Erich von Dniken

AMlNTlRl DESPRE VllTOR

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3MGI, 3MM PYM (YQRI^IY, Z^RH G 3MGIPI SEQIRMPSV WYRX JVYQSEWI, #M-EY EPIW
HMRXVI IPI WS'MM, GEVI TI GMRI E ZSMX (*EGIVIE, :-, 1-2).
'MRI TSEXI W VWTYRH PE RXVIFEVIE GEVI 3M EM PYM (YQRI^IY PI-EY PYEX
HI WS'MM TI 3MGIPI SEQIRMPSV# :IGLMYP -WVEIP RY GYRS#XIE HSEV HIGX YR WMRKYV
#M WJRX (YQRI^IY. (I YRHI ETEV EGI#XM 3M EM PYM (YQRI^IY#
R ZVIQIE EGIIE WI MZMV TI TQRX YVME#M, QEM GY WIEQ HI GRH 3MM
PYM (YQRI^IY RGITYWIV E MRXVE PE 3MGIPI SEQIRMPSV #M EGIWXIE RGITYWIV E
PI RE#XI 3M: EGI#XME WYRX ZIWXM'MM ZMXINM HMR ZIGLMQI (*EGIVIE, :-, 4).
-EX-M G ETEV HMR RSY EGI#XM 3M EM PYM (YQRI^IY GEVI WI EQIWXIG
TVMRXVI SEQIRM. "M MEX G EMGM IWXI, HI EWIQIRIE, ZSVFE TIRXVY TVMQE HEX HI
YVME#M. 9VME#M ETEV QIVIY #M TVIXYXMRHIRM, R QMXSPSKMMPI HMR VWVMX #M ETYW, R
PIKIRHIPI HI PE 8MELYEREGS #M R ITSTIMPI IWGLMQS#MPSV. 9VME#MM ETEV
JERXSQEXMG R QEM XSEXI WGVMIVMPI HMR ZIGLMQI. 7-EV TVIE, E#EHEV, G EY
I\MWXEX.
'I WSM HI 3MR'I SV 3 JSWX SEVI EGI#XM YVME#M# 3 3 ZSVFE GYQZE HI
WXVQS#MM RS#XVM# 4SEXI G IM WYRX GIM GEVI EY GPHMX EGIPI KMKERXMGI GSRWXVYG'MM
HI TMEXV, QYXRH HI GSPS-GSPS, TEVG R NSEG, FPSGYVM IRSVQI. 7EY IWXI
ZSVFE HI GSWQSREY'M WXTRM TI XILRMG ZIRM'M HI TI EPX TPERIX#
9R PYGVY I WMKYV: &MFPME ZSVFI#XI HI YVME#M #M M HIWIQRIE^ HVITX 3M
EM PYM (YQRI^IY, #M EGI#XM 3M EM PYM (YQRI^IY XVMIWG TVMRXVI SEQIRM,
QTIVIGLMRHY-WI GY 3MGIPI SEQIRMPSV.
1SMWI RI QTVX#I#XI TI PEVK, GY XSEXI EQRYRXIPI #M RXV-S VIPEXEVI
IQS'MSRERX, R *EGIVIE, GET. 19, GEXEWXVSJE HI PE 7SHSQE #M +SQSVE. (EG
TVMZMQ TVMR TVMWQE GYRS#XMR'IPSV RSEWXVI EGXYEPI IZSGVMPI FMFPMGI, I GY XSXYP
PMQTIHI G MQEKMRMPI TI GEVI RM PI WYKIVIE^ RY TEV HIPSG JERXEWXMGI.
(SM RKIVM WSWIWG TI WIEV PE 7SHSQE, XSGQEM GRH FXVRYP 0SX WI E4E
PE TSV'MPI GIX'MM. R GLMT IZMHIRX, 0SX M E#XITXE TI GIM HSM RKIVM, GEVI,
HIEPXJIP, WI HSZIHMV GYVRH E 3 RM#XI SEQIRM, TI GEVI IP M VIGYRSE#XI #M-M
TSJXI#XI SWTMXEPMIV W RRSTXI^I R GEWE WE. (IWXVFPE'MM GIX'MM, VIPEXIE^
&MFPME, HSVIWG EXYRGM W-M GYRSEWG TI WXVMRM. %GI#XME WI HSZIHIWG RW
GETEFMPM GE TVMRXV-YR WMRKYV KIWX W-M SFPMKI TI F#XMRE#MM ZMGMS#M W VIRYR'I PE
TSJXIPI PSV #M ^YVFEKMMM WYRX TYV #M WMQTPY RPXYVE'M.
RKIVMM WTYRI &MFPME (*EGIVIE, <-<, 12-14) M GIV WXVYMXSV PYM 0SX W
TVWIEWG GX QEM KVEFRMG SVE#YP, QTVIYR GY WS'ME, 3MM #M 3MGIPI WEPI, GY
KMRIVMM #M RYVSVMPI WEPI, GGM SVE#YP, P TVIZMR IM, ZE 3 R GYVRH RMQMGMX. *EQMPME,
PYRH XSXYP GE S KPYQ RIWFYMX E FXVRYPYM 0SX, RY. EGSVH EGIWXIM WXVERMM
MRZMXE'MM RGVIHIVIE GYZIRMX. (EV W VIZIRMQ PE GYZMRXIPI PYM 1SMWI: -EV R
VIZVWEXYP ^SVMPSV KVFIEY RKIVMM TI 0SX, ^MGRH: n-E WGSEP, ME-'M JIQIME #M TI
GIPI HSY JIXI EPI XEPI TI GEVI PI EM #M MI#M, GE W RY TMIVM #M XY TIRXVY
RIHVITX'MPI GIX'MM!~ (EV 3MRHG IP ^FSZIE, RKIVMM, HMR QMPE (SQRYPYM GXVI
IP, P-EY ETYGEX HI QR TI IP #M TI JIQIME PYM #M TI GIPI HSY JIXI EPI PYM. "M,
WGS'RHY-P EJEV, YRYP HMR IM E ^MW: n1RXYMI#XI-'M WY4IXYP XY! 7 RY XI YM'M
RETSM, RMGM W XI STVI#XM R GQT, GM JYKM PE QYRXI, GE W RY TMIVM GY IM!
+VFI#XI HEV #M JYKM EGSPS: G RY TSX W JEG RMQMG TR RY ZIM ENYRKI XY
EGSPS (*EGIVIE, <-<, 15, 16, 17 #M-22).
2Y I\MWX RMGM S RHSMEP, R PYQMRE VIPEXVMPSV FMFPMGI, G GIM HSM WXVMRM,
RKIVMM, HMWTYRIEY HI TYXIVM RIGYRSWGYXI PSGYMXSVMPSV SVE#YPYM. *IPYP WYKIWXMZ
R GEVI ^SVIWG IM JEQMPME PYM 0SX W TVWIEWG EGIPI PSGYVM H, HI EWIQIRIE,
HI KRHMX. 'RH XEXE 0SX I^MX, IM P ETYG HI QMRM #M P WGSX EJEV HMR SVE#.
8VIFYMI W 3 JSWX S TVSFPIQ HI QMRYXI! 0SX XVIFYME, E#E GYQ M SVHSREWIV IM,
W WI VIJYKMI^I R QYR'M JV E QEM RXSEVGI GETYP.
7I TEVI G XEXE 0SX RY EZIE YR VIWTIGX RIQVKMRMX JE' HI RKIVM,
TIRXVY G #M TIVQMXIE XSX XMQTYP JIP HI JIP HI SFMIG'MM.(EV RY ZSM TYXIE W
JYK TR R QYRXI, GE W RY Q ENYRK TVMQINHME #M W RY QSV (*EGIVIE,
<-<, 19). 4Y'MR QEM XV^MY, RKIVMM M HIWXMRYMI G RY-M TSX 3 HI RMGM YR ENYXSV
HEG VIJY^ W-M EWGYPXI.
'I W-E RXQTPEX, R JSRH, PE 7SHSQE# 2I ZMRI KVIY W GVIHIQ G
%XSXTYXIVRMGYP EV 3 JSWX PIKEX HI YR TPER GY XIVQIRI 3\I. (I GI, R EGIWX GE^,
RKIVMM IVEY EXX HI KVFM'M# 7EY TSEXI, XSXY#M, HMWXVYKIVIE SVE#YPYM IVE GYQZE
TVIZ^YX GY S TVIGM^MI HI QMRYXI HI GXVI S TYXIVI QMWXIVMSEW# 4SEXI G
RYQVXSEVIE MRZIVW RGITYWI HINE #M RKIVMM #XMEY EGIWX PYGVY# R GE^YP
EGIWXE, IZMHIRX, WGEHIR'E HMWXVYKIVMM RY QEM TYXIE 3 EQREX. 2Y I\MWXE SEVI
S QIXSH QEM WMQTP TIRXVY WEPZEVIE JEQMPMIM 0SX#
(I GI XVIFYMEY IM W QIEVK RIETVEX TI QYRXI# "M HI GI TIRXVY
RMQMG R PYQI RY PI IVE RKHYMX JYKEVMPSV W RXSEVG QGEV S HEX GETYP#
7-EV TVIE G WYRX RXVIFVM RITSXVMZMXI TIRXVY S GIVGIXEVI WIVMSEW. 8SXY#M, HI
GRH EWYTVE .ETSRMIM EY JSWX EVYRGEXI HSY FSQFI EXSQMGI, #XMQ GI JIP HI
HMWXVYKIVM TVSZSEG IPI; #XMQ, HI EWIQIRIE, G 3MR'IPI I\TYWI HMVIGX
VEHME'MMPSV TMIV WEY WYRX HSFSVXI HI FSPM MRGYVEFMPI.
7 S WTYRIQ TI #PIEY: 7SHSQE #M +SQSVE EY JSWX HMWXVYWI TI FE^E YRYM
TPER, HIGM MRXIR'MSREX, TVMRXV-S I\TPS^MI RYGPIEV. 4SEXI G RKIVMM RI
GSRXMRYQ RSM WTIGYPE'MMPI MRXIR'MSREY, TYV #M WMQTPY, W HMWXVYK QEXIVMEPI
3WMSREFMPI TVMQINHMSEWI, HEV R SVMGI GE^ ZSMEY W RMQMGIEWG S TSTYPE'MI GEVI
PI IVE SWXMP. 1SQIRXYP HIGPER#VMM I\TPS^MIM IVE HMREMRXI #M TVIGMW WXEFMPMX. 'IM
GEVI YVQEY W WGETI XVIFYMEY TVIGYQ JEQMPME 0SX W WI EHTSWXIEWG YR
XMQT R QYR'M, PE S HITVXEVI HI QEM QYP'M OMPSQIXVM HI GIRXVYP I\TPS^MIM.
)WXI #XMYX G TIVI'MM WXRGS#M EFWSVF VEHME'MMPI GIPI QEM TYXIVRMGI, QEM
TVMQINHMSEWI. (EV HYT GYQ WI #XMI WS'ME PYM 0SX W-E RXSVW #M E TVMZMX
RHVX, HIGM R HMVIG'ME KPSFYPYM WSPEV EXSQMG. 2Y IWXI HI QMVEVI G IE W-E
TVFY#MX QSEVX TI PSG. %XYRGM (SQRYP E WPSFS^MX TIWXI 7SHSQE #M +SQSVE
TPSEMI HI TYGMSEW #M JSG (*EGIVIE, <-<, 24).
6IPEXEVIE GEXEWXVSJIM WI XIVQMR R &MFPMI (*EGIVIE, <-<, 27-28) R JIPYP
YVQXSV: -EV %ZVEEQ W-E WGYPEX HMW-HI-HMQMRIE' #M W-E HYW PE PSGYP YRHI
WXXYWI REMRXIE (SQRYPYM #M, GYXRH WTVI 7SHSQE #M +SQSVE #M WTVI XSEXI
QTVINYVMQMPI PSV, E Z^YX VMHMGRHY-WI HI PE TQRX JYQIKEVI, GE JYQYP HMRXV-
YR GYTXSV.
2SM RY TYXIQ 3 PE JIP HI GVIHYPM GE #M WXVQS#MM RS#XVM. 'Y XSEX
FYRZSMR'E, RY QEM TYXIQ GVIHI RXV-YR (YQRI^IY EXSX#XMYXSV, EXSXTYXIVRMG,
SQRMTVI^IRX, TI PRK GEVI XMQTYP WI WGYVKI JV W-P EXMRK #M GEVI, XSXY#M,
RY IWXI WXTRYP ZMMXSVYPYM. (YQRI^IY E GVIEX SQYP #M W-E HIGPEVEX WEXMWJGYX
HI STIVE WE. "M, XSXY#M, IP ZE VIKVIXE QEM XV^MY JETXE WE, TIRXVY G EGIPE#M
GVIEXSV ZE LSXV W I\XIVQMRI SEQIRMM. 2SY, GSTMMPSV YRIM ITSGM PMTWMXI HI
TVINYHIG'M, RI ZMRI, HI EWIQIRIE, KVIY W RI RGLMTYMQ YR (YQRI^IY TVIE
QMPSWXMZ, GEVI, TVMRXVI RIRYQVE'MM GSTMM RHVKM'M, JEZSVM^IE^ XSGQEM JEQMPME
PYM 0SX. :IGLMYP XIWXEQIRX MRWMWX EWYTVE VIPEXVMM YRSV RXQTPVM R GEVI
(YQRI^IY WMRKYV WEY RKIVMM WM GSFSEV HMR GIV GY QEVI XQFPY, RXV-YR
ZVXIN HI JYQ. 9RE HMRXVI HIWGVMIVMPI GIPI QEM TEWMSRERXI EPI YRYM EWXJIP HI
IZIRMQIRX IWXI EGIIE E TVSJIXYPYM -I^IGLPIP: R ERYP EP XVIM^IGMPIE, R ^MYE E
GMRGIE E PYRMM E TEXVE, Q E4EQ RXVI VSFM, PE VYP 'LIFSR, YRHI QM W-EY
HIWGLMW GIVYVMPI #M EQ Z^YX RM#XI ZIHIRMM HYQRI^IMI#XM )Y TVMZIEQ #M MEX
ZIRIE HMRWTVI QME^RSETXI YR ZRX ZMNIPMSW, YR RSV QEVI #M YR ZEP HI JSG,
GEVI VWTRHIE R XSEXI TV'MPI VE^I WXVPYGMXSEVI; MEV R QMNPSGYP JSGYPYM
WXVPYGIE GE YR QIXEP R ZTEMI. "M R QMNPSG EQ Z^YX GIZE GE TEXVY 3EVI, E
GVSV RJ'M#EVI WIQRE GY GLMTYP SQIRIWG. *MIGEVI HMR IPI EZIE TEXVY JI'I #M
3IGEVI HMR IPI EZIE TEXVY EVMTM. 4MGMSEVIPI PSV IVEY HVITXI, MEV GSTMXIPI
TMGMSEVIPSV IVEY GYQ WYRX GSTMXIPI TMGMSEVIPSV HI ZM'IP #M WGRXIMEY GE EVEQE
WXVPYGMXSEVI (-I^IGLMIP, -, 4, 5, 6).
-I^IGLMIP HIWGVMI JSEVXI TVIGMW EXIVM^EVIE EGIWXYM ZILMGYP GIVIWG. )P
ZIHI, TVMZMRH GY HISWIFMX EXIR'MI, GYQ ZILMGYPYP, GEVI WXVPYGIE #M WGPMTIE,
ZIRIE HMRWTVI RSVH, WXVRMRH HMR RMWMTYP TYWXMYPYM YR RSV YVME#. 7 RM-P
RGLMTYMQ TI (YQRI^IY EXSXTYXIVRMGYP, GVIEXSVYP XYXYVSV VIPMKMMPSV: EVI IP
RIZSMI, 'IP EXX HI TYXIVRMG, W ZMR KSRMRH RIFYRI#XI HMRXV-S ERYQMX
HMVIG'MI# 2Y TSEXI 3 JV QEVI ^EVZ #M JV ^KSQSXI #M ZYMIXI EGSPS YRHI
HSVI#XI#
(EV W-P PWQ TI TVSJIXYP -I^IGLMIP W-#M GSRXMRYI VIPEXEVIE: 'RH Q
YMXEQ IY PE 3IGEVI, MEX EQ Z^YX NSW, PRK EGIWXI 3EVI, GXI S VSEX PE
3IGEVI HMR GIPI TEXVY JI'I EPI PSV. %GIWXI VS'M, HYT RJ'M#EVIE PSV, TEVG IVEY
HI GVMWSPMX, MEV HYT JTXYV XSEXI EZIEY EGIIE#M RJ'M#EVI. "M HYT EPGXYMVIE
#M HYT JTXYVE PSV, IPI TEVG IVEY ZVXI YRE R EPXE.
)PI REMRXEY R XYWTEXVY TV'MPI, #M R XMQTYP QIVWYPYM RY WI RXSVGIEY.
3FI^MPI PSV JSVQEY YR GIVG PEVK #M HI S RP'MQI RJVMGS#EX, #M EGIWXI SFI^M PE
XYWTEXVY IVEY TPMRI HI SGLM HI NYV QTVINYV. 'RH QIVKIEY 3EVIPI, QIVKIEY #M
VS'MPI HI PRK IPI, #M GRH WI VMHMGEY 3EVIPI HI PE TQRX, WI VMHMGEY #M
VS'MPI (-I^IGLMIP, -, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19).
(IWGVMIVIE IWXI I\GIPIRX. -I^IGLMIP GVIHI G VS'MPI WI QFYG YRE RXV-
EPXE. -PY^MI STXMG! 4SEXI XSX EXX HI FMRI W 3I ZSVFE HI YR XZPYK GY WTMVEPI
GE EGIPIE TI GEVI PI JSPSWIWG EQIVMGERMM R TVI^IRX TI XIVIRYVMPI RMWMTSEWI WEY
QP#XMRSEWI. -I^IGLMIP SFWIVZ G VS'MPI WI VMHMG HI TI TQRX S HEX GY
EVMTMPI. %GIEWXE GSVIWTYRHI RXSGQEM VIEPMX'MM.
*V RHSMEP G VS'MPI YRYM ZILMGYP TIRXVY SVMGI QIHMY, GIZE R KIRYP
YRYM IPMGSTXIV EQ3FMY, RY VQR TI TQRX GRH ETEVEXYP #M ME ^FSVYP. 7
YVQVMQ R GSRXMRYEVI XI\XYP TVSJIXYPYM: *MYP SQYPYM, WGSEP R TMGMSEVI, G EQ
W-'M ZSVFIWG(-I^IGLMIP, --, 1).
%GIEWX ZSGI S EY^M GVSRMGEVYP RSWXVY #M WI TVSWXIVR GY JVMG #M
ZIRIVE'MI GY JE'E PE TQRX. %VXVMPI WXVMRI M WI EHVIWEV PYM -I^IGLMIP EP
RSWXVY RYQMRHY-P *MYP SQYPYM #M #M I\TVMQEV HSVMR'E HI E ZSVFM GY IP. 1EM
HITEVXI, TVSJIXYP WGVMI: #M EQ EY^MX RHVX YR KPEW QEVI GE HI XYRIX, GEVI
^MGIE: n&MRIGYZRXEX 3I WPEZE (SQRYPYM R PSGYP YRHI WP#PYMI#XI IP. "M EQ
QEM EY^MX ^KSQSXYP 3EVIPSV GEVI FXIEY HMR EVMTM #M LYVYMXYP VS'MPSV HI PRK
IPI #M FYFYMX TYXIVRMG HI XYRIX (-I^IGLMIP, ---, 12-13).
-I^IGLMIP QIR'MSRIE^, TI PRK HIWGVMIVIE JSEVXI TVIGMW E ZILMGYPYPYM,
#M ^KSQSXYP TI GEVI QSRWXVYP EGIWXE RIQEMZ^YX P TVSHYGI R QSQIRXYP
VMHMGVMM. )P ZSVFI#XI HIWTVI FXEME EVMTMPSV #M HIWTVI LYVYMXYP VS'MPSV. 6IPEXEVIE
EGIEWXE E YRYM QEVXSV SGYPEV RY RI H SEVI HI KRHMX# >IMM ZSVFIWG GY
-I^IGLMIP #M M GIV W JEG SVHMRI #M VRHYMEP R 'EV. 11 MEY GY IM R ZILMGYPYP
PSV, HSZIHMRHY-M EWXJIP G RY EY TVWMX RG 'EVE. )ZIRMQIRXYP TEVI W 3 JGYX
S MQTVIWMI TYXIVRMG EWYTVE TVSJIXYPYM, GGM VIZMRI RISFSWMX EWYTVE HIWGVMIVMM
ZILMGYPYPYM RWTMQRXXSV.
RG R XVIM VRHYVM HIWGVMI GVSRMGEVYP VS'MPI GEVI WI QFYG YRE RXV-EPXE
#M WI HITPEWIE^ R TEXVY HMVIG'MM JV W WI RXSEVG R QM#GEVIE PSV. (ISWIFMX
HI QYPX P-E MQTVIWMSREX JETXYP G RXVIKYP GSVT EP ETEVEXYPYM, WTEXIPI, FVE'IPI
#M EVMTMPI, GLMEV #M VS'MPI IVEY TVIZ^YXI GY SGLM. 'X HIWTVI WGSTYP #M 'MRXE
GPXSVMIM PSV ^IMM PI ZSV HI^ZPYM GVSRMGEVYPYM QEM XV^MY, EXYRGM GRH M ZSV
WTYRI G XVMI#XI R QMNPSGYP YRYM RIEQ RHVXRMG, GEVI EVI YVIGLM, HEV RY
PEYHI, EVI SGLM, HEV RY ZIHI.
(YT GI IWXI EWXJIP PQYVMX EWYTVE WSGMIX'MM R GEVI XVMI#XI, YVQIE^
GE R QEM XSEXI VIPEXVMPI TVMZMXSEVI PE EGIWXI TSKSVVM WJEXYVM #M
VIGSQERHVM TIRXVY S FYR VRHYMEP #M SVHMRI, TSZI'I TIRXVY GVIEVIE YRIM
EHIZVEXI GMZMPM^E'MM. -I^IGLMIP #M ME QMWMYRIE JSEVXI R WIVMSW #M XVERWQMXI QEM
HITEVXI WEVGMRMPI ^IMPSV.
-EX-RI RG S HEX R JE'E YRYM ZVEJ HI RXVIFVM. 'MRI E ZSVFMX GY
-I^IGLMIP# 'I JIP HI 3MR'I EY JSWX EGIWXIE# >IM R R'IPIWYP XVEHM'MSREP EP
GYZRXYPYM 3VI#XI G RY IVEY. %GI#XME, HIWMKYV, RY EY RIZSMI TIRXVY E WI
HITPEWE HMRXV-YR PSG R EPXYP HI RMGM YR JIP HI ZILMGYP. 9R EWIQIRIE QMNPSG HI
PSGSQS'MI RY RM WI TEVI TSXVMZMX GY MQEKMRIE EXSXTYXIVRMGYPYM (YQRI^IY.
R 'EVXIE GV'MPSV IWXI TSQIRMX S EPX MRZIR'MI GY GEVEGXIV XILRMG, GEVI
QIVMX W 3I EQMRXMX R EGIEWX SVHMRI HI MHIM, R WTMVMX SFMIGXMZ. )WXI ZSVFE
HI GLMZSXYP PIKMM, E GVYM GSRWXVYG'MI WI RXIQIME^ TI MRHMGE'MM JSEVXI
TVIGMWI HEXI HI (YQRI^IY PYM 1SMWI (-I#MVIE, <<:, 10).
(MQIRWMYRMPI GLMZSXYPYM, TVIGM^EXI TR PE GIRXMQIXVY, EPMENYP QIXEPIPSV,
EQTPEWEQIRXYP #M JIPYP TVKLMMPSV #M ZIVMKMPSV, RMQMG RY IWXI PWEX PE ZSME
RXQTPVMM. (YQRI^IY P RHIEQR HI QEM QYPXI SVM TI 1SMWI W I\IGYXI
MRHMGE'MMPI RXSGQEM E#E GYQ S HSVIE IP #M W FEKI HI WIEQ W RY JEG RMGM S
KVI#IEP. :I^M W JEGM XSEXI HYT QSHIPYP GI 'M W-E EVXEX R
QYRXI (-I#MVIE, <<:, 40).
(YQRI^IY M EHYGI PE GYRS#XMR' TVSJIXYPYM G-M ZE ZSVFM IP RWY#M, #M
ERYQI TVMR GETEGYP GLMZSXYPYM. )P P EZIVXM^IE^ G RMQIRM RY XVIFYMI W WI
ETVSTMI HI EGIWXE, MEV TIRXVY XVERWTSVXEVIE PYM H MRHMGE'MM TVIGMWI TVMZMRH
ZI#QMRXIPI #M RGP'VMPI GI YVQIE^ E 3 TYVXEXI HI GIM GEVI-P XVERWTSVX. (EV,
GY XSEXI TVIGEY'MMPI, XSX WI ZE TVSHYGI YR EGGMHIRX, EXYRGM GRH (EZMH ZE
SVHSRE XVERWTSVXEVIE GLMZSXYPYM ('EVXIE E ---E E VIKMPSV, :-), RWVGMRRHY-P TI
9^E W QIEVK EPXYVM, EWIQIRIE YRYM WXVNIV.
0E YR QSQIRX HEX, RM#XI FSM GEVI XVIGIEY TVMR ETVSTMIVI P-EY
EHYPQIGEX, 3MRH KEXE W-P VWXSEVRI. 9^E E TYW QRE TI PEH, HEV, GE PSZMX HI
XVWRIX, E G^YX TI PSG #M E QYVMX.
*V RHSMEP G GLMZSXYP PIKMM IVE RGVGEX GY IPIGXVMGMXEXI. (EG W-EV
VIGSRWXVYM EWX^M EGIWX ETEVEX, YVQVMRH GY I\EGXMXEXI MRWXVYG'MYRMPI TVMQMXI
HI 1SMWI, W-EV SF'MRI YR GSRHYGXSV IPIGXVMG GY S XIRWMYRI HI QEP QYPXI WYXI
HI ZSP'M. 'SRHIRWEXSVYP IVE JSVQEX HMR HSY TPGM HI EYV, YRE TS^MXMZ, EPXE
RIKEXMZ. 9RYP HMR LIVYZMQMM HI EYV QSRXE'M TI GETEG XVIFYMI W 3 'MRYX PSG HI
QEKRIX. 'LMZSXYP HIZIRIE EWXJIP YR QIKEJSR, TSEXI GLMEV YR JIP HI MRWXEPE'MI
HI IQMWMI-VIGIT'MI, GEVI-M TIVQMXIE PYM 1SMWI W QIR'MR S PIKXYV
TIVQERIRX GY REZE WTE'MEP.
(IXEPMMPI TVMZMRH GSRWXVYMVIE GLMZSXYPYM PIKMM TSX 3 KWMXI R &MFPMI GY PY\
HI EQRYRXI. *V W XVIFYMEWG W RI QTVSWTXQ QIQSVME, EZIQ R QMRXI
JETXYP G GLMZSXYP IVE EHIWIE RGSRNYVEX HI WGRXIM #M G 1SMWI WI JSPSWIE HI
EGIWX IQM'XSV SVM HI GXI SVM EZIE RIZSMI HI YR ENYXSV WEY HI YR WJEX.
4VSJIXYP EY^IE ZSGIE (SQRYPYM, HEV JE'E RY M-E TYXYX-S ZIHIE RMGMGRH. %XYRGM
GRH P VYK RXV-S ^M W M WI EVEXI, (SQRYP M VWTYRWI:*E'E QIE RW RY ZIM
TYXIE W-S ZI^M, G RY TSEXI ZIHIE SQYP JE' QIE #M W XVMEWG.
"M MEV#M E ^MW (SQRYP: -EX EMGM PE QMRI YR PSG; #I^M TI WXRGE EGIEWXE.
'RH ZE XVIGI WPEZE QIE, XI ZSM EWGYRHI R WGSFMXYVE WXRGMM #M ZSM TYRI QRE
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1EM EVI GMRIZE GYVENYP W QEM TSQIRIEWG R EXEVM QTVINYVVM HI MRYXMPMXEXI#
7YF XMXPYP 7XMQYPEVI HEXSVEX VEGLIXIPSV WIPIREVI, VIZMWXE >IMX VIPEXIE^
R RYQVYP 47 HMR RSMIQFVMI 1967: 'SRWXVYGXSVMM HI EYXSQSFMPI WYRX, PE
VRHYP PSV, MRXIVIWE'M R VIEPM^VMPI XILRMGMM EWIPIRM^VMM PMRI, RXVYGX IM
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#SGYP EPYRM^VMM EV XVIFYM I\XMRWI #M R EPXI HSQIRMM. 'LMEV HEG R GE^YP YRIM
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EYXSQSFMPM#XM, WI ZE TYXIE XSXY#M ETPMGRH TVMRGMTMMPI HI GSRWXVYG'MI GEVI EY
HEX GIPI QEM FYRI VI^YPXEXI R GPXSVMMPI WTE'MEPI W WI VIHYG R FYR
QWYV VMWGYVMPI I\MWXIRXI EWX^M. 4PGMPI WMWXIQ nJEKYVI~, PEVK YXMPM^EXI R
GSRWXVYG'MMPI EZMEXMGI QSHIVRI, SJIV HINE, PE S KVIYXEXI VIHYW, S VI^MWXIR'
WTSVMX. 9XMPM^EVIE PSV I\TIVMQIRXEP R GSRWXVYG'MMPI EYXS PI-E GSR3VQEX
GEPMX'MPI. 4SHIEYE ZILMGYPYPYM I\TIVMQIRXEP GSRWXVYMX HI 6SZIV EG'MSREX HI
S XYVFMR GY KE^ IWXI VIEPM^EX R WMWXIQYP nJEKYVI~.
'MRI GYRSE#XI EWX^M WMXYE'ME I\MWXIRX #M VMXQYP JYVXYRSW EP HI^ZSPXVMM
GIVGIXVMPSV RY QEM TSEXI WYFWGVMI PE E3VQE'MMPI WGITXMGMPSV GEVI TVIXMRH G
RMGMSHEX RY ZE 3 TSWMFMP W GPXSVI#XM HI PE S WXIE PE EPXE. 8RVE KIRIVE'MI
E ^MPIPSV RSEWXVI ZE ZIHIE EGIEWXE MQTSWMFMPMXEXI HIZIRMRH VIEPMXEXI. 7I ZSV
GSRWXVYM YVME#I REZI WTE'MEPI TVSTYPWEXI HI VIEGXSEVI GETEFMPI W HI^ZSPXI S
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GEVI, EG'MSRRH JE' HI GETWYPE GSWQMG GE YR IGVER TVSXIGXSV, EV TYRI-S PE
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3 IGLMT HI 3^MGMIRM HI TVMQ VERK #M TVSTYR W HIQSRWXVI^I I\MWXIR'E E#E-
RYQM'MPSV XELMSRM. (ISGEQHEX IWXI ZSVFE HI RM#XI TEVXMGYPI MTSXIXMGI, GEVI W-
EV QM#GE QEM VITIHI GE TEVXMGYPIPI PYQMRSEWI, ZMXI^E PSV QMRMQ 3MRH EGIIE#M
GY E PYQMRMM. 7I #XMI G XELMSRMM EV XVIFYM W I\MWXI; GIIE GI RI PMTWI#XI
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TIRXVY TEVXMGYPI RII\MWXIRXI EY JSWX, R GIPI HMR YVQ, EHYWI #M R GE^YP
RIYXVMRMPSV #M EP ERXMQEXIVMIM. R GIPI HMR YVQ, YPXMQMPSV VITVI^IRXER'M HMR GSVYP
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EHIZV G QMM HMRXVI GIM QEM R'IPIT'M SEQIRM EM ZVIQYVMPSV RSEWXVI #M-EV 3
HIHMGEX QYRGE PSV TEWMSREX YRIM YXSTMM WEY YRYM 'IP PMTWMX HI MQTSVXER'#
7 MRXVQ HIGM GY GYVEN R QMI^YP TVSFPIQIM #M GY XSX VMWGYP HI E RY 3
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GIM QEM WXMQE'M #M VIRYQM'M, GEVI EY EGIPE#M TYRGX HI ZIHIVI.
*EVJYVMMPI ^FYVXSEVI EY JSWX SFWIVZEXI EXX R %QIVMGE HI 2SVH GX #M
HIEWYTVE *MPMTMRIPSV, R +IVQERME JIHIVEP, GE #M R 1I\MG. 7 EHQMXIQ G 98%
HMR GIM GEVI GVIH G EY SFWIVZEX JEVJYVMM ^FYVXSEVI EY Z^YX R VIEPMXEXI
JYPKIVI KPSFYPEVI TVSZSGEXI HI JIRSQIRI IPIGXVSQEKRIXMGI, FEPSERI
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RIGYRSWGYXI WEY GMYHEXI NSGYVM HI PYQMR #M YQFVI TI GIVYP EQYVKYPYM. *V
RHSMEP G KVYTI RXVIKM HI SEQIRM, 3MRH ZMGXMQI EPI YRSV LEPYGMRE'MM
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VQRI YR KVYT MQTSVXERX HI SEQIRM PYGM^M, HI SFWIVZEXSVM GEVI WYRX,
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GEWRMG WEY YR JIVQMIV HMR :IWXYP WPFEXMG HIWMKYV G WI TSX R#IPE, HEV HEG,
HI I\IQTPY, TVI^IR'E 3. >. 2.-YVMPSV E JSWX VIQEVGEX HI YR GTMXER HI EZME'MI
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GTMXER HI EZME'MI R-EVI MRXIVIW W MRZIRXI^I TSZI#XM, HEG RY TIRXVY EPXGIZE,
QGEV TIRXVY JETXYP G, R JIPYP EGIWXE, #M-EV TYXIE TMIVHI Y#SV TSWXYP PYM FMRI
TPXMX. (EG RW EGIPE#M PYGVY IWXI VIPEXEX RY HI YR WMRKYV S3'IV EZMEXSV, GM HI
YR KVYT RXVIK HI TMPS'M, TVMRXVI GEVI YRMM QMPMXEVM, EXYRGM I\MWX HIWXYPI QSXMZI
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2MGM RSM RY #XMQ GI WYRX 3. >. 2.-YVMPI; RY TVIXMRHIQ G EV 3 ZSVFE HI
ETEVEXI ^FYVXSEVI ETEV'MRRH YRSV MRXIPMKIR'I I\XVEXIVIWXVI, HI#M MTSXI^E
IWXI YRE HMRXVI GIPI QEM TPEY^MFMPI. (MR TGEXI, EYXSVYP VRHYVMPSV HI JE' R-E
Z^YX GY TVSTVMMM WM SGLM R GPXSVMMPI RXVITVMRWI HI-E PYRKYP #M HI-E PEXYP
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QVXYVMM EYXIRXMGI #M HIQRI HI RGVIHIVI:
0E 5 JIFVYEVMI 1965, 1MRMWXIVYP %TVVMM HMR 7XEXIPI 9RMXI EPI %QIVMGMM E
JGYX GYRSWGYX G WIG'ME WTIGMEP TIRXVY TVSFPIQIPI 3. >. 2.-YVMPSV E JSWX
RWVGMREX W ZIVM3GI VETSVXYP E HSM STIVEXSVM VEHEV. %QRHSM EY HIXIGXEX PE
29 MERYEVMI 1965, TI IGVERIPI VEHEV EJIGXEXI EIVSTSVXYPYM QEVMRIM HMR
1EV]PERH, HSY SFMIGXI ^FYVXSEVI RIGYRSWGYXI, GEVI W-EY ETVSTMEX HI
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50 OQ HITVXEVI HI EIVSTSVX, SFMIGXIPI EY JGYX FVYWG S GYVF, HMWTVRH
VETMH HMR GQTYP IGVERIPSV.
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SFWIVZEX PE 'ERFIVVE (%YWXVEPME) XVIGRH TI GIV, R ^SVMM ^MPIM, R HMVIG'ME RSVH-
IWX YR SFMIGX ^FYVXSV QEVI #M WXVPYGMXSV. %YHME'M HI HIPIKE'M EM SVKERM^E'MIM
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MRGERHIWGIRX, YPXIVMSV W-E WXMRW, R XMQT GI SFMIGXYP GIP QEVI E HMWTVYX HMR
ZIHIVI R HMVIG'ME RSVH-ZIWX. 9RYP HMR QIXISVSPSKM QVXYVMWM VIWIQREX: %Q
PYEX RXSXHIEYRE R HIVHIVI TSZI#XMPI GY 3. >. 2.-YVMPI. (EV GI QEM TSX W
WTYR EGYQ, HYT GI EQ Z^YX IY RWYQM YR EWIQIRIE SFMIGX#
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FE^E EIVMER /MRVSWW, WXEXYP 1MGLMKER, YR SFMIGX ^FYVXSV RIGYRSWGYX.
0SGSXIRIRXYP HI EZME'MI 6. ;MPWSR, GEVI I\IGYXE YR ^FSV HI I\IVGM'MY TI YR
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IGVERYP VEHEV EQFIPI GSVTYVM ^FYVXSEVI WI GSRXSTMV. %TIPYVMPI VEHMSJSRMGI
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TI S #SWIE HI GIRXYV HMR )\IXIV (2I[ ,EQTWLMVI, 7. 9. %.), TY'MR REMRXIE
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WI STVM EPXYVM HI GIMPEP'M, GY JVRIPI WGV#RMRH WXVMHIRX.
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EGIEWXE TI QMNPSEGIPI XILRMGMM #M KRHMVMM GSRXIQTSVERI. 9^MRI EPI KRHMVMM
MEY 3MR' TVIXYXMRHIRM; IPI RY WYRX EPXGIZE HIGX WMLWXVMM EPI EGXYEPMPSV
SEQIRM HI #XMMR', GEVI KRHIWG TIRXVY QMRI. R 7XEXIPI 9RMXI WYRX 164 HI
Y^MRI HI EGIWX KIR HISWIFMX. )PI TVMQIWG GSQIR^M HMR TEVXIE KYZIVRIPSV #M E
QEVMM MRHYWXVMM. 4VMRXVI Y^MRIPI HI MHIM, GIE GEVI #M-E G#XMKEX GIP QEM QEVI
VIRYQI IWXI 6%2(-'SVTSVEXMSR HMR 7ERXE 1SRMGE-'EPMJSVRME. )E E JSWX GVIEX
R 1945, PE MRM'MEXMZE *SV'IPSV EIVMIRI EPI 7. 9. %.
7EVGMRM EREPSKI GIPSV RHITPMRMXI HI 6%2( WYRX RHITPMRMXI #M R EPXI
MRWXMXY'MM.
+YZIVRIPI #M QEVIE MRHYWXVMI RY QEM TSX, PE SVE EGXYEP, W WI TPERM3GI
JV EGI#XM TVSWTIGXSVM EM ZMMXSVYPYM. +YZIVRIPI XVIFYMI W-#M TVIZEH HMR XMQT
ST'MYRMPI, QEVMPI RXVITVMRHIVM W-#M GEPGYPI^I ERXMGMTEX HMVIG'ME MRZIWXM'MMPSV,
GLMEV #M TI HIGIRMM. *YXYVSPSKME XVIFYMI W TVIZEH HI^ZSPXEVIE TPERM3GEX E
QEVMPSV SVE#I TI GIP TY'MR YR WIGSP.
'Y QMNPSEGIPI GEVI WXEY EWX^M #XMMR'IM PE HMWTS^M'MI, RY QEM IWXI KVIY, HI
TMPH, W ERXMGMTI^M HI^ZSPXEVIE 1I\MGYPYM TIRXVY YVQXSVMM 50 HI ERM. 4IRXVY
EWXJIP HI IWXMQE'MM TVSWTIGXMZI WI MEY R GSRWMHIVE'MI EWIQIRIE JEGXSVM GE
XILRMGE EGXYEP, QMNPSEGIPI HI GSQYRMGE'MI #M MRJSVQE'MI, GYVIRXIPI TSPMXMGI #M
MREQMGMM TSXIR'MEPM EM 1I\MGYPYM. (EG EWX^M I\MWX EWIQIRIE TSWMFMPMX'M HI E
JEGI S TVSKRS^, RMQMG RY RI QTMIHMG W GVIHIQ G S 3MR' VE'MSREP
I\XVEXIVIWXV E WXEFMPMX TIRXVY 4QRX S TVSKRS^ GY 10.000 HI ERM R YVQ.
4IRXVY YQERMXEXI, TVSWTIGXEVIE ZMMXSVYPYM, GVYME W-M HIHMGI XSEXI
JSV'IPI GSVIWTYR^XSEVI, E HIZIRMX S RIGIWMXEXI. *V WXYHMIVIE ZMMXSVYPYM,
TVSFEFMP G R-EQ 3 EZYX RMGM S TSWMFMPMXEXI W HIWGMJVQ IRMKQIPI XVIGYXYPYM.
'MRI #XMI HEG, RXV-EHIZV, #ERXMIVIPI EVLISPSKMGI RY EWGYRH MRHMGE'MM
MQTSVXERXI TIRXVY HI^PIKEVIE XVIGYXYPYM RSWXVY, R NYVYP GVSVE GSRXMRYQ W
RI RZVXMQ JV E PI PYE R WIEQ, TIRXVY G TYV #M WMQTPY RY #XMQ GYQ W
RGITIQ W PI GIVGIXQ#
(MR EGIEWX GEY^ EQ TVSTYW W WI HIHMGI YR ER %VLISPSKMIM YXSTMGI.
'YQ RY GVIHIQ TVSWXI#XI R R'IPITGMYRIE ZIGLMPSV WGLIQI HI KRHMVI, RY
TVIXMRHIQ RMGM W WI EGSVHI GVIHMX TVSTVMIM RSEWXVI MTSXI^I. 2SM RI QYP'YQMQ
R SVMGI GE^ W E#XITXQ #M W WTIVQ G ZE ZIRM #M YR QSQIRX JEZSVEFMP, R
GEVI IRMKQIPI XVIGYXYPYM ZSV 3 TVMZMXI RITVXMRMXSV, JSPSWMRHY-WI TIRXVY
HI^PIKEVIE PSV XILRMGE GIE QEM EZERWEX.
2Y IWXI ZMRE RSEWXV HEG R YRMZIVW WYRX QMPMSERI HI EPXI TPERIXI
2Y IWXI ZMRE RSEWXV HEG GSMJYP WXEXYIXIM NETSRI^I HI PE 8SOSQEM,
ZIGLI HI QMPIRMM, RI-E TYW R JE'E YRYM WMWXIQ QSHIVR HI RGLMHIVI #M E YRSV
ZM^SEVI
2Y IWXI ZMRE RSEWXV HEG TMEXVE WGYPTXEX HI PE 4EPIRUYI I\MWX
2Y IWXI ZMRE RSEWXV HEG REZMKEXSVYP 4MVM 6IMW RY #M-E EVW ZIGLMPI WEPI
LV'M
2Y IWXI ZMRE RSEWXV HEG ZIGLMPI M^ZSEVI WGVMWI #M PIKIRHIPI SQIRMVMM
TVI^MRX EXXIE JERXEWQEKSVMM #M XSXY#M RSM WYRXIQ ZMRSZE'M G, HI#M
GYRSWGRH XSEXI EGIWXIE, RY PI-EQ EGSVHEX MQTSVXER'E GYZIRMX #M RMGM RY PI-
EQ TVMZMX GY WY3GMIRX WIVMS^MXEXI.
3QYP EVI R JE'E WE YR ZMMXSV KVERHMSW, GEVI ZE HIT#M GLMEV #M XVIGYXYP
WY EXX HI QVI'. 'IVGIXVMPI WTE'MEPI #M TVSWTIGXEVIE ZMMXSVYPYM XVIFYMI W RI
HIE GYVENYP W EXEGQ TVSMIGXIPI GEVI TEV RIVIEPM^EFMPI. (I TMPH, TVSMIGXYP
YRIM GIVGIXVM GSRZIVKIRXI E XVIGYXYPYM, GEVI W WGSEX PE PYQMR ZEPSVM
RIKPMNEXI; QVXYVMM EPI XVIGYXYPYM GEVI, GSR3VQEXI S HEX TIRXVY XSXHIEYRE,
FIRI3GMMRH HI RGVIHIVIE HITPMR EGSVHEX JETXIPSV VIEPI, W TYR RXV-S
PYQMR RSY MWXSVME YQERMX'MM. 4IRXVY FMRIPI ZMMXSEVIPSV KIRIVE'MM.
7*6"-8
?1A %GIEWX MTSXI^, ETEV'MRRH 3^MGMERYPYM WYIHI^ 7ZERXI %VVLIRMYW
(1859-1927), RY E TVMQMX TR EGYQ GSR3VQEVIE #XMMR'IM. (%HRSXEVI -SR
,SFERE).
?2A )VSMM PYM .YPIW :IVRI R-EY HIT#MX KVERM'IPI WMWXIQYPYM RSWXVY WSPEV RMGM
HIPMFIVEX ((I PE 4QRX PE 0YR), RMGM MRGMHIRXEP (,IGXSV 7IVZEHEG R PYQIE
WSPEV). 2Y TSEXI 3 ZSVFE, HIGM, HI S XIRXEXMZ E PYM HI E TYRI TMGMSVYP TI
WXIPI. (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
?3A %GIEWX MRXIVTVIXEVI I GSRXIWXEX HI YRMM GIVGIXXSVM, GEVI WYW'MR G:
GSRXMRIRXYP WYHMG HI TI LV'MPI PYM 4MVM 6IMW RY EVI RMGM S PIKXYV GY
%RXEVGXMGE, VITVSHYGRH MQEKMRIE IQMWJIVIM WYHMGI, JSVQEX RG HMR
ERXMGLMXEXI (%VMWXSXIP, 4XSPIQIY);
RXVIEKE HIQSRWXVE'MI E PYM 1EPPIV] WI RXIQIME^ TI KVMPE TIRXVY
GMXMVIE #M XVERWTYRIVIE HEXIPSV HMR LV'MPI VIWTIGXMZI TI YR KPSF QSHIVR EP
4QRXYPYM; SV, XSGQEM EGIEWX KVMP VQRI YR WIGVIX RIHMZYPKEX
GSQYRMX'MM #XMMR'M3GI MRXIVRE'MSREPI. (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
?4A -EX GI WTYRI (IRMW 7EYVEX HYT GI HIWGVMI TI PEVK GEPIRHEVYP HI PE
8MELYEREGS: 2Y TYXIQ E3VQE G EGI#XM SEQIRM, YVME#M WEY RY, IVEY QEM
WEZER'M HIGX RSM WEY TSEXI IVEY# , MHIIE VQRI MTSXIXMG; IM IVEY R
SVMGI GE^ QEM WEZER'M HIGX EY JSWX SEQIRMM HMREMRXIE RSEWXV TI GEVI-M
GYRSE#XIQ. 4I GX #XMQ, RMGM IKMTXIRMM, RMGM KVIGMM, RMGM LMRHY#MM R-EV 3 TYXYX
EPGXYM EGIWX GEPIRHEV. (EV, R WJV#MX, QRHVME HIWGSTIVMVMPSV RSEWXVI HMR
WIGSPIPI EP <-<-PIE #M EP <<-PIE RI RHIEQR W RI GVIHIQ WYTIVMSVM R
GYRS#XMR'I #XMMR'M3GI ERHMRMIRMPSV (PSGYMXSVM EM %R^MPSV. -. ,.) HMR
XIV'MEV (0%XPERXMHI IX PI VIKRI HIW KERXW, )HMXMSRW .'EM 0Y, 1969, T. 47).
(%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
?5A 8SGQEM EGIWXE IWXI GEPIRHEVYP HI PE 8MELYEREGS. *MKYVMRIPI
VITVI^MRX PYRMPI ERYPYM, WSPWXM'MMPI #M IGLMRSG'MMPI IXG. (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
?6A 6IJIVMRHY-WI RYQEM PE 4SEVXE 7SEVIPYM, 7. #M 6, ;EMWFEVH E3VQ: RY
WI #XMI RMQMG HIWTVI TSTSVYP GEVI E GSRWXVYMX-S #M HIWTVI ITSG (1YQMMPI HMR
4IVY, )HMXYVE #XMMR'M3G, 1965, T. 250). (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
?7A 8I\XYP GMXEX ZSVFIE HIWTVI YRYP #M ETSM QEM QYPXI GIVYVM HI JSG. :SVFIE
TIRXVY G E HMWTVYX HYT QSEVXIE PYM %PFIVXS 8YPPM, GYQ RI RGVIHMR'IE^
6ETSVXYP 'SRHSR. (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
?8A 2Y XSEXI GIPI TIWXI 80 HI TMVEQMHI WYRX GSRWXVYMXI HYT GVM XIVMM
EWXVSRSQMGI. %3VQE'ME EV XVIFYM W WI VIJIVI PE ERWEQFPYP HI PE +MWIL #M, QEM
EPIW, PE QEVIE TMVEQMH E PYM ,YJY (TI GEVI ,IVSHSX P-E VIFSXI^EX /LISTW).
(%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
?9A % VIGYRSE#XI G FEWQIPI #M PIKIRHIPI EY YR WQFYVI HI EHIZV RY
RWIEQR E GYXE TIRXVY 3IGEVI HMRXVI IPIQIRXIPI PSV YR GSVIWTSRHIRX VIEP
#M RG I\XVEXIVIWXVY. (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
?10AWEY HI S GETWYP E XMQTYPYM RKVSTEX WYF HEPIPI KMKERXMGI HI
TMEXV, R E#XITXEVIE GPMTIM GRH SEQIRMM ZSV 3 GETEFMPM W ENYRK PE IE.
(%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
?11A )QMRIRXYP EVLISPSK IKMTXIER 1. >EOEVME +SRIMQ I HI EPX TVIVI:
TMVEQMHE R XVITXI E JSWX HSEV S JSVQ XVER^MXSVMI, JGRH PSG GY XMQTYP
EHIZVEXIM TMVEQMHI (4MVEQMHE RKVSTEX, )HMXYVE #XMMR'M3G, 1959, T. 22). 'X
HIWTVI QSVQMRXI I HI ENYRW W QIR'MSRQ I\MWXIR'E YRSV PYGVVM GE EGIIE E
PYM +. %. 6IMWRIV, MRXMXYPEX 8LI (IZISTQIRX SJ XLI )K]TXMER 8SQF HS[R XS
XLI %GGIWWMSR SJ 'LISTW, 'EQFVMHKI, 1EWWEGLYWIXXW, 1935. (%HRSXEVI -SR
,SFERE).
?12A )KMTXSPSKMM EGGITX I\TPMGE'MMPI EYXSVMPSV ERXMGM (,IVSHSX, (MSHSV HMR
7MGMPME, 4PMRMY GIP &XVR, 4PYXEVL) R PIKXYV GY QSHYP HI GSRWXVYG'MI E
QEVMPSV TMVEQMHI. 4IRXVY EQRYRXI TSEXI 3 GSRWYPXEX GEVXIE PYM +.
'LM'YPIWGY #M 8V. 'LM'YPIWGY "ETXI QSRYQIRXI GIPIFVI EPI ERXMGLMX'MM ()HMXYVE
XILRMG, 1969, T. 53-65). (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
?13A "M WEZER'MM GEVI P-EY RWS'MX TI 2ETSPISR R )KMTX, R 1798, WGVMEY:
(EG EQ ZVIE W GSRWXVYMQ EWX^M TMVEQMHE PYM /LISTW, EV XVIFYM W JSPSWMQ
QYPXI WYXI HI QMM HI QYRGMXSVM, QYPXI QMPMSERI HI QIXVM GYFM HI TMEXV #M
QYPXI QMPMEVHI HI JVERGM JVERGI^M EYV. )YVSTE RXVIEK, GY XSEXI VIWYVWIPI IM
ZEVMEXI, R-EV RHV^RM W RXVITVMRH YR EWIQIRIE IJSVX TIRXVY S WMRKYV
TMVEQMH. 2Y I ZSVFE RW HI S MQTSWMFMPMXEXI QEXIVMEP, 'MRRH HI YR RMZIP
XILRMG-#XMMR'M3G TVIWYTYW MRJIVMSV GIPYM EP GSRWXVYGXSVMPSV ERXMGM. 'IIE GI RY
QEM I\MWX R ZVIQYVMPI RSEWXVI RY WYRX GYRS#XMR'IPI MRKMRIVI#XM EPI WYTY#MPSV
JEVESRMPSV, GM XIQIMYVMPI IGSRSQMGI, WSGMEPI #M WTMVMXYEPI EPI VMHMGVMM
TMVEQMHIPSV. (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
?14A *SPSWMRH EGIPIE#M YRIPXI GE RHITVXE'MM PSV WXVQS#M (TVKLMM, WRMM HI
PIQR, VYPSYVM, XVEZIVWI), 30 HI WEPELSVM EVEFM EY RHITVXEX, R GXIZE
WTXQRM, TIWXI 400 HI FPSGYVM HI KVERMX G^YXI HMR QFVGQMRXIE
TMVEQMHIM PYM 1MOIVMRSW, GRXVMRH RXVI YRE #M #ETXI XSRI 3IGEVI. -EV PE 1EVIE
4MVEQMH EY PYGVEX, XMQT HI 20 HI ERM, 100.000 HI SEQIRM, GXI XVIM PYRM TI
ER. (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
?15A R XSEX EGIEWX MRXIVIWERX WTIGYPE'MI WI YMX YR HIXEPMY SEVIGYQ
IWIR'MEP: REMRXI HI QFPWQEVI WI WGSXIEY SVKERIPI MRXIVRI #M GVIMIVYP
ZMMXSEVIPSV QYQMM. (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
?16A %Y JSWX KWMXI WXEXYM #M n%LY~ VMHMGRHY-WI PMFIVI TI WSP R XSEXI
TV'MPI MRWYPIM (-ZEV 0MWWRIV 'MZMPM^EXMSR Q]WXVMIYWIW, 6SFIVX 0E2SRX, 1964,
T. 276). (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
?17A 4MVEQMHE HI PE 8MOEP RY IWXI YR QSVQRX, GM WSGPYP YRYM XIQTPY. .EHYP
HMR GEVI WYRX WGYPTXEXI SFMIGXIPI KWMXI R +YEXIQEPE RY RYQEM PE 8MOEP #M
R EPXI ^SRI HMR %QIVMGE GIRXVEP RY IWXI SVMKMREV HMR 'LMRE; EZRH S EPX
GSQTS^M'MI GLMQMG, NEHYP GLMRI^IWG I QEM XVERWPYGMH. 4VSZIRMIR'E NEHYPYM
JSPSWMX HI QE]E#M VQRI HIGM YR WIQR HI RXVIFEVI, GIPI QEM ETVSTMEXI
^GQMRXI GYRSWGYXI E4RHY-WI R 'EREHE #M %PEWOE, PE HMWXER'I HI QMM HI
OMPSQIXVM. 1MRIVEPSKMM GSRWMHIV RW G R 1I\MG #M R +YEXIQEPE XVIFYMI W
I\MWXI GXI YR ^GQRX RG RIHIWGSTIVMX. (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
?18A )WXI SQMW I\TPMGE'ME TVSTYW HI 7. +. 1SVPI] #M EGGITXEX HI
QENSVMXEXIE WEZER'MPSV: WIGXYMVIE TQRXYPYM HMR NYVYP SVE#IPSV HMR GEY^E
WMWXIQYPYM TVMQMXMZ HI EKVMGYPXYV TVEGXMGEX HI QE]E#M. 2IGYRSWGRH TPYKYP,
EGI#XME HHIEY JSG NYRKPIM #M RWQR'EY XIVIRYP EWXJIP HIJVM#EX. (YT
WXVRKIVIE VIGSPXIM, TQRXYP XVIFYME PWEX W WI VIJEG S TIVMSEH HMR GI R
GI QEM PYRK TR PE YVQXSEVIE RWQR'EVI, HIZIRMRH, R GIPI HMR YVQ,
WXIVT. 'RH HMWXER'E HMRXVI SVE#I #M SKSEVI E ENYRW W 3I TVSLMFMXMZ TIRXVY
EWMKYVEVIE LVERIM, QE]E#M W-EY Z^YX SFPMKE'M W IQMKVI^I R GYXEVIE YRSV
'MRYXYVM VSHMXSEVI. (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
?19A %RYP 3111 I S HEX GSRZIR'MSREP, GY GEVEGXIV QMWXMG, TIVMSEHE HI
JSVQEVI E GMZMPM^E'MIM QE]E RGITRH GEQ TVMR 500 .I.R. (MWXER'E JE' HI
TVMQIPI QVXYVMM EPI MWXSVMIM IKMTXIRI IWXI HIGM QYPX QEM QEVI. (%HRSXEVI -SR
,SFERE).
?20A 4VSFEFMP S KVI#IEP HI XMTEV. 'MXM'M 1952. (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
?21A 2Y WYRX HIWIRI WTEXI R TMEXV, GM WXRGM WGYPTXEXI R HMJIVMXI JSVQI
RY RYQEM GQMPI #M PIM, GEVI R-EY XVMX RMGMSHEX R %QIVMGE, GM #M ERMQEPI
TVIMWXSVMGI (KPMTXSHSRYP), TWVM, SEQIRM IXG. (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
?22A 2MGM R-EY XVERWTSVXEX-S. 4MEXVE WYHYPYM E VQEW R GEVMIV, TI PSGYP
YRHI E JSWX XMEX. (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
?23A 2Y G'MZE ERM, GM GXIZE HIGIRMM QEM XV^MY, HI ZVIQI GI %RXSR
1EVME 7GL]VP E EZYX TVIXIR'ME EQMRXMX R 1643. (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
1 %GIEWX MTSXI^, ETEV'MRRH 3^MGMERYPYM WYIHI^ 7ZERXI %VVLIRMYW
(1859-1927), RY E TVMQMX TR EGYQ GSR3VQEVIE #XMMR'IM. (%HRSXEVI -SR
,SFERE).
2 )VSMM PYM .YPIW :IVRI R-EY HIT#MX KVERM'IPI WMWXIQYPYM RSWXVY WSPEV RMGM
HIPMFIVEX ((I PE 4QRX PE 0YR), RMGM MRGMHIRXEP (,IGXSV 7IVZEHEG R PYQIE
WSPEV). 2Y TSEXI 3 ZSVFE, HIGM, HI S XIRXEXMZ E PYM HI E TYRI TMGMSVYP TI
WXIPI. (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
3 %GIEWX MRXIVTVIXEVI I GSRXIWXEX HI YRMM GIVGIXXSVM, GEVI WYW'MR G:
GSRXMRIRXYP WYHMG HI TI LV'MPI PYM 4MVM 6IMW RY EVI RMGM S PIKXYV GY
%RXEVGXMGE, VITVSHYGRH MQEKMRIE IQMWJIVIM WYHMGI, JSVQEX RG HMR
ERXMGLMXEXI (%VMWXSXIP, 4XSPIQIY);
RXVIEKE HIQSRWXVE'MI E PYM 1EPPIV] WI RXIQIME^ TI KVMPE TIRXVY
GMXMVIE #M XVERWTYRIVIE HEXIPSV HMR LV'MPI VIWTIGXMZI TI YR KPSF QSHIVR EP
4QRXYPYM; SV, XSGQEM EGIEWX KVMP VQRI YR WIGVIX RIHMZYPKEX
GSQYRMX'MM #XMMR'M3GI MRXIVRE'MSREPI. (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
4 -EX GI WTYRI (IRMW 7EYVEX HYT GI HIWGVMI TI PEVK GEPIRHEVYP HI PE
8MELYEREGS: 2Y TYXIQ E3VQE G EGI#XM SEQIRM, YVME#M WEY RY, IVEY QEM
WEZER'M HIGX RSM WEY TSEXI IVEY# , MHIIE VQRI MTSXIXMG; IM IVEY R
SVMGI GE^ QEM WEZER'M HIGX EY JSWX SEQIRMM HMREMRXIE RSEWXV TI GEVI-M
GYRSE#XIQ. 4I GX #XMQ, RMGM IKMTXIRMM, RMGM KVIGMM, RMGM LMRHY#MM R-EV 3 TYXYX
EPGXYM EGIWX GEPIRHEV. (EV, R WJV#MX, QRHVME HIWGSTIVMVMPSV RSEWXVI HMR
WIGSPIPI EP <-<-PIE #M EP <<-PIE RI RHIEQR W RI GVIHIQ WYTIVMSVM R
GYRS#XMR'I #XMMR'M3GI ERHMRMIRMPSV (PSGYMXSVM EM %R^MPSV. -. ,.) HMR
XIV'MEV (0%XPERXMHI IX PI VIKRI HIW KERXW, )HMXMSRW .'EM 0Y, 1969, T. 47).
(%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
5 8SGQEM EGIWXE IWXI GEPIRHEVYP HI PE 8MELYEREGS. *MKYVMRIPI
VITVI^MRX PYRMPI ERYPYM, WSPWXM'MMPI #M IGLMRSG'MMPI IXG. (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
6 6IJIVMRHY-WI RYQEM PE 4SEVXE 7SEVIPYM, 7. #M 6, ;EMWFEVH E3VQ: .RY
WI #XMI RMQMG HIWTVI TSTSVYP GEVI E GSRWXVYMX-S #M HIWTVI ITSG (1YQMMPI HMR
4IVY, )HMXYVE #XMMR'M3G, 1965, T. 250). (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
7 8I\XYP GMXEX ZSVFIE HIWTVI YRYP #M ETSM QEM QYPXI GIVYVM HI JSG. :SVFIE
TIRXVY G E HMWTVYX HYT QSEVXIE PYM %PFIVXS 8YPPM, GYQ RI RGVIHMR'IE^
6ETSVXYP 'SRHSR. (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
8 2Y XSEXI GIPI TIWXI 80 HI TMVEQMHI WYRX GSRWXVYMXI HYT GVMXIVMM
EWXVSRSQMGI. %3VQE'ME EV XVIFYM W WI VIJIVI PE ERWEQFPYP HI PE +MWIL #M, QEM
EPIW, PE QEVIE TMVEQMH E PYM ,YJY (TI GEVI ,IVSHSX P-E VIFSXI^EX /LISTW).
(%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
9 % VIGYRSE#XI G FEWQIPI #M PIKIRHIPI EY YR WQFYVI HI EHIZV RY
RWIEQR E GYXE TIRXVY 3IGEVI HMRXVI IPIQIRXIPI PSV YR GSVIWTSRHIRX VIEP
#M RG I\XVEXIVIWXVY. (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
10.WEY HI S GETWYP E XMQTYPYM RKVSTEX WYF HEPIPI KMKERXMGI HI
TMEXV, R E#XITXEVIE GPMTIM GRH SEQIRMM ZSV 3 GETEFMPM W ENYRK PE IE.
(%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
11 )QMRIRXYP EVLISPSK IKMTXIER 1. >EOEVME +SRIMQ I HI EPX TVIVI:
.TMVEQMHE R XVITXI E JSWX HSEV S JSVQ XVER^MXSVMI, JGRH PSG GY XMQTYP
EHIZVEXIM TMVEQMHI (4MVEQMHE RKVSTEX, )HMXYVE #XMMR'M3G, 1959, T. 22). 'X
HIWTVI QSVQMRXI I HI ENYRW W QIR'MSRQ I\MWXIR'E YRSV PYGVVM GE EGIIE E
PYM +. %. 6IMWRIV, MRXMXYPEX 8LI (IZISTQIRX SJ XLI )K]TXMER 8SQF HS[R XS
XLI %GGIWWMSR SJ 'LISTW, 'EQFVMHKI, 1EWWEGLYWIXXW, 1935. (%HRSXEVI -SR
,SFERE).
12 )KMTXSPSKMM EGGITX I\TPMGE'MMPI EYXSVMPSV ERXMGM (,IVSHSX, (MSHSV HMR
7MGMPME, 4PMRMY GIP &XVR, 4PYXEVL) R PIKXYV GY QSHYP HI GSRWXVYG'MI E
QEVMPSV TMVEQMHI. 4IRXVY EQRYRXI TSEXI 3 GSRWYPXEX GEVXIE PYM +.
'LM'YPIWGY #M 8V. 'LM'YPIWGY "ETXI QSRYQIRXI GIPIFVI EPI ERXMGLMX'MM ()HMXYVE
XILRMG, 1969, T. 53-65). (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
13 "M WEZER'MM GEVI P-EY RWS'MX TI 2ETSPISR R )KMTX, R 1798, WGVMEY:
(EG EQ ZVIE W GSRWXVYMQ EWX^M TMVEQMHE PYM /LISTW, EV XVIFYM W JSPSWMQ
QYPXI WYXI HI QMM HI QYRGMXSVM, QYPXI QMPMSERI HI QIXVM GYFM HI TMEXV #M
QYPXI QMPMEVHI HI JVERGM JVERGI^M EYV. )YVSTE RXVIEK, GY XSEXI VIWYVWIPI IM
ZEVMEXI, R-EV RHV^RM W RXVITVMRH YR EWIQIRIE IJSVX TIRXVY S WMRKYV
TMVEQMH. 2Y I ZSVFE RW HI S MQTSWMFMPMXEXI QEXIVMEP, 'MRRH HI YR RMZIP
XILRMG-#XMMR'M3G TVIWYTYW MRJIVMSV GIPYM EP GSRWXVYGXSVMPSV ERXMGM. 'IIE GI RY
QEM I\MWX R ZVIQYVMPI RSEWXVI RY WYRX GYRS#XMR'IPI MRKMRIVI#XM EPI WYTY#MPSV
JEVESRMPSV, GM XIQIMYVMPI IGSRSQMGI, WSGMEPI #M WTMVMXYEPI EPI VMHMGVMM
TMVEQMHIPSV. (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
14 *SPSWMRH EGIPIE#M YRIPXI GE RHITVXE'MM PSV WXVQS#M (TVKLMM, WRMM HI
PIQR, VYPSYVM, XVEZIVWI), 30 HI WEPELSVM EVEFM EY RHITVXEX, R GXIZE
WTXQRM, TIWXI 400 HI FPSGYVM HI KVERMX G^YXI HMR QFVGQMRXIE
TMVEQMHIM PYM 1MOIVMRSW, GRXVMRH RXVI YRE #M #ETXI XSRI 3IGEVI. -EV PE 1EVIE
4MVEQMH EY PYGVEX, XMQT HI 20 HI ERM, 100.000 HI SEQIRM, GXI XVIM PYRM TI
ER. (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
15 R XSEX EGIEWX MRXIVIWERX WTIGYPE'MI WI YMX YR HIXEPMY SEVIGYQ
IWIR'MEP: REMRXI HI QFPWQEVI WI WGSXIEY SVKERIPI MRXIVRI #M GVIMIVYP
ZMMXSEVIPSV QYQMM. (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
16 %Y JSWX KWMXI WXEXYM #M n%LY~ VMHMGRHY-WI PMFIVI TI WSP R XSEXI
TV'MPI MRWYPIM (-ZEV 0MWWRIV 'MZMPM^EXMSR Q]WXVMIYWIW, 6SFIVX 0E2SRX, 1964,
T. 276). (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
17 4MVEQMHE HI PE 8MOEP RY IWXI YR QSVQRX, GM WSGPYP YRYM XIQTPY. .EHYP
HMR GEVI WYRX WGYPTXEXI SFMIGXIPI KWMXI R +YEXIQEPE RY RYQEM PE 8MOEP #M
R EPXI ^SRI HMR %QIVMGE GIRXVEP RY IWXI SVMKMREV HMR 'LMRE; EZRH S EPX
GSQTS^M'MI GLMQMG, NEHYP GLMRI^IWG I QEM XVERWPYGMH. 4VSZIRMIR'E NEHYPYM
JSPSWMX HI QE]E#M VQRI HIGM YR WIQR HI RXVIFEVI, GIPI QEM ETVSTMEXI
^GQMRXI GYRSWGYXI E4RHY-WI R 'EREHE #M %PEWOE, PE HMWXER'I HI QMM HI
OMPSQIXVM. 1MRIVEPSKMM GSRWMHIV RW G R 1I\MG #M R +YEXIQEPE XVIFYMI W
I\MWXI GXI YR ^GQRX RG RIHIWGSTIVMX. (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
18 )WXI SQMW I\TPMGE'ME TVSTYW HI 7. +. 1SVPI] #M EGGITXEX HI
QENSVMXEXIE WEZER'MPSV: WIGXYMVIE TQRXYPYM HMR NYVYP SVE#IPSV HMR GEY^E
WMWXIQYPYM TVMQMXMZ HI EKVMGYPXYV TVEGXMGEX HI QE]E#M. 2IGYRSWGRH TPYKYP,
EGI#XME HHIEY JSG NYRKPIM #M RWQR'EY XIVIRYP EWXJIP HIJVM#EX. (YT
WXVRKIVIE VIGSPXIM, TQRXYP XVIFYME PWEX W WI VIJEG S TIVMSEH HMR GI R
GI QEM PYRK TR PE YVQXSEVIE RWQR'EVI, HIZIRMRH, R GIPI HMR YVQ,
WXIVT. 'RH HMWXER'E HMRXVI SVE#I #M SKSEVI E ENYRW W 3I TVSLMFMXMZ TIRXVY
EWMKYVEVIE LVERIM, QE]E#M W-EY Z^YX SFPMKE'M W IQMKVI^I R GYXEVIE YRSV
'MRYXYVM VSHMXSEVI. (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
19 %RYP 3111 I S HEX GSRZIR'MSREP, GY GEVEGXIV QMWXMG, TIVMSEHE HI
JSVQEVI E GMZMPM^E'MIM QE]E RGITRH GEQ TVMR 500 .I.R. (MWXER'E JE' HI
TVMQIPI QVXYVMM EPI MWXSVMIM IKMTXIRI IWXI HIGM QYPX QEM QEVI. (%HRSXEVI -SR
,SFERE).
20 4VSFEFMP S KVI#IEP HI XMTEV. 'MXM'M 1952. (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
21 2Y WYRX HIWIRI WTEXI R TMEXV, GM WXRGM WGYPTXEXI R HMJIVMXI JSVQI
RY RYQEM GQMPI #M PIM, GEVI R-EY XVMX RMGMSHEX R %QIVMGE, GM #M ERMQEPI
TVIMWXSVMGI (KPMTXSHSRYP), TWVM, SEQIRM IXG. (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
22 2MGM R-EY XVERWTSVXEX-S. 4MEXVE WYHYPYM E VQEW R GEVMIV, TI PSGYP
YRHI E JSWX XMEX. (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
23 2Y G'MZE ERM, GM GXIZE HIGIRMM QEM XV^MY, HI ZVIQI GI %RXSR
1EVME 7GL]VP E EZYX TVIXIR'ME EQMRXMX R 1643. (%HRSXEVI -SR ,SFERE).
24102 IWXI RYQVYP TI GEVI-P EVI WXIEYE VIWTIGXMZ R GEXEPSKYP
RXSGQMX HI -RWXMXYXI SJ 8IGLRSPSK], 'EPMJSVRME.
25 0EWIV IWXI XVERWGVMIVIE TVIWGYVXEX TIRXVY PMKLX EQTPM3GEXMSR F]
WXMQYPEXIH IQQMWMSR SJ VEHMEXMSR, GIIE GI RWIEQR EQTPM3GEVIE PYQMRMM TVMR
WXMQYPEVIE IQMWMYRMM VEHME'MIM, TI WGYVX: VE^I PYQMRSEWI EQTPM3GEXI.