 7. A batter who successfully hits the ball runs to the opposite wicket. 8. The pitchers goal is to knock off the two crosspieces that are on top of the wicket by making the batter swing and miss. I B. Using Adjective Clauses
essential essential
nonessential
Combine each of the following pairs of sentences to form one complex sentence. To do this, change the second sentence to an adjective clause, and then add it to the first sentence.
1. Wallace Stevens was born in Reading, Pennsylvania, in 1879. Wallace Stevens is considered one of the greatest American poets.
Wallace Stevens, who is considered one of the greatest American poets, was born in Reading, __________________________________________________________________________________ Pennsylvania, in 1879. __________________________________________________________________________________
2. The fact that Stevens did not win the Nobel Prize for literature surprised many Americans. The Americans were familiar with his work.
The fact that Stevens did not win the Nobel Prize for literature surprised many Americans who were __________________________________________________________________________________ familiar with his work. __________________________________________________________________________________
19
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
13.6
Adverb Clauses
Key Information An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. Adverb clauses tell when, where, how, why, to what extent, or under what conditions. After I passed my test, I drove home as a fully licensed driver. [adverb clause telling when the subject drove] I was happy because I had obtained my license on my first try. [adverb clause telling why the subject was happy] An adverb clause is introduced by a subordinating conjunction. An adverb clause may appear before or after the main clause. Because I had obtained my license on my first try, I was happy. Certain words can sometimes be left out of an adverb clause. You can easily supply the missing words, however, since they are implied. I doubt if he can spell better than I [can spell].
I A. Identifying Adverb Clauses
In each of the following sentences, underline the adverb clause once, and underline the word or words that it modifies twice.
1. John Keatss work will be studied as long as English poetry is studied. 2. Before he died at the early age of twenty-five, Keats had written some of the finest poems in the English language. 3. It is actually quite easy for one to gain a quick taste of Keatss talents, since many of his most acclaimed works are short poems called odes. 4. Some were written in great haste as if he were afraid to lose his inspiration. 5. For example, after he had spent a few hours sitting outside one day, he wrote one of his most famous poems, Ode to a Nightingale. 6. When the poet Shelley heard of Keatss death, he wrote a long poetical lament entitled Adonais. 7. Since Keats had not been very popular with the critics, Shelley blamed them for the poets death. 8. Late in his life, when he learned he was dying from tuberculosis, Keats moved from England to Rome. I B. Using Adverb Clauses
Combine each of the following pairs of sentences to form one complex sentence. To do this, change the second sentence to an adverb clause. Then add it to the first sentence.
1. Great Britain has surprisingly mild winters. The Gulf Stream brings warm air from the south. Great Britain has surprisingly mild winters because the Gulf Stream brings warm air from the south. __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. A lunar eclipse occurs. The earth passes between the sun and the moon. A lunar eclipse occurs when the earth passes between the sun and the moon. __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. A tree is deciduous. It loses its leaves in the fall. A tree is deciduous if it loses its leaves in the fall. __________________________________________________________________________________ 20
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
13.7
Noun Clauses
Key Information A noun clause is a subordinate clause that functions as a noun. A noun clause can serve as a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, the object of a preposition, or nominative. Whoever committed the crime will be caught. [subject] The detective wondered where each suspect had been that night. [direct object] The police have photos of what was stolen. [object of a preposition] The prime suspect will be whoever does not have an alibi. [predicate nominative] The following are some of the words that can be used to introduce noun clauses. how that what whatever when where which whichever who, whom whoever whose why
I A. Identifying Noun Clauses
Underline the noun clause in each of the following sentences. Then write above the clause how it is used, as a subject (S), direct object (DO), indirect object (IO), predicate nominative (PN), or object of a preposition (OP).
1. The biology teacher showed the class how to begin the frog dissection. 2. No one knows who invented the wheel.
DO DO
3. The explorers dreamed that they would some day find the fountain of youth. 4. In todays meet, the winner will be whoever has the most stamina. 5. When they will get here always remains a mystery until the last minute. 6. I could not see for whom the audience was applauding.
DO
PN
OP
I B. Using Noun Clauses
In each of the following sentences, replace the words in italics with an appropriate noun clause. Write your new sentence in the space provided. Possible answers are given.
Example: Swimming enthusiasts like to go to the beach. Whoever enjoys swimming likes to go to the beach. 1. You can usually find necessary news about recent happenings in the newspaper.
You can usually find what you need to know about current events in the newspaper. __________________________________________________________________________________
2. At a crowded restaurant, people were talking about the approaching weather.
At a crowded restaurant, people were talking about whether it would rain or snow. __________________________________________________________________________________
3. They will award the winner the trophy.
They will award whoever wins the trophy. __________________________________________________________________________________

4. The mail carrier will deliver any of the postage-paid packages.
The mail carrier will deliver whichever packages have the proper postage. __________________________________________________________________________________
21
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
13.8
Four Kinds of Sentences

Key Information A declarative sentence is a statement. It usually ends with a period. The eggs are in the refrigerator. An imperative sentence is a command or request. The subject you is understood. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. Bring me the eggs from the refrigerator. An interrogative sentence asks a question. It ends with a question mark. Will you bring me the eggs? An exclamatory sentence expresses strong emotion. It ends with an exclamation point. Bring me the eggs now!
I A. Identifying Sentence Types
In the space provided, indicate whether each sentence is declarative, imperative, interrogative, or exclamatory. imperative __________________ 1. Always make sure there are good batteries in your smoke detector. exclamatory 2. Its pizza day in the cafeteria! __________________ declarative 3. I would like to see your rough drafts by Monday. __________________ imperative 4. Read that again, but this time with feeling. __________________ interrogative 5. Do you have a hall pass, young man? __________________
I B. Using the Various Sentence Types
imperative __________________ 2. Do not turn on the television until your homework is finished. (declarative) You can turn on the television when your homework is finished. declarative __________________ 3. Some people think The Thin Man is the funniest movie of all. (exclamatory) What a funny movie The Thin Man is! exclamatory __________________ 4. Watch out for the edge of that cliff! (interrogative) Did you watch out for the edge of that cliff? exclamatory __________________ 5. What a perfect day this has been! (declarative) This has been a perfect day.
22
Classify each of the following sentences according to the sentence type. Then rewrite the sentence to make it the type indicated in parentheses. interrogative __________________ 1. Did you listen to that tape yet? (imperative) Listen to that tape.
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
13.9
Sentence Fragments
Key Information A sentence fragment is an incomplete sentence punctuated as though it were a complete sentence. A sentence fragment can often be corrected by joining it to a main clause. Sometimes it may be necessary to add missing words to make a complete sentence. Following are samples of the three basic errors that cause sentence fragments, each followed by one possible correction.
NO SUBJECT:
Hal drove that car last week. Says it was fast. Hal drove that car last week, and he says it was fast. Its annoying bark going on for hours. Its annoying bark has been going on for hours. My mother was mad. Because we were two hours late. My mother was mad because we were two hours late.
CORRECTED:
NO COMPLETE VERB: CORRECTED:
NO MAIN CLAUSE: CORRECTED:
I A. Identifying Sentence Fragments
Write whether each of the following items contains a fragment or two complete sentences. fragment __________________ 1. He has become too interested in his personal statistics. Like so many other professional athletes these days. fragment 2. The dance will be held in the gym. Which is going to be decorated. __________________ sentences 3. The computer class that was going to be offered every Monday has __________________ been canceled. There apparently is a scheduling conflict. fragment 4. After staking out the old warehouse for two weeks. The detective __________________ arrested the smugglers.
I B. Correcting Sentence Fragments
Choose any two of the items above that you identified as containing fragments and rewrite each so that the fragment is corrected. Answers will vary.
23
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
13.10
Run-on Sentences
A run-on sentence consists of two or more complete sentences presented as though they were one sentence. There are three basic types of run-on sentences.
COMMA SPLICE: NO PUNCTUATION:
Key Information I gave the first speech I was nervous. I gave the first speech. I was nervous. I gave the first speech; I was nervous. I gave the first speech, and I was nervous. My sister drives to school each day but I still take the bus. My sister drives to school each day, but I still take the bus.
CORRECTED:
I called Mark with the news, he called Sara. I called Mark with the news. Then he called Sara. I called Mark with the news, and then he called Sara.
CORRECTED:
CORRECTED:
CORRECTED:
CORRECTED:
NO COMMA BEFORE THE CONJUNCTION: CORRECTED:
I A. Identifying Run-on Sentences
I B. Correcting Run-on Sentences
Choose any two of the sentences above that you identified as run-ons, and write correct versions of them. Answers will vary.
24
Write whether each of the following sentences is a run-on or a correct sentence. run-on 1. Many jazz critics consider Duke Ellingtons big band the most talented __________________ group of all time, some think Count Basies band was more exciting. correct sentence 2. The bands differences could be seen in their leaders, for Ellington __________________ was sophisticated and sometimes very showy while Basie was less pretentious and more direct. run-on 3. Despite these differences an amazing event occurred in 1961 when __________________ the two entire bands played together in a New York recording studio it was the first and last time the bands ever combined their talents. correct sentence 4. The members of both all-star bands crammed into the studio, __________________ and the Count and the Duke sat across from each other at twin grand pianos. run-on 5. The recording that resulted from this collaboration is truly a classic, __________________ it was as if the two great basketball players Larry Bird and Michael Jordan teamed up only once to play on the same team.
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
15.2
Regular and Irregular Verbs

Key Information A regular verb forms its past and past participle by adding -ed to the base form. Base Form jump paint Past Form jumped painted Past Participle jumped painted An irregular verb forms its past and past participle in some way other than adding -ed to the base form. Base Form grow swim Past Form grew swam Past Participle grown swum
I A. Supplying the Correct Principal Part
Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verb in parentheses. ridden 1. I have _______________ a horse only once. (ride) performed 2. The eager tenor _______________ his favorite solo for the audition. (perform) swim 3. Mother does not think we should _______________ so soon after lunch. (swim) written 4. Is there anyone here who has not _______________ his or her essay yet? (write) ripped 5. Paper must be _______________ into the tiniest of bits to make good confetti. (rip)
6. Every March 21, Grandpa would open the windows and cry, Spring has sprung _______________ ! (spring)
carried 7. Mary _______________ the groceries home from the store and set them on the kitchen table. (carry) rose 8. A huge cloud of dust _______________ after the building was demolished. (rise) lain 9. For years my father has _______________ on the sofa for a nap every night after dinner. (lie)
Copyright McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
declared 10. In fact, Dad _______________ a long time ago that the sofa was to be his every night at this time. (declare)
I B. Using the Correct Principal Part
Write a sentence using each of the following verb forms. Sentences will vary. thought 1. (past form of think) _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________ gone 2. (past participle of go) _______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ hurried 3. (past form of hurry) ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ known 4. (past participle of know) _____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ exclaimed 5. (past participle of exclaim) ___________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________
25
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
15.4
Perfect Tenses
Key Information The present perfect tense is used to express an action or condition that occurred at some indefinite time in the past. It consists of has or have plus the past participle of a verb. Paul has ordered his class ring. The past perfect tense is used to indicate that one past action or condition began and ended before another past action started. It consists of had plus the past participle of a verb. He had asked three times before she agreed to marry him. The future perfect tense is used to express one future action or condition that will begin and end before another future event starts. It consists of will have or shall have plus the past participle of a verb. By the time I am old enough to drive, our car probably will have become a heap of junk.
I A. Identifying Perfect Tenses
Underline the correct auxiliary verb in each of the following sentences. Above each verb write whether the entire verb is in the present perfect (PRP), past perfect (PP), or future perfect (FP) tense.
1. By 2010, people (have/will have) been reading the works of Charles Dickens for more than 170 years. 2. In the years after the Victorian era, people (had/have) enjoyed reading about Ebenezer Scrooge in A Christmas Carol. 3. After millions of people (had/have) experienced this tale of a cheap English businessman who is scared into changing his ways, the name Scrooge came to mean a person who is greedy, mean, and hateful.
FP
PRP
PP
4. Thanks to another great Dickens work, A Tale of Two Cities, millions more people (will PRP have/have) understood the very real human emotions involved in a historical event as important as the French Revolution. 5. By the time of his death, Charles Dickens (has/had) published more than fifteen novels. I B. Using Perfect Tenses
PP
Write a sentence using each of the following verb tenses. Sentences will vary. will have begun 1. (future perfect tense of begin) ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________ had rehearsed 2. (past perfect tense of rehearse) ________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ has or have lost 3. (present perfect tense of lose) _________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________
will have printed 4. (future perfect tense of print) _________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
26
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
15.7
Voice of Verbs
Key Information An action verb is in the active voice when the subject of the sentence performs the action. The student sharpened her pencil. An action verb is in the passive voice when its action is performed on the subject. The pencil was sharpened by the student. In general, you should choose the active voice over the passive, because it is more expressive and less wordy. However, if you cannot or do not want to identify the performer, use the passive voice. The stolen goods were returned. [You may not know or wish to identify who returned them.]
I A. Identifying the Active and Passive Voices
Above each verb in the following sentences, write whether it is active or passive.
1. The vaccine for polio was developed by Dr. Jonas Salk. 2. American researchers are continuing to explore alternative energy sources. 3. The defense attorney will file her motion for dismissal early this morning. 4. The Academy Award nominees are announced early each spring. 5. The student councils plan was praised by a majority of faculty members. I B. Changing the Voice of Verbs
passive passive active active passive
Rewrite each of the following sentences by changing the active voice to passive or the passive voice to active.
1. The candidates for class president were introduced by the principal. The principal introduced the candidates for class president. __________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________ 2. An immature act of vandalism damaged the football field before the big game. The football field was damaged by an immature act of vandalism before the big game. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. The band performed three encores.
Three encores were performed by the band. __________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________ 4. My family has been invited to a dinner by our neighbors the Mendozas.
Our neighbors the Mendozas have invited my family to a dinner. __________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________ 5. My friends bike tire was punctured by a sharp rock yesterday.
Yesterday a sharp rock punctured my friends bike tire. __________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
27
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
16.2
Agreement with Linking Verb

Key Information Do not be confused by a predicate nominative that differs in number from the subject. Only the subject affects the number of the linking verb. The biggest expense was the new math books. [The singular linking verb was agrees with the singular subject expense, not the plural predicate nominative books.] The monster trucks were the main attraction. [The plural linking verb were agrees with the plural subject trucks, not the singular predicate nominative attraction.]
I A. Making Linking Verbs Agree with Their Subjects
Underline the subject in each of the following sentences. Then underline the form of the verb in parentheses that agrees with that subject.
1. The two king cobras (was/were) a highlight for me at the zoo. 2. The book clubs monthly feature (is/are) three stories by Zora Neale Hurston. 3. Keeshas three favorite music groups (is/are) the subject of the cable special. 4. The candidates downfall (was/were) his ignorance and his bad temper. 5. The declining test scores (have/has) been a cause for alarm for educators. 6. Halogen headlights (was/were) last weeks sale special at the auto store. 7. As usual, my mail (is/are) mostly promotional items and sweepstakes forms. 8. New test tubes (is/are) usually the chemistry departments biggest expense. 9. For some people a symphonys movements (is/are) a source of joy. 10. The power outages cause (was/were) the two crossed high-tension wires.
I B. Writing Sentences with Linking Verbs
Write five original sentences that each include a linking verb. Be sure that each linking verb agrees with its subject. Sentences will vary.
1. _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 3. _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 4. _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 5. _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________
28
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
16.45
Agreement with Special Subjects

A title is always singular, even if a noun within the title is plural. A compound subject that is joined by and or both...and is plural unless its parts belong to one unit or refer to the same person or thing. When a compound subject is joined by or or nor (or by either...or or neither...nor), the verb always agrees with the subject nearer the verb. When many a, every, or each precedes a compound subject, the subject is considered singular.
Key Information A collective noun names a group. Consider a collective noun singular when it refers to a group as a whole, and plural when it refers to each member of a group individually. Certain nouns that end in -s look plural but take singular verbs ( measles, news), but certain other nouns that end in -s take plural verbs ( pliers, scissors). A noun of amount is singular when it refers to a total considered as one unit, and plural when it refers to a number of individual units.
I A. Making Verbs Agree with Special Subjects and Compound Subjects
Underline the subject in each of the following sentences. Then underline the form of the verb in parentheses that agrees with that subject.
1. I still think six hours (is/are) a long time to play video games every day. 2. The office staff (make/makes) a large donation to charity every year. 3. Twelve Angry Men (remain/remains) popular among movie fans to this day. 4. When even a few quarters (is/are) jingling in my pocket, I feel good. 5. Two hundred dollars (is/are) in that two-inch pile. 6. Neither the fans nor the air conditioner (was/were) working.
7. Many a chair, table, and sofa (was/were) destroyed in the warehouse fire. 8. The videocassette recorder and the camcorder (has/have) become popular items. I B. Using Verbs That Agree with Special Subjects and Compound Subjects
Each of the following sentences contains an error in subject and verb agreement. Rewrite each sentence correctly in the space provided.
1. Scalloped potatoes goes well with both ham and meat loaf. potatoes go well __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. The staff is arriving one at a time. The staff are __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Politics are always more widely publicized during major election years. Politics is __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Peaches-and-cream describe a clear, healthy-looking complexion. Peaches-and-cream describes __________________________________________________________________________________
29
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
17.1
Case of Personal Pronouns

Key Information Personal pronouns refer to persons or things. These pronouns have three cases: Nominative, objective, and possessive. The case of a personal pronoun depends upon its function in the sentence. Personal pronouns can function as subjects, complements, or objects or prepositions. In a sentence with a compound subject or object, take out the conjunction and the other subject or object to help you figure out which form of the pronoun to use.
I A. Choosing Proper Pronoun Case
In each of the following sentences, circle the correct pronoun in parentheses.

1. Michael and (I/me) didnt know much about northern lights. 2. Ms. Cerutti, my science teacher, asked (he/him) and (I/me) to write reports on this celestial phenomenon. 3. (He/Him) and (I/me) were to submit our reports to her by the end of the marking period. 4. She also said the decision of which reports would be entered in the science fair would be (her/hers). 5. Michael read faster than (I/me) because his book was so good. 6. I learned from listening to (him/his) summarizing. 7. For example, the scientific term is aurora borealis; (its/its) name is almost as pretty as the phenomenon itself 8. The librarian told Michael and (I/me) that the lights are caused by electrical discharges in electrically unstable air.
9. The northern lights occur most often in mid-December; it astonished (he/him) and (I/me) the first time we saw them. 10. (He/him) and (I/me) hope that (we/us) and our families see more of them this winter. I B. Using Pronouns in Compound Parts of Sentences
For each of the following phrases, write a sentence that uses the phrase correctly. Sentences will vary.
1. (Beth and I) _______________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. (Beth and me) _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. (Gary and him) ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. (Gary and he) ______________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. (you and she) ______________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 30
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
17.2
Pronouns with and as Appositives

Key Information If a pronoun is in apposition to a subject or predicate nominative, use the nominative case. The best math students, she and Matthew, are also good in science. [Students is the subject.] If a pronoun is in apposition to an object, use the objective case. The math teacher praised the achievements of his best students, her and Matthew. [Students is the object of a preposition.]
I A. Using Pronouns as Appositives
In each of the following sentences, underline the correct pronoun in parentheses.

1. The win pleased the teams two biggest fans, Nick and (I/me). 2. All those associated with the teamthe players and (they/them)cheered. 3. The people with good seats, (we/us) and the coaches, saw a terrific game. 4. Our favorite players, Mitchell and (he/him), played well as usual. 5. After the game three of my friendsBill, Davina, and (she/her)went to a movie. I B. Writing Sentences with Pronouns as Appositives
Write five original sentences. In each sentence, include at least one pronoun that is used with or as an appositive. Write about a current news event, a recent activity at your school, or another topic of your choice. Sentences will vary.
1. _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________ 3. _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 4. _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 5. _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________
31
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
17.3
Pronouns After Than and As

Key Information In an elliptical adverb clause introduced by than or as, choose the case of the pronoun you would use if the missing words were present. Karen scored more points than he. [The nominative pronoun he is the subject of the incomplete adverb clause than he scored.] Still, the team appreciated Karen as much as her. [The object pronoun her is the direct object of the incomplete adverb clause as much as it appreciated her.]
I A. Using Pronouns After Than and As
In each of the following sentences, underline the correct pronoun in parentheses.

1. Dogs have better senses of smell than (we/us). 2. You can draw much better than (I/me). 3. The concert was enjoyed more by Jennifer than (he/him). 4. I learned to walk earlier than (she/her). 5. Did the special assembly interest you as much as (I/me)? 6. Daryl is better at balancing chemical equations than (she/her). 7. The stories of Dr. Seuss delight my sister as much as (they/them). 8. Does she really like pizza as much as (he/him). 9. Our neighbors painted their house the same week as (we/us). 10. The thought of shaking the governors hand excited Anna as much as (I/me). I B. Writing Sentences with Pronouns After Than and As
Write five sentences of your own. In each sentence, include a pronoun used correctly after than or as in the manner indicated. Sentences should use correct pronoun forms. I, you, he, she, it, they, we 1. (nominative pronoun) ______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________ See #1. 2. (nominative pronoun) ______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ me, you, him, her, it, them, us 3. (objective pronoun) ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ See #3. 4. (objective pronoun) ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ See #1. 5. (nominative pronoun) ______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________
32
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
17.5
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
Key Information A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number (singular or plural) and gender (masculine, feminine, or neuter). A talk show host asked her guest many questions. [singular feminine pronoun] The brass lamp is losing its luster. [singular neuter pronoun] The fans indicated their pleasure. [plural pronoun] A pronoun must also agree with its antecedent in person. Avoid shifting pronouns from one person to another. I want to go where you can swim. [shift from first to second person] I want to go where I can swim. [consistent use of first person] When a personal pronoun has an indefinite pronoun for its antecedent, make sure the pronouns agree in number. Each of the boys is happy with his grade. [singular pronouns] Several of the companies advertise their water filters vigorously. [plural pronouns]
I A. Making Pronouns and Antecedents Agree
In each of the following sentences, fill in the blank with the appropriate pronoun. Make sure the pronoun you choose agrees with its italicized antecedent in person, number, and gender. its 1. The wild horse refused to allow anyone onto _______________ back. their 2. The fifty protesters formed a human chain by locking _______________ arms. her 3. My mother sometimes forgets _______________ briefcase. his 4. Mike is thinking of selling _______________ old bike. their 5. The boys have memorized all _______________ lines for the upcoming play.
he he 6. Randall said _______________ would not eat any food _______________ could not recognize as animal or vegetable. their 7. The local citizens voted against the plan to raise _______________ taxes. their 8. Maria and her friends are inviting everyone to _______________ party.
I B. Making Pronouns Agree with Indefinite Pronoun Antecedents
In each of the following sentences, fill in the blank with the appropriate possessive pronoun. Make sure the pronoun you choose agrees with its italicized antecedent in number. his or her 1. Each of the candidates for office has been explaining _______________ plans for the future. their 2. Many of the people have made _______________ decisions about whom to support. their 3. Several of the early candidates have already withdrawn _______________ names from ballots.
4. Later this year, all of the newspapers will print endorsements of the candidates of their _______________ choice.
his or her 5. Everyone hopes _______________ own candidate will win.

33
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
17.6
Clear Pronoun Reference

Key Information Avoid vague pronoun reference. The pronouns this, that, which, and it should refer to a clearly stated antecedent. The mechanic is looking for the problem, which could take a long time. [vague] The mechanic is looking for the problem, and his inspection could take a long time. [clear] Avoid ambiguous pronoun reference. If a pronoun seems to refer to more than one antecedent, either reword the sentence to make the actual antecedents identity clear or eliminate the pronoun. Tennis player Jennifer Capriati smiled at fellow player Monica Seles when she was given the winners check. [ambiguous] Tennis player Jennifer Capriati smiled at fellow player Monica Seles when Capriati was given the winners check. [clear]
I Making Pronoun References Clear
Rewrite each of the following sentences to make all pronoun references clear.
1. When the cat entered the dogs pen, it became nervous. ___________________________________ When the cat entered the dogs pen, the dog became nervous. __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. The bill for the sculptors new work was $20,000, and this surprised the citizens. ______________ The bill for the sculptors new work was $20,000, and this amount surprised the citizens. __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. After the Cardinals beat the Dodgers, they left for a nine-game road trip. ____________________ The Cardinals left for a nine-game road trip after they beat the Dodgers. __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Marleen was saddened by the news, and it was evident on her face. _________________________
Marleen was saddened by the news, and her sadness was evident on her face. __________________________________________________________________________________ Rebecca drinks iced tea whenever she eats dinner at Carlas house. __________________________________________________________________________________
6. Darrell is an excellent artist; this was apparent from his sketches. ___________________________
5. Whenever Rebecca eats dinner at Carlas house, she drinks iced tea. _________________________
Darrell is an excellent artist; his skill was apparent from his sketches. __________________________________________________________________________________
7. It is disappointing when my favorite team loses. _________________________________________
I am disappointed when my favorite team loses. __________________________________________________________________________________

8. The lawyer made his case for the defendant, and then he walked out of the courtroom. _________
After making his case for the defendant, the lawyer walked out of the courtroom. __________________________________________________________________________________
9. When the snowflake hit the sidewalk, it melted. __________________________________________
The snowflake melted when it hit the sidewalk. __________________________________________________________________________________

10. The two athletes were exhausted, which made them unable to finish the marathon. ____________ Because the two athletes were exhausted, they were unable to finish the marathon. __________________________________________________________________________________
34
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
18.2
Irregular Comparisons
Key Information A few modifiers used in making comparisons have irregular forms. Positive good well bad badly Comparative better better worse worse Superlative best best worst worst ill far (distance) far (degree, time) little (amount) many much worse farther further less more more worst farthest furthest least most most
I A. Revising Incorrect Comparisons
Each of the following sentences contains an incorrect comparative form. Draw a line through the incorrect word or words, and then write the correct form of the comparative modifier. worst 1. That has to be the worsest song ever written. _______________ much 2. Im a much more better table tennis player than she is. _______________ best 3. Hes the most good guitar player weve heard. _______________ farther 4. Is it further to Detroit or to Cleveland? _______________ least 5. Use the recipe that calls for the littlest salt. _______________
I B. Making Correct Comparisons
Complete the following sentences with the correct degree of comparison of the modifier in parentheses. best 1. The rebuilt engine ran the _______________ of them all. (well)
further 2. I have progressed _______________ in my study of French than my brother. (far) worst 3. That puppy is not the best-behaved dog, but hes not the _______________ either. (bad) worse 4. The medical conditions of patients in intensive care are generally _______________ than those of the patients in regular hospital rooms. (ill) better 5. The home team won because they shot _______________ than their opponents. (well).
I C. Using Correct Comparisons
Write three sentences of your own that make comparisons. Be sure to use the correct form of the modifers you choose. Sentences will vary.
______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________
35
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
18.4
Incomplete Comparisons
Key Information Be careful of making an incomplete or unclear comparison by omitting other or else when comparing one member of a group with others.
UNCLEAR:
clear:
French is more melodic than any other language.
He has appeared in more movies than anyone. He has appeared in more movies than anyone else. French is more melodic than any language.
You must also make sure you are comparing like things.
UNCLEAR:
CLEAR:
A rowboats cost is less than a yacht. A rowboats cost is less than that of a yacht. A rowboats cost is less than a yachts.
CLEAR:
UNCLEAR:
CLEAR:
I A. Revising Incomplete Comparisons
Each of the following sentences contains a comparison error. Rewrite each sentence to correct the error.
1. A typical flight attendant works harder than any worker. than any other worker __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. The work of a fashion model is probably more glamourous than a flight attendant.
than the work of a flight attendant __________________________________________________________________________________

3. However, a flight attendant has more opportunities to travel than anyone.
than anyone else __________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________ 4. In my opinion, serving airline passengers deserves more respect than any job.
than any other job __________________________________________________________________________________

I B. Using Complete Comparisons
Write a sentence that includes a complete comparison for each of the following pairs of terms. For example, a correct response for the first pair of terms might be The weight of a basketball player often is less than that of a football player. Sentences will vary.
1. basketball playerfootball player __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. pizzachocolate __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. winter sportssummer sports __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. poetryprose __________________________________________________________________________________ 36
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
18.7
Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers

Key Information A misplaced modifier either modifies the wrong word in a sentence or seems to modify more than one word in a sentence. By placing the modifier as close as possible to the word it modifies, you can correct this situation. Darlene saw a cat with three kittens driving her car. [MISPLACED: The participial phrase driving her car suggests the kittens or the cat is driving.] Driving her car, Darlene saw a cat with three kittens. [clear] Logically, a dangling modifier seems to modify no word in a sentence. By simply supplying a word that the dangling modifier can sensibly modify, you can correct the problem. While taking a shower, the phone rang. [DANGLING: With no logical word for the participial phrase to modify, the sentence suggests the phone was taking a shower.] While taking a shower, I heard the phone ring. [clear]
I A. Correcting Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
Rewrite the following sentences, correcting the misplaced or dangling modifier in each.
1. Aunt Bernice draped the lovely shawl on her shoulders that she had bought in Italy. Aunt Bernice draped on her shoulders the lovely shawl that she had bought in Italy. __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. I finished my breakfast as the bus arrived and brushed my teeth.
I finished my breakfast and brushed my teeth as the bus arrived. __________________________________________________________________________________

3. While mowing the grass, the thunderstorm approached.
While mowing the grass, I saw the thunderstorm approach. __________________________________________________________________________________

4. Theres an article about the harmful effects of slugs on garden plants in todays newspaper.
Theres an article in todays newspaper about the harmful effects of slugs on garden plants. __________________________________________________________________________________
I B. Getting the Modified Facts
You are an auto insurance agent. Part of your job is to review written accident reports. Decipher the reports below and write what you think really happened to these motorists.
1. Jaywalking, I realized the pedestrian would not get out of the way in time. I realized the jaywalking pedestrian would. . . . __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Holding my foot on the brake, it went up over the curb and into the fire hydrant.
As I was holding my foot on the brake, the car went up . . . __________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
37
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
20.1
Capitalization of Sentences
Key Information Capitalize the first word of a sentence. Tom ran home. He was late for dinner. Capitalize the first word of a sentence in parentheses only if the sentence stands by itself. Do not capitalize a sentence within parentheses that is part of another sentence. My dog loves water. (My neighbors cat once nearly drowned in their swimming pool.) My dog (his name is Bugsy) loves water. Do not capitalize the first word of a quotation unless the entire quotation can stand as a sentence. The skier said winning the gold medal was the thrill of all thrills. Do not capitalize an indirect quotation, which is often introduced by that and does not repeat a persons exact words. My aunt said that the cookware party was a big success.
I A. Capitalizing Sentences
Many of the following items lack one capital letter, although a few are correct. In each item with a capitalization error, underline the word that should be capitalized. If a sentence is correct, write correct after it.
1. The New York Times does more than report news. it also conducts fund-raising efforts. 2. The Sunday New York Times now costs more than a dollar and weighs a great deal. correct 3. The Times is called the paper of record. (what does that phrase mean?) 4. The Times crossword puzzle is famous. have you ever worked one? 5. reviews in the Times (the paper reviews all areas of the arts) are often quoted. 6. Some people say that they always read the newspapers Sunday magazine first. correct
7. The Times once printed an amazing photo of Mount Saint Helens. (it erupted on May 18, 1980.) 8. For many years Hal Borland (he died in 1977) wrote certain Times editorials. correct 9. In January 1961 the Times reported that John F. Kennedy had been sworn in as president. correct 10. That day Kennedy said, the torch has been passed to a new generation. I B. Capitalizing Sentences in Quotation Marks and Parentheses
Underline any words in the following sentences that should be capitalized. If a sentence is correct, write correct after it.
1. a foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds, Ralph Waldo Emerson said. 2. Emerson said, a foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds. 3. Emerson said that we should not assume that consistency is always wise.
correct
4. Emerson said, a foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds. (he meant that people should sometimes change their minds.) 5. Emerson said that those who are foolishly consistent (he was thinking particularly of people afraid of charges of hypocrisy) have little minds. correct 38
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
20.23
Capitalization of Proper Nouns and Proper Adjectives

Adjectives formed from names of people Adjectives formed from names of places, and names of national, ethnic, and religious groups
Key Information In proper nouns consisting of several words, do not capitalize articles, coordinating conjunctions, or prepositions of fewer than five letters. Capitalize proper adjectives (adjectives formed from proper nouns). Some examples of proper adjectives are the following:
I A. Capitalizing Proper Nouns and Proper Adjectives
In the following sentences underline any word that should be capitalized and any word that is capitalized but should not be.
1. At Green Lakes high school, students must first pass algebra II before they can take a trigonometry class. 2. The name of charles lindberghs plane was spirit of St. Louis. 3. yom kippur is a jewish Holiday that usually occurs in September. 4. My Father-In-Law belongs to the Fraternal order of Police and works for general electric. 5. An Englishman, sir Isaac Newton, invented the Reflecting telescope. 6. I think canadian bacon is more popular in the east than it is anywhere west of the Mississippi river. 7. The christian science monitor is a newspaper with high Journalistic standards. 8. From Montana one would drive East to get to south Dakota and mount Rushmore. I B. Using Capitalization
Use each of the following words in two different sentences. First, write a sentence in which the word remains lowercase. Then write a sentence in which the word is capitalized. Sentences will vary.
1. fathers ___________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. chemistry _________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. southeast__________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. river______________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. senator ___________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________
39
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
21.13
End Punctuation
Sit down this minute! Use a question mark after a direct question. How long have you been waiting? Do not place a question mark after an indirect question that is part of a declarative sentence. I wondered how long Tina had been waiting
Key Information Use a period to end a declarative sentence or a polite command. I do not have to work this weekend. Call me when you get home. Use an exclamation point to indicate strong feeling or a forceful command. Thats a terrific outfit!
I A. Using End Punctuation
Write the necessary period, question mark, or exclamation point at the end of each of the following sentences.
1. Did you know that Babe Didrikson is considered one of the greatest woman athletes? 2. As an amateur she entered 634 contests and won 632 times. 3. What an amazing record! 4. She wondered how many medals she could win in the 1932 Olympics. 5. In both the javelin and the hurdles she broke Olympic and world records . 6. Because of a technical fault, she finished in second place in the high jump. 7. After taking up golf, she won sixteen straight tournaments. 8. Despite an operation for cancer in 1953, she told herself she would win the National Womens Open.
I B. Writing Sentences with Correct End Punctuation
Use the following guidelines to write sentences that demonstrate correct use of end punctuation. Sentences will vary.
1. Write a sentence describing how to staple sheets of paper together. __________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Write a question that asks when summer begins. _________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Write an exclamation that tells how you felt once when you were very angry. _________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Politely tell someone to listen closely to what you have to say. ______________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________
40
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
21.4
The Colon
Key Information Use a colon to introduce a list, especially after words such as these, the following, or as follows. I need to buy these items for my cake: sugar, milk, and butter If a list immediately follows a verb or preposition, omit the colon. For her hike Aimee wore shorts, a T-shirt, socks, and hiking boots. Use a colon to introduce words that illustrate, explain, or restate the preceding material. A complete sentence following a colon is generally not capitalized. Jamaal could not go to the dance: he had tennis practice and then had to work.
I A. Identifying Colon Errors
In the following sentences add colons where they are needed and circle colons that should be omitted. Write correct after the one correct sentence.
1. My brother refuses to buy a car in any of the following colors: red, gold, or blue. 2. That carpet needs to be replaced:it is stained in many places and worn out in the heavy traffic areas near the front door, the rocking chair, and in the kitchen. 3. The percussionist plays many types of rhythm instruments, including bongos, snare drums, and the tambourine. correct 4. Her reasons for resigning were as follows: she was working too many hours, receiving too little pay, and seeing little room for advancement. 5. Last winters rise in the cost of citrus products such as: orange juice and lemons can be attributed to one main cause a freak cold spell in Florida destroyed millions of pounds of fruit. I B. Using Colons Correctly
Combine each of the following pairs of sentences with a colon. You may eliminate repeated words.
Example: Lee could read three languages. Lee could read English, Spanish, and French. Lee could read three languages: English, Spanish, and French. 1. We arrived later than expected. There was ice on the roads._________________________________ expected: there __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Most people think two American poets stand out among the rest in the nineteenth century. Most people think Whitman and Dickinson stand out. nineteenth century: Whitman and Dickinson __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Secondary colors include the following. Secondary colors include green, orange, and the following: green, orange, and purple purple.____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. I feel refreshed. I slept for nine hours last night. refreshed: I slept __________________________________________________________________________________
41
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
21.5
The Semicolon
Key Information Use a semicolon to separate items in a series when the items contain commas. The road trip will take the team to Syracuse, New York; Scranton, Pennsylvania; and Fort Lee, New Jersey. Use a semicolon to separate two main clauses joined without a conjunction or joined by a coordinating conjunction when the clauses contain several commas. The medical student had studied many topics, including anatomy, psychology, and internal medicine; but she finally chose to work in pediatrics, her favorite field.
I Using Semicolons Correctly
Insert and circle the missing semicolons in the following sentences. ; my cousin Morris, every other week, ; and 1. My neighbor Ted washes his car every Saturday, my pal Bud, the laziest of all, every three months. ; 2. The new movie was directed by Francis Ford Coppola, the director of Apocalypse Now, but the major film critics, upset by its unrealistic ending, gave it poor reviews. ; but 3. Some people, for reasons they feel are quite valid, refuse to give money to beggars, other people, for reasons they feel are also valid, never fail to give. ;a 4. For dessert we could choose from German chocolate cake, a rich decadent delight, ; and fresh strawberries, picked just lemon tart, made from my grandmothers recipe, that afternoon.
5. Hector was responsible for hanging banners that announced the upcoming talent show being held to raise money for the schools activity fund,; and Maria was given the job of recruiting five judges, all of whom had to be faculty members.
; a few houses and 6. From the top of the fire tower, Jake could see acres of trees, mostly pines, ; and the countys two main highways, routes 62 and 75. ; the river, cabins,
7. Several people in the auditorium, perhaps because they hadnt expected the play to last so ; and one man, sitting a few rows in front of me, long, started to yawn during the final act, fell asleep.
; the Bulls, because 8. My favorite teams are the St. Louis Cardinals, because they play nearby, I like Chicago,; and the Dolphins, because they have the best-looking team colors.
9. A large truck, going about twenty miles per hour, moved slowly up the steep grade,; and the motorists behind it, because the road curved so much, could not see far enough ahead to risk passing. 10. Yolanda, who plays the saxophone, is in jazz band,; but Theo, who plays the clarinet, is in marching band.
42
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
21.6
Commas and Coordinate Adjectives

Key Information Use a comma to separate coordinate adjectives that precede a noun. Coordinate adjectives modify the same noun to an equal degree. To check whether adjectives are coordinate, reverse their order or put the word and between them. If the sentence sounds right, then the adjectives are coordinate. The fire gave off a thick, black, foul smoke. [coordinate adjectives] Investigators found a red gas can at the scene. [noncoordinate adjectives] Some, but not all, of the adjectives in a series may be coordinate. In this case, use a comma only between the coordinate adjectives. The rescue team rode a large, fast fire engine to the fire site. [Large and fast could be reversed, but fire cannot be moved without creating confusion.]
I A. Punctuating Coordinate Adjectives Correctly
Insert and circle the missing commas in the following sentences.

1. The movie star wore a shimmering ,sequined evening gown to the ceremony. 2. My silly, curious golden retriever puppy likes to chase his tail. 3. Painting a long ,white picket fence on a hot day is not fun. 4. A salad that features crisp, fresh,tasty greens adds to any meal. 5. The colorful,romantic early-morning sky lures many walkers to a beach. I B. Using Commas and Coordinate Adjectives Correctly
Use the following guidelines to write sentences that demonstrate correct punctuation of coordinate adjectives. Possible answers are given.
1. Write a sentence about an aquarium that includes the words tropical fish, nutritious, beautiful, fish food, fresh, and delicate. The beautiful, delicate tropical fish in an aquarium need fresh, nutritious fish food. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Write a sentence about the space shuttle that includes the words weightlessness tests, six, landing, top-secret, smooth, safe, and successful. The astronauts in the space shuttle carried out six successful, top-secret weightlessness tests __________________________________________________________________________________
before making a safe, smooth landing. __________________________________________________________________________________

3. Write a sentence about a bicycle that includes the words ten-speed, fast, shiny, and black frame. My fast ten-speed bicycle has a shiny, black frame. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Write a sentence about a dog that includes the words fur, soft, bark, long, vicious-sounding, harmless, and obedient. The vicious-sounding bark came from a harmless, obedient dog with long, soft fur. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________
43
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
21.6
Commas and Compound Sentences

Key Information Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction that joins two main clauses. I doubted my fathers prediction, but it turned out to be correct. When a coordinating conjunction connects two very short main clauses, you may omit the comma unless it is needed to avoid confusion. The pitch was thrown and the game had begun. I had dinner with David and Leslie went home. [confusing] I had dinner with David, and Leslie went home. [clear]
I A. Using Commas Correctly

1. People are recycling more now, but companies are still using packaging that is too wasteful. 2. Our landfills are closing every day, yet there are no easy answers to our nations growing trash problem. 3. There are many opinions,and solutions are being sought. 4. The issue tops the agendas of many town council meetings and state legislature sessions , and even Congress has begun looking into the trash disposal problem. 5. We must act soon,for the problem is now. I B. Writing Compound Sentences with Commas
Use the following guidelines to write sentences that demonstrate correct use of commas in compound sentences. Sentences will vary.
1. Use the coordinating conjunction but in a compound sentence about your favorite musician or group. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Use the coordinating conjunction and in a compound sentence about a recent important event in your life. Make this a clear sentence that does not require a comma. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Use the coordinating conjunction yet in a compound sentence about a movie you have seen. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Use the coordinating conjunction or in a compound sentence about two things you might do next weekend. Make this a clear sentence that does not require a comma. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 44
Composition Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
21.6
Commas with Parenthetical Expressions and Conjunctive Adverbs

Key Information Use commas to set off parenthetical expressions (such as on the other hand and by the way) and conjunctive adverbs (such as thus and moreover). I am sure mark will appreciate it, nevertheless. Robyn, unfortunately, scored well below her average. I discovered, however, that I was out of stamps. I could not mail the letter until Tuesday; consequently, it arrived a day late.
I A. Punctuating Parenthetical Expressions and Conjunctive Adverbs

1. Meryl Streep is ,of course ,considered one of the worlds great actors. 2. Actually,December usually features a great deal of rain in this state. 3. We felt the gymnasts performance, given the circumstances, was excellent. 4. The famous painting,in Kias opinion,should not be sold to the corporation. 5. We didnt think they would lose; however,that is exactly what eventually happened. 6. That shirt ,to be honest ,is really hideous. 7. The story of Ulysses,to be sure, is an exciting one. 8. Unfortunately, I have seen only one good movie recently. I B. Using Commas with Parenthetical Expressions and Conjunctive Adverbs
Rewrite each of the following sentences. Insert the parenthetical expression or conjunctive adverb in a logical place, and punctuate it correctly.
1. Mitch decided to go to the dentist for a check-up. (as a result) As a result, Mitch. . . . or Mitch decided, as a result,. . . . __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. My plane arrived two hours late; the airline lost my luggage. (furthermore) late; furthermore, __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. I enjoyed the meal and movie on the flight very much. (on the other hand) On the other hand, I enjoyed. . . . or I, on the other hand, __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. The weather is usually very warm here. (in fact) weather, in fact, is or In fact, the weather __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. If you water that plant too much, it will die. (of course)
much, of course or Of course, if or will die, of course __________________________________________________________________________________

6. Oh, did I mention that my sister is getting married? (by the way) Oh, by the way, did __________________________________________________________________________________
45
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
21.6
Commas with Direct Address and Tag Questions

Key Information Use commas to set off words used in direct address. Im not sure whether or not I can attend, Jill. The Bears, my friend, will win the game. Use commas to set off tag questions. A tag question suggests the answer to the statement that precedes it. You rembered the tickets, didnt you?
I A. Punctuating Direct Address and Tag Questions Correctly
Insert and circle commas where they are needed in the following sentences.
1. Alicia,do you know whether Cheryl has to work tonight? 2. The lab reports ,Ms. Jenkins ,are due tomorrow,arent they? 3. Do you think ,Doctor, that I will need to have the operation? 4. Thanks for this excellent compact disc ,Dad. 5. It was you ,Sis,who told Dad this is the one I wanted ,wasnt it? 6. I would like to thank you, class, for working so productively while I was absent. 7. You are going to be able to stay for band practice today,arent you? 8. Please remember, ladies and gentlemen ,that the keynote speech is tomorrow evening. I B. Using Direct Address and Tag Questions
Use the following guidelines to write sentences that demonstrate correct use and punctuation of direct address and tag questions. Sentences will vary.
1. Write a sentence that begins with a direct address to one of your friends. __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Write a sentence that ends with the tag question havent you. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Write a sentence that ends with the tag question werent they. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Write a sentence that ends with a direct address to a teacher. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
46
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
21.6
Misuse of Commas
Key Information Do not use a comma before a conjunction that connects the parts of a two-part predicate. The baker mixed the dough, and then let it rise for an hour. [incorrect] The baker mixed the dough and then let it rise for an hour. [correct] Do not use a comma alone to join two main clauses that are not part of a series. Add a coordinating conjunction, or use a semicolon, to avoid a run-on sentence. The fire burned brilliantly, warmth filled the room. [incorrect] The fire burned brilliantly, and warmth filled the room. [correct] The fire burned brilliantly; warmth filled the room. [correct] Do not use a comma between a subject and its verb or between a verb and its complement. Walking to the store at the end of the block, excited Fred. [comma between subject and verb] The trucking firm transported, groceries, electronics, and dry goods. [comma between verb and complement]
I A. Identifying Misused Commas
Circle the misused commas in the following sentences. If another form of punctuation should replace a comma, insert it in the sentence. You may also insert coordinating conjunctions if they are needed.
1. Most Nigerians earn their living in agriculture,;they follow their ancestors traditions. 2. Most Nigerians live in rural areas, ;Nigeria does, however, have several large cities. 3. Abuja is the capital, and largest city. 4. Other large cities include, Lagos, Ibadan, Kano, and Ogbomosho.
5. Nigeria is quite famous for its art,;for instance, traditional African sculpture was an important influence on the work of Pablo Picasso. 6. The first African writer to win the Nobel Prize for literature was named Wole Soyinka, and was Nigerian. I B. Avoiding Comma Errors in Your Writing
Combine each of the following pairs of sentences. Be sure to use correct punctuation.
1. An actor, dressed as a very old man, shuffled onstage. He turned toward the audience.
onstage and turned __________________________________________________________________________________

2. Finally, the old man began to speak. He spoke of days gone by, mistakes made and regretted, and lessons painfully learned.
began to speak of days gone by __________________________________________________________________________________
47
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
21.7
The Dash
Key Information Use dashes to indicate abrupt breaks or changes in thought within sentences. Whoof all the people in this roomwould have done such a thing? At the height of the eclipsewasnt that a fantastic moment?there was an eerie silence.
I A. Punctuating Sentences with Dashes
Insert and circle missing dashes in each of the following sentences. 1. That man in the corner how odd, I havent seen him for years looks like my uncle. 2. The Washingtons they must be delighted won a trip to the Grand Canyon. 3. Most of the houses on our street I think they were all designed by the same person look alike. 4. Winter is finally over and summer I thought it would never come is almost here. < <
I B. Interrupting Sentences Correctly
Rewrite each of the following sentences. Use dashes to insert the parenthesized comments at an appropriate place in each sentence.
1. The big concert is two weeks from Wednesday. (let me know if you get tickets) . . . concertlet me know if you get ticketsis __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. The leading candidate will appear in a debate this week. (and I certainly dont see him losing now) The leading candidateand I certainly dont see him losing nowwill appear. . . . __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. The vehicle ran the red light and crashed into a truck. (the driver wasnt paying attention) . . . lightthe driver wasnt paying attentionand. . . . __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. The woman over there is talking very loudly. (I wonder if she knows people are staring)
The woman over thereI wonder if she knows people are staringis talking very loudly. __________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________ I C. Writing Sentences with Dashes
Use each of the following phrases within dashes in a sentence. Sentences will vary.
1. (it was a stunning upset) _____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. (I was amazed) _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 48
<
<
<
<
<
<
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
21.9
Quotation Marks
Key Information A comma or a period should always be placed inside closing quotation marks. Shell never give us a pop quiz, said my friend Stu. Stu thus was suprised the next day when Ms. Harding said, Close your books for a little quiz on last nights reading. A semicolon or colon should always be placed outside closing quotation marks. In eighth grade we had to memorize the poem Richard Cory; I remember it to this day. The newspaper quoted two sources in its article Governor to Unleash Soaring Taxes: the governors secretary and the budget director.
I A. Using Quotation Marks with Other Punctuation
Insert and circle quotation marks where needed in the following sentences. All other sentence punctuation is correct. 1. Darlene said,I will work only one school night a week. ^ ^ 2. Ill be there at eight, said my brother, which meant he probably would arrive closer to ten. ^ ^ 3. For years my mother has said, A stitch in time saves nine; to this day I have no idea what ^ ^ that saying means. one features vocals, and the other contains Run to Me: 4. There are two versions of the song ^ ^ only instrumentals. 5. Yes, I know that Daniela said, I will never go out with him; however, I think that she ^ ^ might.
I B. Writing Sentences with Quotation Marks
Rewrite each of the following sentences. Change the indirect quotation to a direct quotation and punctuate the sentence correctly. You may need to change several words.
1. Mom told us to take our coats with us, and so we did. Mom told us, Take your coats with you, and so we did. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Wendy said that the view is breathtaking. Wendy said, The view is breathtaking. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Nathan reminded us that the baseball season was about to begin; we were as excited as he was. Nathan reminded us, The baseball season is about to begin; we were as excited as he was. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Martin commented that the marching band sounded good. Martin commented, The marching band sounds good. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________
49
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
21.10
Italics (Underlining)
Key Information Italicize (or underline if typing or handwriting) the titles of the following kinds of items: books Long poems Plays Films Television series A Prayer for Owen Meany The Waste Land Death of a Salesman The Karate Kid Cheers Titles of paintings and sculptures, long musical compositions, newspapers and magazines, ships, trains, airplanes, and spacecraft should also be italicized. Italicize words, letters, and numerals that represent themselves. I really do not know what the word galvanize means. Chyna spells her name with a y instead of an i. Its easy to turn 0 into 8.
I Using Italics Properly
Underline the item or items in the following sentences that should be italicized.
1. The PBS series Sesame Street has helped millions of children learn to read. 2. I always have a hard time spelling Luxembourg, but I can easily find the country on a map of Europe. 3. Saint Peters High School is putting on a production of My Fair Lady this year. 4. Her phone number has five 7s in it, and she lives on Mulberry Street. 5. Business people from all over the country subscribe to the Wall Street Journal, which they can have delivered to their homes by the U.S. Postal Service. 6. My parents took a ride down the Mississippi River on a riverboat called The Delta Queen. 7. Mozarts opera The Marriage of Figaro is considered a classic. 8. Art collectors have paid more than thirty million dollars for paintings such as Van Goghs Irises. 9. The Great Gatsby is one of the most frequently read novels in American high schools. 10. How many es are there in committee? 11. My brother is going to renew his subscription to the Sporting News. 12. Hart Cranes book-length poem The Bridge uses the Brooklyn Bridge as a central symbol. 13. The word adjectival refers to adjectives. 14. Citizen Kane is considered by some to be the best film ever made. 15. Ralph Ellisons reputation as a writer rests primarily on his novel Invisible Man. 16. I have just finished Annie Dillards An American Childhood; I plan to read another of her books, perhaps Pilgrim at Tinker Creek. 17. The Thinker is a sculpture by Rodin. 18. Her name has three ls in it; I believe the word for such a name is mellifluous. 50
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
21.11
The Apostrophe
Key Information Use an apostrophe and -s to form possessives in the following types of situations involving nouns and pronouns. Singular indefinite pronouns: someones plate Singular nouns, even ones that end in -s: the duchesss wedding Plural nouns that do not end in -s: the childrens sandbox Compound nouns: my brother-in-laws dog Joint ownership: Ricky and Marias cat Individual ownership, two or more people: van Goghs and Monets paintings. Use an apostrophe alone to form the possessive of plural nouns ending in -s. the teams mascot two hours delay Use an apostrophe in place of letters omitted in contractions. I amIm cannotcant they aretheyre
I A. Using Apostrophes to Show Possession
Insert apostrophes where they are needed in the following phrases.

1. a trips length
trips mothers residents Chriss
11. everybodys problem 12. the mices cunning 13. the princes sister 15. someones gloves
everybodys mices
2. his mothers ambitions 3. Chriss response 5. no ones fault
princes Dodges books Johnsons someones stores
4. many residents signatures
14. the Dodges new home 16. one books conclusion
no ones mens Wagners brothers womans
6. a pair of mens pants

7. Wagners Wedding March 8. the two brothers jobs 9. Mr. Carsons job Carsons 10. a womans autobiography
17. several stores sales
18. Tammy Johnsons contribution 19. the girls locker room girls 20. an umpires decision umpires
I B. Using Apostrophes in Contractions
The following song titles each contain two words that should be combined and written as contractions. Write the contraction in the space provided. Ive 1. I Have Got You Under My Skin _______________ Rains 2. A Hard Rain Is Gonna Fall _______________ Its 3. For What It Is Worth _______________ Shes 4. She Is Funny That Way _______________ Theres 5. There Is a Small Hotel _______________
51
Grammar Practice
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
21.1213
Hyphens and Abbreviations

in expressions made up of an adverb ending in -ly and an adjective: the beatifully prepared dinner. Abbreviations can save time and space. Capitalize abbreviations of proper nouns and titles. Clancy M. McDonald, M.D. Abbreviate names of many organizations and of states in addresses. EPA FL NATO NY FDA WV
Key Information Although hyphens are not usually used to join a prefix to a word, note the following exceptions: to join a prefix to a proper noun or a proper adjective: pre-World War II after the prefix re- when the resulting word looks like but is different in meaning and pronunciation from another word: re-mark the test but remark on the scores. in compound adjectives that precede nouns: up-to-the-minute news Hyphens are not used in the following cases: in compound adjectives that follow nouns: The news was up to the minute.
I Using Hyphens and Abbreviations
Decide where hyphens and abbreviations are needed in the following sentences and write the hyphenated word or phrase or the abbreviation in the blank. Write correct if a sentence is correct. Dr. Smiths, self-diagnosed 1. Doctor Smiths illness, self diagnosed as influenza, got worse. _______________ re-sort 2. I will have to resort all these files. _______________
3. The ZIP code abbreviations for Ohio and California are Ohio and California. ZIP-code; OH; CA _______________ correct 4. The visibly dejected skater buried her head in her hands. _______________
vice-consul 5. The vice consul addressed the British Parliament. _______________ A.M. 6. Hals sister remarried yesterday at 9:00 ante meridiem. _______________ correct 7. The boxer was penalized for hitting below the belt. _______________ pre-Depression 8. Life in pre Depression America was carefree and extravagant. _______________ pro-Basque 9. The pro Basque supporters rallied in the streets of Madrid. _______________
10. State of the art technology filled Steves office at the Young Mens Christian Association. State-of-the-art; YMCA _______________
thirty-yard 11. The thirty yard run made the fans watching the football game cheer. _______________
12. My seventy year old aunt, who lives in Washington, District of Columbia, still seems seventy-year-old; D.C. young. _______________ 1 lb.; 1g 13. Use 1 pound of butter and 1 gram of salt. _______________
correct 14. Most of the novels of Ann Beattie are well written. _______________ self-deprecating 15. A self deprecating person is not necessarily humble. _______________
52

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Grammar and Composition

Grammar Practice Workbook

Parts of the Sentence

Clauses and Sentence Structure

Verb Tenses and Voice

Using Pronouns Correctly

Using Modifiers Correctly

Punctuation, Abbreviations, and Numbers

Underline the nouns in the following sentences.

Writers Choice: Grammar Practice Workbook, Grade 10, Unit 10

Interrogative and Relative Pronouns

I A. Distinguishing Between Interrogative and Relative Pronouns

Which/What is the quickest way to get to the cafeteria? __________________________________________________________________________________

Whose jeans are these? __________________________________________________________________________________

After whom is the Pulitzer Prize named? __________________________________________________________________________________

Writers Choice: Grammar Practice Workbook, Grade 10, Unit 10

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Action Verbs and Verb Phrases

I A. Distinguishing Between Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

Writers Choice: Grammar Practice Workbook, Grade 10, Unit 10

I A. Distinguishing Between Action and Linking Verbs

action 7. Jackson grew hickory trees there. __________________

Writers Choice: Grammar Practice Workbook, Grade 10, Unit 10

I B. Distinguishing Adjective Types

Writers Choice: Grammar Practice Workbook, Grade 10, Unit 10

Underline the adverbs in the following sentences.

3. The algebra homework was terribly complicated.

Writers Choice: Grammar Practice Workbook, Grade 10, Unit 10

Underline the prepositions in the following sentences.

Writers Choice: Grammar Practice Workbook, Grade 10, Unit 10

I A. Identifying Subordinating Conjunctions

Underline the subordinating conjunction in each of the following sentences.

Writers Choice: Grammar Practice Workbook, Grade 10, Unit 10

Compound Subjects and Predicates

I A. Identifying Simple and Compound Subjects and Predicates

I A. Identifying Direct and Indirect Objects

Writers Choice: Grammar Practice Workbook, Grade 10, Unit 11

I A. Identifying Object Complements

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

I A. Identifying Subject Complements

Writers Choice: Grammar Practice Workbook, Grade 10, Unit 11

I A. Identifying Prepositional Phrases

Underline the prepositional phrases in the following sentences.

Appositives and Appositive Phrases

I A. Identifying Appositives and Appositive Phrases

James Joyce, a twentieth-century novelist, is considered. . . . __________________________________________________________________________________

. . . set in Ireland, the country of his birth. __________________________________________________________________________________

. . . his novel Ulysses takes place. . . . __________________________________________________________________________________

. . . Bloomsday, June 16. __________________________________________________________________________________

Writers Choice: Grammar Practice Workbook, Grade 10, Unit 12

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Participles and Participial Phrases

I A. Identifying Participles and Participial Phrases

I B. Using Verbs and Participles

Gerunds and Gerund Phrases

I A. Identifying Gerunds and Gerund Phrases

Underline the gerunds and gerund phrases in the following sentences.

Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases

I A. Identifying Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases

Underline the infinitives and infinitive phrases in the following sentences.