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Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
As assigned by Mr. Amendola despite

the fact that he is no longer our
chemistry teacher
The Men Behind the Equation

Rudolph Clausius
German physicist and mathematician

One of the foremost contributors to the science
of thermodynamics
Introduced the idea of entropy
Significantly impacted the fields of kinetic theory
of gases and electricity
Benoit Paul mile Clapeyron
French physicist and engineer

Considered a founder of thermodynamics
Contributed to the study of perfect gases and
the equilibrium of homogenous solids
The Equation
In its most useful form for our purposes:
P1 H vap 1 1
ln
( )
P2
R T2 T1
In which:
P1 and P2 are the vapor pressures at T1 and T2 respectively
T is given in units Kelvin
ln is the natural log
R is the gas constant (8.314 J/K mol)
Hvap is the molar heat of vaporization
Deriving the Equation

We will use this diagram in
deriving the ClausiusClapeyron equation.
This diagram represents a
generalized phase diagram.
The line acts as a phase
line, or a coexistent curve,
separating phases and .
As we know, this indicates
that at all points on the
line, phases and are in
equilibrium.

Since the phases are in equilibrium along the line,
G=0
G=H-TS
Since G=0, S=H/T
We want to find the slope of the coexistent curve.
However, since the graph we are examining is a curve
rather than a line, the slope must be found by using
calculus. The slope is represented by dy/dx, or in the
case of the phase diagram, dp/dt. To represent the
derivative along the coexistent curve, we write:
p
( ) G
T
The curved d represents the use of a partial derivative.

We use the cyclic rule, a
rule of calculus, to find:
We previously wrote G=H-TS. We can also represent this as G=PVTS (see the thermodynamics chapter of your book). Taking the derivative
of both sides, we find that dG=VdP-SdT
We have two variables in this differential equation: T and P. To solve this,
we treat this in two cases. First, we consider P as a constant. Then, we
consider T a constant.
By manipulation, we find:

Substituting in the equation
we found through the cyclic
rule, we find:
As S=H/T, this can be written as:
We integrate this equation,

assuming H and V to be
constant, to find:
Useful Information
The Clausius-Clapeyron models the change
in vapor pressure as a function of time
The equation can be used to model any
phase transition (liquid-gas, gas-solid,
solid-liquid)
Another useful form of the ClausiusClapeyron equation is:
ln P
H vap
RT
Useful Information
We can see from this form that the
Clausius-Clapeyron equation depicts a line
ln P
H vap
RT
Can be written as:
H vap 1
ln P
C
R T
which clearly resembles the model y=mx+b, with ln P representing y,

C representing b, 1/T acting as x, and -Hvap/R serving as m.
Therefore, the Clausius-Clapeyron models a linear equation when the
natural log of the vapor pressure is plotted against 1/T, where
-Hvap/R is the slope of the line and C is the y-intercept
Useful Information
ln P
H vap
RT
We can easily manipulate this equation to arrive at the more familiar

form of the equation. We write this equation for two different
temperatures:
H vap
H vap
ln
P
C
ln P1
C
2
RT2
RT1
Subtracting these two equations, we find:
ln P1 ln P2
H vap
H vap

RT1
R2
H vap 1 1

R T2 T1
Common Applications
Calculate the vapor pressure of a liquid at
any temperature (with known vapor
pressure at a given temperature and known
heat of vaporization)
Calculate the heat of a phase change
Calculate the boiling point of a liquid at a
nonstandard pressure
Reconstruct a phase diagram
Determine if a phase change will occur
under certain circumstances
An example of a phase diagram
Real World Applications

Chemical engineering
Determining the vapor pressure of a
substance
Meteorology
Estimate the effect of temperature on
vapor pressure
Important because water vapor is a
greenhouse gas
Shortcomings
The Clausius-Clapeyron can only give
estimations
We assume changes in the heat of
vaporization due to temperature are
negligible and therefore treat the heat of
vaporization as constant
In reality, the heat of vaporization does
indeed vary slightly with temperature

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Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

As assigned by Mr. Amendola despite

The Men Behind the Equation

German physicist and mathematician

Benoit Paul mile Clapeyron

French physicist and engineer

Deriving the Equation

Deriving the Equation

Deriving the Equation

Deriving the Equation

We integrate this equation,

Can be written as:

which clearly resembles the model y=mx+b, with ln P representing y,

We can easily manipulate this equation to arrive at the more familiar

An example of a phase diagram

Real World Applications

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