Separation

Techniques
Separating
Mixtures
Separating Mixtures
Separating mixtures is important
because the substances in many
mixtures must be separated before
they can be used.
Make better use of substances found
in mixtures
Insoluble-Liquid Mixture
Decanting
Used to separate a heavy solid
from a solution
Filtration
Using a filter paper and filter
funnel to separate the
solid(residue) from the
liquid(filtrate)
Decanting
Mixture was
allowed to settle
Heavy solid will
settle to the bottom
of the container
Liquid can be
poured away using
a glass rod to lead
the solution
Filtration
Filter paper folded twice to
form a cone & fitted into a
clean filter funnel
Mixture poured into the filter
funnel, using a glass rod to
lead the mixture into the
filter funnel.
A clean beaker is used to
collect the liquid that has
passed through the filter
paper, called the filtrate
A solid left on the filter
paper is called a residue
Filtration
Filtration cannot remove any
substance which is dissolved in the
liquid
A pure, dry sample of the residue is
obtained by first washing it with
distilled water, then drying it in an
oven
Crystals are obtained from the filtrate
by evaporating the filtrate very slowly
if the filtrate contains a dissolved
substance
Solid-Solid Mixture
Sublimation
Used only when one solid sublimes
on heating
Dissolving and filtration
Used only when one solid is soluble
in a particular solvent
Magnetic Attraction
Used only when one solid can be
magnetized and attracted by a
magnet
Sublimation
Sublimation is the process whereby
matter in solid state changes to
gaseous state without passing
through the liquid phase
Can be used as a separating
technique when only one substance
in the mixture is able to sublime
Dissolving and Filtration
Use only when one of the solid in a
mixture can dissolve in a particular
solvent
The mixture can be filtered
The insoluble solid will be left on the
filter paper as the residue
While the solution will be the filtrate
To retrieve solid substance from
filtrate, can perform crystallization or
evaporation.
Solute-Solvent Mixture
Crystallization
Used to separate crystals from a
saturated solution
Evaporating to dryness
Use to separate solid from its
solution
Simple distillation
Used to separate a pure solvent
from a solution
Crystallization
Crystallization is the process of
cooling a hot saturated solution to
obtain crystals is called crystallization
One use of crystallization is used to
get back the solid substance from a
solution
Or to obtain pure substances
Saturation
A solution can hold a definite amount of
calcium chloride at room temperature.
Any extra calcium chloride added to the
solution will not dissolve.
A saturated solution is one which no more
substance can dissolve.
If a saturated calcium chloride solution is
heated, more calcium chloride can dissolve
in it.
However, if a hot saturated solution of
calcium chloride is cooled, the extra
calcium chloride settles out as crystals
Crystallization
In crystallization, a hot saturated
solution must be obtained through
heating the solution for crystals to
start forming
Evaporation
Evaporation is the process in which a
solution is heated to drive off the
solvent
If all the solvent is driven off, it is
known as evaporation to dryness
The dissolved substance/solute is left
when all the water has evaporated
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arationtechniquesrev3.shtml
Simple Distillation
Simple Distillation
Distillation is the process of
evaporating a liquid and then
condensing the vapour to get the
liquid again
It can be used to separate a liquid
from a solution
Set-up of distillation
The liquid mixture is placed in the distilling flask
The thermometer shows the temperature of the
vapour
The condenser cools and condenses the vapour
into a liquid
Water for the condenser must enter the
condenser from the lower inlet and go out from
the upper outlet
To ensure that the condenser is filled with water,
and effective condensation takes place along it
The liquid from the condenser is collected in a
conical flask, this liquid is called the distillate
The distillate is chemically pure because it does
not contain any dissolved substance
Liquid-Liquid Mixture
Fractional Distillation
Used to separate a mixture of
miscible liquids whose boiling
points are relatively different
Separatory Funnel
Used to separate a mixture of
immiscible liquids
Chromatography
Used to separate a mixture of
similar compounds in solution
Fractional Distillation
Fractional Distillation
Used to separate a mixture consisting of
two or more liquids of different boiling
points
Fractional distillation can be used to
separate a mixture of alcohol and water
When a mixture of alcohol and water is
heated, alcohol boils and is distilled off at
78C.
Water, which boils at 100C is left in the
distilling flask
Fractional Distillation
Also used in the separation of liquid
air
Drinks such as beer, wine are
obtained by fractional distillation
Petroleum is a mixture of many
hydrocarbons which have different
boiling points, thus they can be
separated using fractional distillation
Separatory Funnel
Used to separate a
mixture of liquids that
are immiscible
Immiscible do not
mix to form a
homogeneous mixture
Example, oil and water
are immiscible
Chromatography
Chromatography
Is the process of separating the different
solute components in a liquid mixture by
allowing the liquid to move through an
absorbent medium, such as paper
A particle which is more soluble moves
faster than a particle which is less soluble
The liquid / eluting solvent must be able
to dissolve the substance under
investigation, otherwise the components
cannot be separated
Chromatography
The liquids (solvent) used in
chromatography are usually a mixture
of some of the following: water,
alcohol, acetone, ether etc
To recover the pure substance or
colour from the paper chromatogram,
the bands of the paper are cut and
dissolved in the solvent again. The
pure substance can be obtained by
evaporating the solvent
Advantages and Uses of
Chromatography
Only a small amount of the substance
under test is required
The substance under test is not
destroyed in the process
Used to find out the different
components of ink
Or test for amino acids found in urine