Simple Solutions Mathematics

Level 4

Level 4

Help Pages &

Who Knows Drill

283

Simple Solutions Mathematics

Level 4

Help Pages
Vocabulary
Arithmetic Operations
Difference the result or answer to a subtraction problem. Example: The difference of 5 and 1 is 4.
Product the result or answer to a multiplication problem. Example: The product of 5 and 3 is 15.
Quotient the result or answer to a division problem. Example: The quotient of 8 and 2 is 4.
Sum the result or answer to an addition problem. Example: The sum of 5 and 2 is 7.

Fractions
1
: The denominator is 4.
4
1
This box has 4 parts. 1 part is shaded.
is shaded.
4

Denominator the bottom number of a fraction. Example:

Fraction a part of a whole. Example:

Improper Fraction a fraction in which the numerator is larger than the denominator. Example:
Mixed Number the sum of a whole number and a fraction. Example: 5
Numerator the top number of a fraction. Example:

1
4

9
4

1
: The numerator is 1.
4

Geometry
Acute Angle an angle measuring less than 90.
Area the size of a surface. Area is always expressed in square units (inches2, meters2,).
Circumference the distance around the outside of a circle.
Congruent figures with the same shape and the same size.
Diameter the widest distance across a circle. The diameter always passes through the center.
Line of Symmetry a line along which a figure can be folded so that the two halves match exactly.
Obtuse Angle an angle measuring more than 90.
Perimeter the distance around the outside of a polygon.
Radius the distance from any point on the circle to the center. The radius is half of the diameter.
Right Angle an angle measuring exactly 90.
Similar figures having the same shape, but different sizes.
Straight Angle an angle measuring exactly 180.
Volume the measure of space inside a solid figure. Volume is expressed in cubic units (m3, ft.3,).

Geometry Polygons
Number of Sides

284

Name

Number of Sides

Name

Triangle

Hexagon

Quadrilateral

Octagon

Pentagon

Simple Solutions Mathematics

Level 4

Help Pages
Vocabulary
Measurement Relationships
Volume

Distance

3 teaspoons in a tablespoon

36 inches in a yard

2 cups in a pint

1760 yards in a mile

2 pints in a quart

5280 feet in a mile

4 quarts in a gallon

100 centimeters in a meter

Weight

1000 millimeters in a meter

16 ounces in a pound

Temperature

2000 pounds in a ton

0 Celsius Freezing Point

Time

100 Celsius Boiling Point

10 years in a decade

32 Fahrenheit Freezing Point

100 years in a century

212 Fahrenheit Boiling Point

Statistics
Mean the average of a group of numbers. The mean is found by finding the sum of a group of
numbers and then dividing the sum by the number of members in the group.
12 + 18 + 26 + 17 + 22 95
=
= 19
5
5

Example: The average of 12, 18, 26, 17 and 22 is 19.

Median the middle value in a group of numbers. The median is found by listing the numbers in order
from least to greatest and finding the one that is in the middle of the list. If there is an
even number of members in the group, the median is the average of the two middle
numbers.
Example: The median of 14, 17, 24, 11 and 26 is 17.

11, 14, 17, 24, 26

The median of 77, 93, 85, 95, 70 and 81 is 83.

70, 77, 81, 85, 93, 95

81 + 85
= 83
2

Mode the number that occurs most often in a group of numbers. The mode is found by counting
how many times each number occurs in the list. The number that occurs more than any other
is the mode. Some groups of numbers have more than one mode.
Example: The mode of 77, 93, 85, 93, 77, 81, 93 and 71 is 93.

(93 occurs more than the others.)

Range the difference between the largest number and the smallest number in a set of data. To
find the range, subtract the smallest number from the largest number.
Example: The range of 77, 93, 85, 95, 70 and 81 is 25.

(95 70 = 25)

285

Simple Solutions Mathematics

Level 4

Help Pages
Place Value
Whole Numbers

Ones

Tens

Hundreds

Thousands

Ten Thousands

Hundred Thousands

Millions

Ten Millions

Hundred Millions

Billions

8, 9 6 3, 2 7 1, 4 0 5

The number above is read: eight billion, nine hundred sixty-three million, two hundred seventy-one
thousand, four hundred five.

Decimal Numbers

Millionths

Hundred-thousandths

Ten-thousandths

Thousandths

Hundredths

6 4 0 5 9 2
Tenths

Decimal Point

Ones

Tens

Hundreds

1 7 8

The number above is read: one hundred seventy-eight and six hundred forty thousand, five hundred
ninety-two millionths.

Solved Examples
Whole Numbers
When we round numbers, we are estimating them. This means we focus on a particular place value, and
decide if that digit is closer to the next highest number (round up) or to the next lower number (keep
the same). It might be helpful to look at the place-value chart above.
Example: Round 347 to the tens place.
347
rounding place
347
Since 7 is greater than 5, the
rounding place is increased by 1.
350
286

1. Identify the place that you want to round

to. What number is in that place?
2. Look at the digit to its right. (7)
3. If this digit is 5 or greater, increase the
number in the rounding place by 1. (round
up) If the digit is less than 5, keep the
number in the rounding place the same.
4. Replace all digits to the right of the
rounding place with zeroes.

Simple Solutions Mathematics

Level 4

Help Pages
Solved Examples
Whole Numbers (continued)
Here are a few more examples of rounding whole numbers.
Examples: Round 4,826 to the hundreds place.
4,826

1. Identify the place that you want to round

to. What number is in that place?

rounding place

2. Look at the digit to its right.

4,826
Since 2 is less than 5, the rounding
place stays the same.

3. If this digit is 5 or greater, increase the

number in the rounding place by 1. (round
up) If the digit is less than 5, keep the
number in the rounding place the same.
4. Replace all digits to the right of the
rounding place with zeroes.

4,800

Round 27,934 to the thousands place.

27,934

7 is in the rounding place.

27,934

9 is greater than 5, so the rounding place will

go up by 1.

28,000

The digits to the right of the rounding place

are changed to zeroes.

When adding or subtracting whole numbers, first the numbers must be lined-up on the right.
Starting with the ones place, add (or subtract) the numbers; when adding, if the answer has 2 digits,
write the ones digit and regroup the tens digit (for subtraction, it may also be necessary to regroup
first). Then, add (or subtract) the numbers in the tens place. Continue with the hundreds, etc.
Look at these examples of addition.
Examples: Find the sum of 314 and 12.

314
+ 12
326

1. Line up the numbers on the right.

2. Beginning with the ones place, add.
Regroup if necessary.
3. Repeat with the tens place.

Add 6,478 and 1,843.

1

1 1

6, 4 7 8
+ 1,8 43
8,321

4. Continue this process with the

hundreds place, etc.

287

Simple Solutions Mathematics

Level 4

Help Pages
Solved Examples
Whole Numbers (continued)
Use the following examples of subtraction to help you.
Examples: Subtract 37 from 93.
8 13

9 3
3 7
5 6

1. Begin with the ones place. Check to see if you need to regroup.
Since 7 is larger than 3, you must regroup to 8 tens and 13 ones.
2. Now look at the tens place. Check to see if you need to regroup.
Since 3 is smaller than 8, you do not need to regroup.
3. Subtract each place value beginning with the ones.

Find the difference of 4,125 and 2,033.

0 12

4, 1 2 5
2, 0 3 3
2, 0 9 2

1. Begin with the ones place. Check to see if you need to regroup.
Since 3 is smaller than 5, you do not need to regroup.
2. Now look at the tens place. Check to see if you need to regroup.
Since 3 is larger than 2, you must regroup to 0 hundreds and 12 tens.
3. Now look at the hundreds place. Check to see if you need to regroup.
Since 0 can be taken from 0, you do not need to regroup.
4. Now look at the thousands place. Since 2 is smaller than 4, you are
ready to subtract.
5. Subtract each place value beginning with the ones.

Sometimes when doing subtraction, you must subtract from zero. This always requires regrouping.
Use the examples below to help you.
Examples: Subtract 2,361 from 5,000.

10 10 10

5, 0 0 0
2, 3 6 1
2, 6 3 9

1. Begin with the ones place. Since 1 is larger than 0, you must regroup.
You must continue to the thousands place, and then begin regrouping.
2. Regroup the thousands place to 4 thousands and 10 hundreds.
3. Next regroup the hundreds place to 9 hundreds and 10 tens.
4. Then, regroup the tens place to 9 tens and 10 ones.
5. Finally, subtract each place value beginning with the ones.
9

5 10 10

Find the difference between 600 and 238.

6 0 0
2 3 8
3 6 2

288

Simple Solutions Mathematics

Level 4

Help Pages
Solved Examples
Whole Numbers (continued)
When multiplying multi-digit whole numbers, it is important to know your multiplication facts.
Follow the steps and the examples below.
Examples: Multiply 23 by 5.
1. Line up the numbers on the right.

3 5 = 15 ones or 1 ten and 5 ones

23
5

2 5 = 10 tens + 1 ten (regrouped)

or 11 tens.

115

2. Multiply the digits in the ones place.

Regroup if necessary.
3. Multiply the digits in the tens place.
Add any regrouped tens.
4. Repeat step 3 for the hundreds
place, etc.

Find the product of 3,514 and 3.

1

3,51 4
3
10,542

4 3 = 12 ones or 1 ten and 2 ones.

1 3 = 3 tens + 1 ten (regrouped) or 4 tens.
5 3 = 15 hundreds or 1 thousand and 5 hundreds.
3 3 = 9 thousands + 1 thousand (regrouped) or 10 thousands.

The process for multiplying by two-digit numbers is a lot like the process above. There are a few
differences. Follow the steps and examples carefully.
Examples: Multiply 32 by 24.

32
24
128
0
32
24
128
+ 640
768

Find the product of 45 and 38.

1. Multiply each digit in the top number by the

ones digit in the bottom number. Regroup if
necessary. ( 4 2 = 8; 4 3 = 12 )
2. When working with the tens digit, the
answer will be written below your answer
from above. Before multiplying by the tens
digit, put a zero in the ones place.
3. Multiply each digit in the top number by the
tens digit in the bottom number. Regroup if
necessary. ( 2 2 = 4; 2 3 = 6 )
4. Add the products.

45
38
360
0
14

45
38
360
+ 1350
1710

289

Simple Solutions Mathematics

Level 4

Help Pages
Solved Examples
Whole Numbers (continued)
The next group of examples involves division using one-digit divisors with remainders. You already
know how to divide single-digit numbers. This process, called long division, helps you to be able to
divide numbers with multiple digits.
Example: Divide 379 by 4.

9
4 379
36
19
94
4 379
36
19
16
3
94 R 3

1. In this problem, 379 is the dividend and 4 is the divisor. Youre

going to look at each digit in the dividend, starting on the left.
2. Ask yourself if the divisor (4) goes into the left-most digit in the
dividend (3). It doesnt, so keep going to the right.
3. Does the divisor (4) go into the two left-most digits (37)? It does.
How many times does 4 go into 37? (9 times)
4. Multiply 4 9 (product = 36).
5. Subtract 36 from 37 (difference = 1). Bring down the 9 ones from
the first line. This leaves 19 left from the original 379.
6. Ask yourself if the divisor (4) goes into 19. It does. How many
times does 4 go into 19? (4 times)
7. Multiply 4 4 (product = 16).
8. Subtract 16 from 19 (result is 3). Theres nothing left to bring
down from above. Once this number is smaller than the divisor, it is
called the remainder and the problem is finished. The remainder is 3.
9. Write the answer with the remainder. (94 R 3)

Example: What is 556 divided by 6?

9
6 55 6
54
16
92
6 55 6
54
16
1 2
4
92 R4

1. Ask yourself if the divisor (6) goes into the left-most digit in the
dividend (5). It doesnt, so keep going to the right.
2. Does the divisor (6) go into the two left-most digits (55)? It does.
How many times does 6 go into 55? (9 times)
3. Multiply 6 9 (product is 54).
4. Subtract 54 from 55. (1) Bring down the 6 ones from the first line.
This leaves 16 left from the original 556.
5. Ask yourself if the divisor (6) goes into 16. It does. How many
times does 6 go into 16? (2)
6. Multiply 6 2 (product is 12).
7. Subtract 12 from 16 (result is 4). Theres nothing left to bring
down from above. Once this number is smaller than the divisor, it is
called the remainder and the problem is finished. The remainder is 4.
8. Write the answer with the remainder. (92 R 4)
Remember: The remainder can NEVER be larger than the divisor!

290

Simple Solutions Mathematics

Level 4

Help Pages
Solved Examples
Whole Numbers (continued)
In some division problems there is a zero in the dividend. This process is similar to the one you
used on page 290.
Example: Divide 9,603 by 4.

2, 400
4 9, 603
8
1 6
1 6
00
0
3
2,400 R 3

1. In this problem, 9,603 is the dividend and 4 is the divisor. Notice

that there is a zero in the dividend (9,603).
2. Ask yourself if the divisor (4) goes into the left-most digit in the
dividend (9). It does. How many times does 4 go into 9? (2 times)
3. Multiply 4 2 (product = 8).
4. Subtract 8 from 9. (1) Bring down the 6 hundreds from above.
5. Look at the 16. Does the divisor (4) go into 16? It does. How many
times does 4 go into 16? (4 times)
6. Multiply 4 4 (product = 16).
7. Subtract 16 from 16. (0) Bring down the 0 tens from the first line.
8. Ask yourself if the divisor (4) goes into 0. It doesnt. Bring down
the 3 ones from the first line.
9. Look at the 3. Does the divisor (4) go into 3? It doesnt. Theres
nothing left to bring down from above. Since this number is smaller
than the divisor, the problem is finished. The remainder is 3
10. Write the answer with the remainder. (2,400 R 3)

These examples involve division using two-digit divisors with remainders. Your approach will be the
same as in problems with one-digit divisors.
Example: Divide 87 by 20.

4
20 87
80
7
4R7

1. Ask yourself if the divisor (20) goes into the left-most digit in
the dividend (8). It doesnt, so keep going to the right.
2. Does the divisor (20) go into the two left-most digits (87)? It
does. How many times does 20 go into 87? (4 times)
3. Multiply 4 20 (product = 80).
4. Subtract 80 from 87 (difference = 7). Theres nothing left to
bring down from above. Since this number is smaller than the
divisor, the problem is finished. The remainder is 7.
5. Write the answer with the remainder. (4 R 7)

Example: What is 568 divided by 11?

51
11 5 68
55
18
11
7
51 R 7

1. Does the divisor go into the left-most digit in the dividend?

2. Does the divisor go into the two left-most digits? It does.
How many times does 11 go into 56? (5 times)
3. Multiply 11 5 (product = 55). Subtract 55 from 56 (result = 1).
4. Bring down the 8 ones from the first line. How many times
does 11 go into 18? (1 time)
5. Subtract 11 from 18 (difference = 7). This is the remainder.
291

Simple Solutions Mathematics

Level 4

Help Pages
Solved Examples
Fractions
Changing from an improper fraction to a mixed number.
Example: Change the improper fraction
5
(five-halves) means 5 2 .
2

So,

5
to a mixed number.
2

5
1
is equal to 2 wholes and 1 half or 2 .
2
2

2 wholes
25
4
1 half

Changing from a mixed number to an improper fraction.

1
Example: Change the mixed number 7 to an improper fraction.
4
1
7
7 x 4 = 28
28 + 1 = 29.
1. Youre going to make a new fraction.
4
To find the numerator of the new
The new numerator is 29.
fraction, multiply the whole number
Keep the same denominator, 4.
by the denominator, and add the
29
.
The new fraction is
numerator.
4
1
29
2. Keep the same denominator in
7 is equal to
.
4
4
your new fraction as you had in
the mixed number.
Equivalent Fractions are 2 fractions that are equal to each other. Usually you will be finding a
missing numerator or denominator.
Example: Find a fraction that is equivalent to
x 7

4
?
=
5 35
x 7

1. Ask yourself, What did I do to 5 to get 35? (Multiplied by 7.)

2. Whatever you did in the denominator, you also must do in the
numerator. 4 x 7 = 28 The missing numerator is 28.
So,

4
28
is equivalent to
.
5
35

Example: Find a fraction that is equivalent to

x 6

4 24
=
5
?
x 6

4
and has a numerator of 24.
5

1. Ask yourself, What did I do to 4 to get 24? (Multiplied by 6.)

2. Whatever you did in the numerator, you also must do in the
denominator. 5 x 6 = 30 The missing denominator is 30.
So,

292

4
and has a denominator of 35.
5

4
24
is equivalent to
.
5
30

Simple Solutions Mathematics

Level 4

Help Pages
Solved Examples
Fractions (continued)
To add (or subtract) fractions with the same
denominator, simply add (or subtract) the
numerators, keeping the same denominator.

To add mixed numbers, follow a process similar

to the one you used with fractions. If the sum
is an improper fraction, be sure to simplify it.
2
5
4
Example: +1
5
6
2
5
1

Examples:

3 1 4
+ =
5 5 5
8 1 7
=
9 9 9

So, 2

6
6
is improper.
can
5
5
1
be rewritten as 1 .
5
2

6
1
1
is 2 + 1 = 3 .
5
5
5

Decimals
Adding and subtracting decimals is very similar to adding or subtracting whole numbers. The main
difference is that you have to line-up the decimal points in the numbers before you begin. Add
zeros if necessary, so that all of the numbers have the same number of digits after the decimal
point. Before you subtract, remember to check to see if you must regroup. When youre finished
adding (or subtracting), bring the decimal straight down into your answer.

Examples: Find the sum of 4.25 and 2.31.

4.25
+ 2.31
6.56

Add 55.2 and 6.472.

1. Line up the decimal points.

Add zeroes as needed.

55.200

2. Add (or subtract) the decimals.

+ 6.472

61.672

3. Add (or subtract) the whole

numbers.
4. Bring the decimal point straight
down.

Examples: Subtract 4.8 from 7.4.

6

Find the difference of 4.1 and 2.88.

14

7. 4

10

11 10

4 .1 0

4. 8

2 . 8 8

2. 6

1.22

Geometry
The perimeter of a polygon is the distance around the outside of the figure. To find the
perimeter, add the lengths of the sides of the figure. Be sure to label your answer.
Perimeter = sum of the sides
Example: Find the perimeter of the rectangle below.
9 cm

Perimeter = 5 cm + 9 cm + 5 cm + 9 cm
5 cm

5 cm

Perimeter = 28 cm

9 cm

293

Simple Solutions Mathematics

Level 4

Help Pages
Solved Examples
Geometry (continued)
Example: Find the perimeter of the regular pentagon below.
A pentagon has 5 sides. Each of the sides is
4 m long.
P=4m+4m+4m+4m+4m

4m

P=54m
P = 20 m
Area is the size of a surface. To find the area of a rectangle or a square, multiply the length by
the width. The area is expressed in square units (ft.2, in.2, etc.).
Area of rectangle = length width

or

A=LW

Examples: Find the area of the figures below.

Area = Length Width
A = 10 in. 5 in.

5 in.

A = 50 in.2 Say 50 square inches.

10 in.

A square has 4 equal sides, so its length and

its width are the same.
7 cm

A = 7 cm 7 cm
A = 49 cm2

Volume is the measure of space inside of a solid figure. The volume of a rectangular prism is the
product of its length, its width, and its height. Volume of a solid is expressed in cubic units (m3,
ft.3, etc.).
Volume = Length Width Height

or

V=LWH

Examples: Find the volume of the solids below.

Volume = Length Width Height
5 ft.

9 ft.

3 ft.

6 cm

V = 9 ft. 3 ft. 5 ft.

V = 135 ft.3 Say 135 cubic feet.

A cube has all sides equal, so its length, width,

and height are all the same.
V = 6 cm 6 cm 6 cm
V = 216 cm3

294

Simple Solutions Mathematics

Level 4

Help Pages
Who Knows???
Seconds in a minute?................... (60)
Minutes in an hour?...................... (60)
Days in a year?........................... (365)
Months in a year?..........................(12)
Inches in a foot? ...........................(12)
Feet in a yard?................................ (3)
Inches in a yard?.......................... (36)
Quarts in a gallon? ......................... (4)
Ounces in a pound?........................(16)
Pounds in a ton? ....................... (2000)
Cups in a pint? ................................. (2)
Pints in a quart?.............................. (2)
Centimeters in a meter?........... (100)
Grams in a kilogram? ...............(1000)
Millimeters in a meter? ..........(1000)
Years in a decade? ........................(10)
Years in a century? .................... (100)
Degrees in a right angle? ........... (90)
Angle less than 90?...............(acute)

Closed figures made up of line

segments? ................................(polygons)
Distance through the center of a
circle? ..................................... (diameter)
Half the diameter of a circle?(radius)
A five-sided figure? .............(pentagon)
A six-sided figure?................ (hexagon)
An eight-sided figure?...........(octagon)
A four-sided figure? .... (quadrilateral)
The answer to an addition problem?
............................................................ (sum)
The answer to a subtraction problem?
............................................... (difference)
The answer to a multiplication
problem?....................................(product)
The answer to a division problem?
....................................................(quotient)
The average of a set of numbers
..........................................................(mean)
The middle number in a set of
numbers? .................................... (median)

Angle greater than 90?..... (obtuse)

The number occurring most often?

..........................................................(mode)

Figures with the same size and

shape? ............................... (congruent)

Largest minus smallest? ............(range)

Figures with the same shape, but

different sizes? ................... (similar)

The area? ..................... (length x width)

The perimeter?............. (add the sides)

The volume? (length x width x height)

295

Simple Solutions Mathematics

296

Level 4