Designation: D 2344/D 2344M – 00 (Reapproved 2006)

Standard Test Method for

Short-Beam Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
and Their Laminates1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2344/D 2344M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope D 3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite

1.1 This test method determines the short-beam strength of Materials
high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materials. The speci- D 3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
men is a short beam machined from a curved or a flat laminate D 5229/D 5229M Test Method for Moisture Absorption
up to 6.00 mm [0.25 in.] thick. The beam is loaded in Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Ma-
three-point bending. trix Composite Materials
1.2 Application of this test method is limited to continuous- D 5687/D 5687M Guide for Preparation of Flat Composite
or discontinuous-fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites, Panels with Processing Guidelines for Specimen Prepara-
for which the elastic properties are balanced and symmetric tion
with respect to the longitudinal axis of the beam. E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the E 6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the ing
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- E 18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. E 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units With a Specified Tolerable Error, the Average for a
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in Characteristic of a Lot or Process
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
system must be used independently of the other. Combining ASTM Test Methods
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance E 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
with the standard. E 1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced
Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases
2. Referenced Documents E 1434 Guide for Recording Mechanical Test Data of Fiber-
2.1 ASTM Standards: 2 Reinforced Composite Materials in Databases
D 792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela- E 1471 Guide for Identification of Fibers, Fillers, and Core
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement Materials in Computerized Material Property Databases
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
3. Terminology
D 2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced
Resins 3.1 Definitions—Terminology D 3878 defines the terms re-
lating to high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminol-
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D 2734 Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plas-
tics ogy D 883 defines terms relating to plastics. Terminology E 6
defines terms relating to mechanical testing. Terminology
E 456 and Practice E 177 define terms relating to statistics. In
1
the event of a conflict between definitions, Terminology
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-30 on
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 on D 3878 shall have precedence over the other documents.
Lamina and Laminate Test Methods.
NOTE 1—If the term represents a physical quantity, its analytical
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2006. Published January 2006. Originally
approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 2344 – 00e1.
dimensions are stated immediately following the term (or letter symbol) in
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or fundamental dimension form, using the following ASTM standard sym-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM bology for fundamental dimensions, shown within square brackets: [M]
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on for mass, [L] for length, [T] for time, [Q] for thermodynamic temperature,
the ASTM website. and [nd] for nondimensional quantities. Use of these symbols is restricted

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 D 2344/D 2344M – 00 (2006)
to analytical dimensions when used with square brackets, as the symbols
may have other definitions when used without the brackets.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 balanced laminate, n—a continuous fiber-reinforced
laminate in which each +u lamina, measured with respect to the
laminate reference axis, is balanced by a –u lamina of the same
material (for example, [0/+45/–45/+45/–45/0]).
3.2.2 short-beam strength, n—the shear stress as calculated
in Eq 1, developed at the specimen mid-plane at the failure
event specified in 11.6.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—Although shear is the dominant applied
loading in this test method, the internal stresses are complex
and a variety of failure modes can occur. Elasticity solutions by
Berg et al (1)3, Whitney (2), and Sullivan and Van Oene (3)
have all demonstrated inadequacies in classical beam theory in
defining the stress state in the short-beam configuration. These
solutions show that the parabolic shear-stress distribution as
predicted by Eq 1 only occurs, and then not exactly, on planes
midway between the loading nose and support points. Away
from these planes, the stress distributions become skewed, with
peak stresses occurring near the loading nose and support
points. Of particular significance is the stress state local to the
loading nose in which the severe shear-stress concentration
combined with transverse and in-plane compressive stresses
has been shown to initiate failure. However, for the more
ductile matrices, plastic yielding may alleviate the situation
under the loading nose (1) and allow other failure modes to
occur such as bottom surface fiber tension (2). Consequently, NOTE 1—Drawing interpretation per ANSI Y14.5-1982 and ANSI/
unless mid-plane interlaminar failure has been clearly ob- ASM B46.1-1986.
served, the short-beam strength determined from this test NOTE 2—Ply orientation tolerance 60.5° relative to –B–.
method cannot be attributed to a shear property, and the use of FIG. 1 Flat Specimen Configuration (SI)
Eq 1 will not yield an accurate value for shear strength.
5. Significance and Use
3.2.3 symmetric laminate, n—a continuous fiber-reinforced
laminate in which each ply above the mid-plane is identically 5.1 In most cases, because of the complexity of internal
matched (in terms of position, orientation, and mechanical stresses and the variety of failure modes that can occur in this
properties) with one below the mid-plane. specimen, it is not generally possible to relate the short-beam
3.3 Symbols: strength to any one material property. However, failures are
b—specimen width. normally dominated by resin and interlaminar properties, and
CV—sample coefficient of variation (in percent). the test results have been found to be repeatable for a given
specimen geometry, material system, and stacking sequence
Fsbs—short-beam strength.
(4).
h—specimen thickness.
5.2 Short-beam strength determined by this test method can
n—number of specimens.
be used for quality control and process specification purposes.
Pm—maximum load observed during the test. It can also be used for comparative testing of composite
xi—measured or derived property for an individual specimen materials, provided that failures occur consistently in the same
from the sample population. mode (5).
x̄—sample mean (average). 5.3 This test method is not limited to specimens within the
range specified in Section 8, but is limited to the use of a
4. Summary of Test Method loading span length-to-specimen thickness ratio of 4.0 and a
4.1 The short-beam test specimens (Figs. 1-4) are center- minimum specimen thickness of 2.0 mm [0.08 in.].
loaded as shown in Figs. 5 and 6. The specimen ends rest on
6. Interferences
two supports that allow lateral motion, the load being applied
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by means of a loading nose directly centered on the midpoint 6.1 Accurate reporting of observed failure modes is essen-
of the test specimen. tial for meaningful data interpretation, in particular, the detec-
tion of initial damage modes.
7. Apparatus
3
Boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this 7.1 Testing Machine, properly calibrated, which can be
standard. operated at a constant rate of crosshead motion, and which the

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 D 2344/D 2344M – 00 (2006)
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within 63°C (65°F) and the required vapor level to within

63 %. Chamber conditions shall be monitored either on an
automated continuous basis or on a manual basis at regular
intervals.
7.5 Environmental Test Chamber, an environmental test
chamber is required for test environments other than ambient
testing laboratory conditions. This chamber shall be capable of
maintaining the test specimen at the required test environment
during the mechanical test method.

8. Sampling and Test Specimens

8.1 Sampling—Test at least five specimens per test condi-
tion unless valid results can be gained through the use of fewer
specimens, as in the case of a designed experiment. For
statistically significant data, consult the procedures outlined in
Practice E 122. Report the method of sampling.
8.2 Geometry:
8.2.1 Laminate Configurations—Both multidirectional and
pure unidirectional laminates can be tested, provided that there
are at least 10 % 0° fibers in the span direction of the beam
(preferably well distributed through the thickness), and that the
laminates are both balanced and symmetric with respect to the
span direction of the beam.
8.2.2 Specimen Configurations—Typical configurations for
the flat and curved specimens are shown in Figs. 1-4. For
NOTE 1—Drawing interpretation per ANSI Y14.5-1982 and ANSI/ specimen thicknesses other than those shown, the following
ASME B46.1-1986. geometries are recommended:
NOTE 2—Ply orientation tolerance 60.5° relative to –B–.
Specimen length = thickness 3 6
FIG. 2 Flat Specimen Configuration (Inch Pound)
Specimen width, b = thickness 3 2.0

error in the loading system shall not exceed 61 %. The NOTE 2—Analysis reported by Lewis and Adams (6) has shown that a
width-to-thickness ratio of greater than 2.0 can result in a significant
load-indicating mechanism shall be essentially free of inertia width-wise shear-stress variation.
lag at the crosshead rate used. Inertia lag may not exceed 1 %
of the measured load. The accuracy of the testing machine shall 8.2.2.1 For curved beam specimens, it is recommended that
be verified in accordance with Practices E 4. the arc should not exceed 30°. Also, for these specimens, the
7.2 Loading Nose and Supports, as shown in Figs. 5 and 6, specimen length is defined as the minimum chord length.
shall be 6.00-mm (0.250-in.) and 3.00-mm (0.125-in.) diameter 8.3 Specimen Preparation—Guide D 5687/D 5687M pro-
cylinders, respectively, with a hardness of 60 to 62 HRC, as vides recommended specimen preparation practices and should
specified in Test Methods E 18, and shall have finely ground be followed where practical.
surfaces free of indentation and burrs with all sharp edges 8.3.1 Laminate Fabrication—Laminates may be hand-laid,
relieved. filament-wound or tow-placed, and molded by any suitable
7.3 Micrometers—For width and thickness measurements, laminating means, such as press, bag, autoclave, or resin
the micrometers shall use a 4- to 5-mm (0.16- to 0.2-in.) transfer molding.
nominal diameter ball interface on an irregular surface such as
the bag side of a laminate and a flat anvil interface on machined 8.3.2 Machining Methods—Specimen preparation is impor-
edges or very smooth tooled surfaces. A micrometer or caliper tant for these specimens. Take precautions when cutting
with flat anvil faces shall be used to measure the length of the specimens from the rings or plates to avoid notches, undercuts,
specimen. The accuracy of the instrument(s) shall be suitable rough or uneven surfaces, or delaminations as a result of
for reading to within 1 % of the sample dimensions. For typical inappropriate machining methods. Obtain final dimensions by
section geometries, an instrument with an accuracy of 60.002 water-lubricated precision sawing, milling, or grinding. The
mm (60.0001 in.) is desirable for thickness and width mea- use of diamond tooling has been found to be extremely
surement, while an instrument with an accuracy of 60.1 mm effective for many material systems. Edges should be flat and
(60.004 in.) is adequate for length measurement. parallel within the specified tolerances.
7.4 Conditioning Chamber, when conditioning materials at 8.3.3 Labeling—Label the specimens so that they will be
nonlaboratory environments, a temperature/vapor-level- distinct from each other and traceable back to the raw material,
controlled environmental conditioning chamber is required that in a manner that will both be unaffected by the test method and
shall be capable of maintaining the required temperature to not influence the test method.

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 D 2344/D 2344M – 00 (2006)

NOTE 1—Drawing interpretation per ANSI Y14.5-1982 and ANSI/ASM B46.1-1986.

NOTE 2—Ply orientation tolerance 60.5° relative to –A–.
FIG. 3 Curved Specimen Configuration (SI)

9. Calibration 11.1.1 The specimen sampling method and coupon geom-

9.1 The accuracy of all measuring equipment shall have etry.
certified calibrations that are current at the time of use of the 11.1.2 The material properties and data-reporting format
equipment. desired.
10. Conditioning NOTE 3—Determine specific material property, accuracy, and data-
10.1 Standard Conditioning Procedure—Unless a different reporting requirements before test for proper selection of instrumentation
environment is specified as part of the test method, condition and data-recording equipment. Estimate operating stress levels to aid in
calibration of equipment and determination of equipment settings.
the test specimens in accordance with Procedure C of Test
Method D 5229/D 5229M, and store and test at standard 11.1.3 The environmental conditioning test parameters.
laboratory atmosphere (23 6 3°C (73 6 5°F) and 50 6 10 % 11.1.4 If performed, the sampling test method, coupon
relative humidity). geometry, and test parameters used to determine density and
11. Procedure reinforcement volume.
11.1 Parameters to Be Specified Before Test: 11.2 General Instructions:
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 D 2344/D 2344M – 00 (2006)

NOTE 1—Drawing interpretation per ANSI Y14.5-1982 and ANSI/ASME B46.1-1986.

NOTE 2—Ply orientation tolerance 60.5° relative to –A–.
FIG. 4 Curved Specimen Configuration (Inch Pound)

11.2.1 Report any deviations from this test method, whether 11.2.3 Condition the specimens as required. Store the speci-
intentional or inadvertent. mens in the conditioned environment until test time, if the test
11.2.2 If specific gravity, density, reinforcement volume, or environment is different from the conditioning environment.
void volume are to be reported, then obtain these samples from 11.2.4 Following final specimen machining and any condi-
the same panels as the test samples. Specific gravity and tioning, but before testing, measure and record the specimen
density may be evaluated by means of Test Methods D 792. width and thickness at the specimen midsection and the
Volume percent of the constituents may be evaluated by one of specimen length to the accuracy specified in 7.3.
the matrix digestion procedures of Test Method D 3171, or for 11.3 Speed of Testing—Set the speed of testing at a rate of
certain reinforcement materials such as glass and ceramics, by crosshead movement of 1.0 mm (0.05 in.)/min.
the matrix burn-off technique of Test Method D 2584. Void 11.4 Test Environment—If possible, test the specimen under
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content may be evaluated from the equations of Test Method the same fluid exposure level as that used for conditioning.
D 2734 and are applicable to both Test Methods D 2584 and However, if the test temperature places too severe requirements
D 3171. upon the testing machine environmental chamber, test at a

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 D 2344/D 2344M – 00 (2006)

FIG. 5 Horizontal Shear Load Diagram (Curved Beam)

FIG. 6 Horizontal Shear Load Diagram (Flat Laminate)

temperature with no fluid exposure control. In this case, a 11.6 Loading—Apply load to the specimen at the specified
restriction must be placed upon the time from removal of the rate while recording data. Continue loading until either of the
specimen from the conditioning chamber until test completion following occurs:
to inhibit nonrepresentative fluid loss from the specimen. 11.6.1 A load drop-off of 30 %,
Record any modifications to the test environment and specimen 11.6.2 Two-piece specimen failure, or
weight change after removal from conditioning until test 11.6.3 The head travel exceeds the specimen nominal thick-
completion. ness.
11.4.1 Monitor the test temperature by placing an appropri- 11.7 Data Recording—Record load versus crosshead dis-
ate thermocouple at specimen mid-length to be located on the placement data throughout the test method. Record the maxi-
underside of the beam. mum load, final load, and the load at any obvious discontinui-
11.5 Specimen Insertion—Insert the specimen into the test ties in the load-displacement data.
fixture, with the toolside resting on the reaction supports as 11.8 Failure Mode—Typical failure modes that can be
shown in Fig. 5 or Fig. 6. Align and center the specimen such identified visually are shown in Fig. 7. However, these may be
that its longitudinal axis is perpendicular to the loading nose preceded by less obvious, local damage modes such as transply
and side supports. Adjust the span such that the span-to- cracking. Record the mode and location of failure, if possible
measured thickness ratio is 4.0 to an accuracy of 60.3 mm identifying one or a combination of the modes shown.
(0.012 in.). The loading nose should be located equidistant
between the side supports to within 60.3 mm (0.012 in.). Both
12. Calculation
the loading nose and side supports should overhang the
specimen width by at least 2 mm (0.08 in.) at each side. In the 12.1 Short-Beam Strength—Calculate the short-beam
case of the flat laminate test, each specimen end should strength using Eq 1 as follows:
overhang the side support centers by at least the specimen Pm
Fsbs 5 0.75 3 b 3 h (1)
thickness.
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 D 2344/D 2344M – 00 (2006)

FIG. 7 Typical Failure Modes in the Short Beam Test

where: 13.1.2 Whether the coupon configuration was standard or

Fsbs = short-beam strength, MPa (psi); variant.
Pm = maximum load observed during the test, N (lbf); 13.1.3 The date and location of the test.
b = measured specimen width, mm (in.), and 13.1.4 The name of the test operator.
h = measured specimen thickness, mm (in.). 13.1.5 Any variations to this test method, anomalies noticed
12.2 Statistics—For each series of test methods, calculate during testing, or equipment problems occurring during testing.
the average value, standard deviation, and coefficient of varia- 13.1.6 Identification of the material tested including: mate-
tion (in percent) for each property determined as follows: rial specification, material type, material designation, manufac-
n turer, manufacturer’s batch or lot number, source (if not from
x 5 ~ ( xi!/n (2) manufacturer), date of certification, expiration of certification,
i–1
filament diameter, tow or yarn filament count and twist, sizing,
form or weave, fiber areal weight, matrix type, prepreg matrix
sn–1 5 Œ( ~
n

i51
xi2 – n~x!2 !/~n–1! (3) content, and prepreg volatiles content.
13.1.7 Description of the fabrication steps used to prepare
the laminate including: fabrication start date, fabrication end
CV 5 100 3 sn–1/x (4)
date, process specification, cure cycle, consolidation method,
where: and a description of the equipment used.
x̄ = sample mean (average); 13.1.8 Ply orientation and stacking sequence of the lami-
sn–1 = sample standard deviation; nate.
CV = sample coefficient of variation, %; 13.1.9 If requested, report density, volume percent rein-
n = number of specimens; and forcement, and void content test methods, specimen sampling
xi = measured or derived property. method and geometries, test parameters, and test results.
13.1.10 Average ply thickness of the material.
13. Report
13.1.11 Results of any nondestructive evaluation tests.
13.1 Report the following information, or references point- 13.1.12 Method of preparing the test specimen, including
ing to other documentation containing this information, to the specimen labeling scheme and method, specimen geometry,
maximum extent applicable (reporting of items beyond the sampling method, and coupon cutting method.
control of a given testing laboratory, such as might occur with 13.1.13 Calibration dates and methods for all measurements
material details or panel fabrication parameters, shall be the and test equipment.
responsibility of the requester): 13.1.14 Details of loading nose and side supports including
NOTE 4—Guides E 1309, E 1434, and E 1471 contain data reporting diameters and material used.
recommendations for composite materials and composite materials me- 13.1.15 Type of test machine, alignment results, and data
chanical testing. acquisition sampling rate and equipment type.
13.1.1 This test method and revision level or date of issue. 13.1.16 Dimensions of each test specimen.
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 D 2344/D 2344M – 00 (2006)
13.1.17 Conditioning parameters and results. 14. Precision and Bias
13.1.18 Relative humidity and temperature of the testing
14.1 Precision—The data required for the development of a
laboratory.
precision statement is not currently available for this test
13.1.19 Environment of the test machine environmental
method.
chamber (if used) and soak time at environment.
13.1.20 Number of specimens tested. 14.2 Bias—Bias cannot be determined for this test method
13.1.21 Speed of testing. as no acceptable reference standard exists.

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13.1.22 Maximum load observed during the test, for each
specimen. 15. Keywords
13.1.23 Load-displacement curves for each specimen. 15.1 composite materials; resin and interlaminar properties;
13.1.24 Failure mode of each specimen, identified if pos- short-beam strength
sible from Fig. 7.

REFERENCES

(1) Berg, C. A., Tirosh, J., and Israeli, M., “Analysis of Short Beam (4) U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration,
Bending of Fiber Reinforced Composites,” in Composite Materials: “Test Methods for Composites a Status Report: Volume III Shear Test
Testing and Design (Second Conference), ASTM STP 497, ASTM, Methods,” Report No. DOT/FAA/CT-93/17, III, FAA Technical Cen-
1972, pp. 206-218. ter, Atlantic City, 1993.
(2) Whitney, J. M., and Browning, C. E., “On Short-Beam Shear Tests for (5) Cui, W., Wisnom, M. R., and Jones, M., “Effect of Specimen Size on
Composite Materials,” Experimental Mechanics, Vol 25, 1985, pp.
Interlaminar Shear Strength of Unidirectional Carbon Fibre-Epoxy,”
294-300.
Composites Engineering, Vol 4, No. 3, 1994, pp. 299-307.
(3) Sullivan, J. L., and Van Oene, H., “An Elasticity Analysis for the
Generally and Specially Orthotropic Beams Subjected to Concentrated (6) Adams, D. F. and Lewis, E. Q., “Current Status of Composite Material
Loads,” Composites Science and Technology, Vol 27, 1986, pp. Shear Test Methods,” SAMPE, Vol 31, No. 6, 1994, pp. 32-41.
182-191.

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