Astm D 5961 (2013)

Designation: D5961/D5961M − 13
Standard Test Method for

Bearing Response of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5961/D5961M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.1 This test method covers the bearing response of pinned safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
or fastened joints using multi-directional polymer matrix responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
composite laminates reinforced by high-modulus fibers by priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
double-shear tensile loading (Procedure A), single-shear tensile bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
or compressive loading of a two-piece specimen (Procedure
2. Referenced Documents
B), single-shear tensile loading of a one-piece specimen
(Procedure C), or double-shear compressive loading (Proce- 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
dure D). Standard specimen configurations using fixed values D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
of test parameters are described for each procedure. However, tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
when fully documented in the test report, a number of test D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
parameters may be optionally varied. The composite material D953 Test Method for Bearing Strength of Plastics
forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber D2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced
(tape or fabric, or both) reinforced composites for which the Resins
laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test D2734 Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plastics
direction. The range of acceptable test laminates and thick- D3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite
nesses are described in 8.2.1. Materials
D3410/D3410M Test Method for Compressive Properties of
1.2 This test method is consistent with the recommendations
Polymer Matrix Composite Materials with Unsupported
of MIL-HDBK-17, which describes the desirable attributes of
Gage Section by Shear Loading
a bearing response test method.
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
1.3 The multi-fastener test configurations described in this D5229/D5229M Test Method for Moisture Absorption Prop-
test method are similar to those used by industry to investigate erties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix
the bypass portion of the bearing bypass interaction response Composite Materials
for bolted joints, where the specimen may produce either a D5687/D5687M Guide for Preparation of Flat Composite
bearing failure mode or a bypass failure mode. Note that the Panels with Processing Guidelines for Specimen Prepara-
scope of this test method is limited to bearing and fastener tion
failure modes. Use Test Method D7248/D7248M for by-pass D7248/D7248M Test Method for Bearing/Bypass Interac-
testing. tion Response of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units Using 2-Fastener Specimens
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance someter Systems
with the standard. E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With
1.4.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
brackets. Lot or Process
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
ASTM Test Methods
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.05 on
2
Structural Test Methods. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2013. Published June 2013. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D5961/D5961M – 10. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D5961_D5961M-13. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Mar 14 07:12:18 EDT 2016
1
Downloaded/printed by
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D5961/D5961M − 13
E238 Test Method for Pin-Type Bearing Test of Metallic 3.2.5.1 Discussion—Two types of bearing strengths are
Materials commonly identified, and noted by an additional superscript:
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics offset strength and ultimate strength.
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to 3.2.6 bearing stress, Fbr [ML-1T-2] , n—the bearing force
Determine the Precision of a Test Method divided by the bearing area.
E1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced
Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases (With- 3.2.7 countersink depth to thickness ratio, dcsk /h [nd],—the
drawn 2015)3 ratio of the countersunk depth of a hole to the specimen
E1434 Guide for Recording Mechanical Test Data of Fiber- thickness.
Reinforced Composite Materials in Databases (Withdrawn 3.2.7.1 Discussion—The countersink depth to thickness ra-
2015)3 tio is typically a nominal value determined from nominal
E1471 Guide for Identification of Fibers, Fillers, and Core hole-drilling dimensions and tolerances.
Materials in Computerized Material Property Databases 3.2.8 diameter to thickness ratio, D/h [nd], n—in a bearing
(Withdrawn 2015)3 specimen, the ratio of the hole diameter to the specimen
2.2 Other Document: thickness.
MIL-HDBK-17, Polymer Matrix Composites, Vol 1, Sec- 3.2.8.1 Discussion—The diameter to thickness ratio may be
tion 74 either a nominal value determined from nominal dimensions or
an actual value determined from measured dimensions.
3. Terminology
3.2.9 edge distance ratio, e/D [nd], n—in a bearing
3.1 Definitions—Terminology D3878 defines terms relating specimen, the ratio of the distance between the center of the
to high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminology hole and the specimen end to the hole diameter.
D883 defines terms relating to plastics. Terminology E6 defines 3.2.9.1 Discussion—The edge distance ratio may be either a
terms relating to mechanical testing. Terminology E456 and nominal value determined from nominal dimensions or an
Practice E177 define terms relating to statistics. In the event of actual value determined from measured dimensions.
a conflict between terms, Terminology D3878 shall have
3.2.10 nominal value, n—a value, existing in name only,
precedence over the other documents.
assigned to a measurable quantity for the purpose of conve-
NOTE 1—If the term represents a physical quantity, its analytical nient designation. Tolerances may be applied to a nominal
dimensions are stated immediately following the term (or letter symbol) in value to define an acceptable range for the quantity.
fundamental dimension form, using the following ASTM standard sym-
bology for fundamental dimensions, shown within square brackets: [M] 3.2.11 offset bearing strength, Fxbro [ML-1T-2], n—the value
for mass, [L] for length, [T] for time, [1] for thermodynamic temperature, of bearing stress, in the direction specified by the subscript, at
and [nd] for nondimensional quantities. Use of these symbols is restricted the point where a bearing chord stiffness line, offset along the
to analytical dimensions when used with square brackets, as the symbols
may have other definitions when used without the brackets.
bearing strain axis by a specified bearing strain value, inter-
sects the bearing stress/bearing strain curve.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 3.2.11.1 Discussion—Unless otherwise specified, an offset
3.2.1 bearing area, [L2], n—the area of that portion of a bearing strain of 2 % is to be used in this test method.
bearing specimen used to normalize applied loading into an
effective bearing stress; equal to the diameter of the loaded 3.2.12 width to diameter ratio, w/D [nd], n—in a bearing
hole multiplied by the thickness of the specimen. specimen, the ratio of specimen width to hole diameter.
3.2.12.1 Discussion—The width to diameter ratio may be
3.2.2 bearing chord stiffness, Ebr [ML-1T-2] , n—the chord
either a nominal value determined from nominal dimensions or
stiffness between two specific bearing stress or bearing strain
an actual value, determined as the ratio of the actual specimen
points in the linear portion of the bearing stress/bearing strain
width to the actual hole diameter.
curve.
3.2.3 bearing force, P [MLT2], n—the total force carried by 3.2.13 ultimate bearing strength, Fxbru [ML-1T-2], n—the
a bearing specimen. value of bearing stress, in the direction specified by the
subscript, at the maximum force capability of a bearing
3.2.4 bearing strain, ε, br [nd], n—the normalized hole specimen.
deformation in a bearing specimen, equal to the deformation of
the bearing hole in the direction of the bearing force, divided 3.3 Symbols:
by the diameter of the hole. A = minimum cross-sectional area of a specimen
3.2.5 bearing strength, Fxbr [ML-1T-2], n—the value of CV = coefficient of variation statistic of a sample population
bearing stress occurring at a significant event on the bearing for a given property (in percent)
stress/bearing strain curve. d = fastener or pin diameter
D = specimen hole diameter
dcsk = countersink depth
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on dfl = countersink flushness (depth or protrusion of the fas-
www.astm.org. tener in a countersunk hole)
4
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:// e = distance, parallel to force, from hole center to end of
dodssp.daps.dla.mil. specimen; the edge distance
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D5961/D5961M − 13
Exbr = bearing chord stiffness in the test direction specified plotted, and failure mode noted. The ultimate bearing strength
by the subscript (for determination of offset bearing strength) of the material is determined from the maximum force carried
f = distance, parallel to force, from hole edge to end of prior to test termination.
specimen 4.1.3 The standard test configuration for this procedure does
Fxbru = ultimate bearing strength in the test direction speci- not allow any variation of the major test parameters. However,
fied by the subscript the following variations in specimen and test fixture configu-
Fxbro (e %) = offset bearing strength (at e % bearing strain ration are allowed, but can be considered as being in accor-
offset) in the test direction specified by the subscript dance with this test method only as long as the values of all
g = distance, perpendicular to force, from hole edge to variant test parameters are prominently documented with the
shortest edge of specimen results:
h = specimen thickness Parameter Standard Variation
k = calculation factor used in bearing equations to distin- Loading condition: double-shear none
guish single-fastener tests from double-fastener tests Mating material: steel fixture none
Number of holes: 1 none
K = calculation factor used in bearing equations to distin- Countersink: none none
guish hole deformation in one member of the assembly from Fit: tight any, if documented
hole deformation shared between two members of the assem- Fastener torque: 2.2-3.4 N·m [20-30 lbf-in.] any, if documented
Laminate: quasi-isotropic any, if documented
bly in a strain equation Fastener diameter: 6 mm [0.250 in.] any, if documented
Lg = extensometer gage length Edge distance ratio: 3 any, if documented
n = number of specimens per sample population w/D ratio: 6 any, if documented
D/h ratio: 1.2-2 any, if documented
P = force carried by test specimen
Pf = force carried by test specimen at failure 4.2 Procedure B, Single Shear, Two-Piece Specimen:
Pmax = maximum force carried by test specimen prior to 4.2.1 The flat, constant rectangular cross-section test speci-
failure men is composed of two like halves fastened together through
sn-1 = standard deviation statistic of a sample population for one or two centerline holes located near one end of each half,
a given property as shown in the test specimen drawings of Figs. 5-8. The
w = specimen width eccentricity in applied force that would otherwise result is
xi = test result for an individual specimen from the sample minimized by a doubler bonded to, or frictionally retained
population for a given property against each grip end of the specimen, resulting in a force
x̄ = mean or average (estimate of mean) of a sample popu- line-of-action along the interface between the specimen halves,
lation for a given property through the centerline of the hole(s).
δ = extensional displacement 4.2.1.1 Unstabilized Configuration (No Support Fixture)—
ε = general symbol for strain, whether normal strain or shear The ends of the test specimen are gripped in the jaws of a test
strain machine and loaded in tension.
εbr = bearing strain 4.2.1.2 Stabilized Configuration (Using Support Fixture)—
σbr = bearing stress The test specimen is face-supported in a multi-piece bolted
support fixture, similar to that shown in Fig. 9. The test
4. Summary of Test Method specimen/fixture assembly is clamped in hydraulic wedge grips
4.1 Procedure A, Double Shear, Tension: and the force is sheared into the support fixture and then
4.1.1 A flat, constant rectangular cross-section test specimen sheared into the specimen. The stabilized configuration is
with a centerline hole located near the end of the specimen, as primarily intended for compressive loading, although the
shown in the test specimen drawings of Figs. 1 and 2, is loaded specimen/fixture assembly may be loaded in either tension or
at the hole in bearing. The bearing force is normally applied compression.
through a close-tolerance, lightly torqued fastener (or pin) that 4.2.2 Both the applied force and the associated deformation
is reacted in double shear by a fixture similar to that shown in of the hole(s) are monitored. The deformation of the hole(s) is
Figs. 3 and 4. The bearing force is created by loading the normalized by the hole diameter (a factor of two used to adjust
assembly in tension in a testing machine. for hole deformation occurring in the two halves) to result in an
4.1.2 Both the applied force and the associated deformation effective bearing strain. Likewise, the applied force is normal-
of the hole are monitored. The hole deformation is normalized ized by the projected hole area to yield an effective bearing
by the hole diameter to create an effective bearing strain. stress. The specimen is loaded until a maximum force has
Likewise, the applied force is normalized by the projected hole clearly been reached, whereupon the test is terminated so as to
area to create an effective bearing stress. The specimen is prevent masking of the true failure mode by large-scale hole
loaded until a maximum force has clearly been reached, distortion, in order to provide a more representative failure
whereupon the test is terminated so as to prevent masking of mode assessment. Bearing stress versus bearing strain for the
the true failure mode by large-scale hole distortion, in order to entire loading regime is plotted, and failure mode noted. The
provide a more representative failure mode assessment. Bear- ultimate bearing strength of the material is determined from the
ing stress versus bearing strain for the entire loading regime is maximum force carried prior to test termination.
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D5961/D5961M − 13
FIG. 1 Double-Shear and Single-Shear One-Piece Test Specimen Drawing (SI)
4.2.3 The standard test configuration for this procedure does 4.3.1 A flat, constant rectangular cross-section test specimen
not allow any variation of the major test parameters. However, with a centerline hole located near the end of the specimen, as
the following variations in specimen and test fixture configu- shown in the test specimen drawings of Figs. 1 and 2, is loaded
ration are allowed, but can be considered as being in accor- at the hole in bearing. The bearing force is normally applied, by
dance with this test method only as long as the values of all a fixture similar to that shown in Fig. 10, through a close-
variant test parameters are prominently documented with the tolerance, lightly torqued fastener that is reacted in single
results: shear, as shown in Fig. 11. The bearing force is created by
Parameter Standard Variation loading the assembly in tension in a testing machine.
Loading condition: single-shear none 4.3.2 Both the applied force and the associated deformation
Support fixture: no yes, if documented
Number of holes: 1 1 or 2
of the hole are monitored. The hole deformation is normalized
Countersunk holes: no yes, if documented by the hole diameter to create an effective bearing strain.
Grommets: no yes, if documented Likewise, the applied force is normalized by the projected hole
Mating material: same laminate any, if documented
Fit: tight any, if documented
area to create an effective bearing stress. The specimen is
Fastener torque: 2.2-3.4 N·m [20-30 lbf-in.] any, if documented loaded until a maximum force has clearly been reached,
Laminate: quasi-isotropic any, if documented whereupon the test is terminated so as to prevent masking of
Fastener diameter: 6 mm [0.250 in.] any, if documented
Edge distance ratio: 3 any, if documented
the true failure mode by large-scale hole distortion, in order to
w/D ratio: 6 any, if documented provide a more representative failure mode assessment. Bear-
D/h ratio: 1.2-2 any, if documented ing stress versus bearing strain for the entire loading regime is
4.3 Procedure C, Single Shear, One-Piece Specimen: plotted, and failure mode noted. The ultimate bearing strength
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D5961/D5961M − 13
FIG. 2 Double-Shear and One-Piece Single-Shear Test Specimen Drawing (Inch-Pound)
of the material is determined from the maximum force carried tolerance, lightly torqued fastener (or pin) that is reacted in
prior to test termination. double shear, as shown in Fig. 13. The bearing force is created
4.3.3 The standard test configuration for this procedure does by loading the assembly in compression in a testing machine.
not allow any variation of the major test parameters. However, 4.4.2 Both the applied force and the associated deformation
the following variations in specimen and test fixture configu- of the hole are monitored. The hole deformation is normalized
ration are allowed, but can be considered as being in accor- by the hole diameter to create an effective bearing strain.
dance with this test method only as long as the values of all Likewise, the applied force is normalized by the projected hole
variant test parameters are prominently documented with the area to create an effective bearing stress. The specimen is
results: loaded until a maximum force has clearly been reached,
Parameter Standard Variation whereupon the test is terminated so as to prevent masking of
Loading condition: single-shear none
Mating material: steel fixture none
the true failure mode by large-scale hole distortion, in order to
Number of holes: 1 none provide a more representative failure mode assessment. Bear-
Countersink: yes no, if documented ing stress versus bearing strain for the entire loading regime is
Fit: tight any, if documented
Fastener torque: 2.2-3.4 N·m [20-30 lbf-in.] any, if documented
plotted, and failure mode noted. The ultimate bearing strength
Laminate: quasi-isotropic any, if documented of the material is determined from the maximum force carried
Fastener diameter: 6 mm [0.250 in.] any, if documented prior to test termination.
Edge distance ratio: 3 any, if documented
w/D ratio: 6 any, if documented 4.4.3 The standard test configuration for this procedure does
D/h ratio: 1.2-2 any, if documented not allow any variation of the major test parameters, other than
4.4 Procedure D, Double Shear, Compression: overall specimen length (in order to preclude specimen buck-
4.4.1 A flat, constant rectangular cross-section test specimen ling). However, the following variations in specimen and test
with a centerline hole located near the end of the specimen, as fixture configuration are allowed, but can be considered as
shown in the test specimen drawings of Figs. 1 and 2, is loaded being in accordance with this test method only as long as the
at the hole in bearing. The bearing force is normally applied, by values of all variant test parameters are prominently docu-
a fixture similar to that shown in Fig. 12, through a close- mented with the results:
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D5961/D5961M − 13
FIG. 3 Fixture Loading Plate for Procedure A (2 Required)
Parameter Standard Variation 5. Significance and Use

Loading condition: double-shear none
Mating material: steel fixture none 5.1 This test method is designed to produce bearing re-
Number of holes: 1 none sponse data for material specifications, research and
Countersink: none none
Fit: tight any, if documented development, quality assurance, and structural design and
Fastener torque: 2.2-3.4 N·m [20-30 lbf-in.] any, if documented analysis. The standard configuration for each procedure is very
Laminate: quasi-isotropic any, if documented specific and is intended primarily for development of quanti-
Fastener diameter: 6 mm [0.250 in.] any, if documented
Edge distance ratio: 3 any, if documented tative double- and single-shear bearing response data for
w/D ratio: 6 any, if documented material comparison and structural design. Procedures A and
D/h ratio: 1.2-2 any, if documented D, the double-shear configurations, with a single fastener
6
D5961/D5961M − 13
Procedure C will yield significantly higher strengths than Procedure B
(due to the larger fastener rotation and higher peak bearing stress in
Procedure B). For protruding head fasteners, Procedure D will typically
yield somewhat higher results than Procedure C (due to both stress
peaking and finite edge distance in Procedure C), and Procedures A and C
yield roughly equivalent results.
5.3 It is also important to note that the parameter variations
of the four procedures (tabulated in Section 4) provide flex-
ibility in the conduct of the test, allowing adaptation of the test
setup to a specific application. However, the flexibility of test
parameters allowed by these variations makes meaningful
comparison between datasets difficult if the datasets were not
tested using the same procedure and identical test parameters.
5.4 General factors that influence the mechanical response
of composite laminates and should therefore be reported
include the following: material, methods of material prepara-
tion and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen
preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing,
specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at
temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement.
5.5 Specific factors that influence the bearing response of
composite laminates and should therefore be reported include
not only the loading method (either Procedure A, B, or C) but
the following: (for all procedures) edge distance ratio, width to
diameter ratio, diameter to thickness ratio, fastener type,
fastener shear strength, fastener torque, fastener or pin
material, fastener or pin clearance, tensile or compressive
loading, countersink angle and depth of countersink, type of
grommet (if used), type of mating material, number of
fasteners, and type of support fixture (if used). Properties, in
the test direction, which may be obtained from this test method
include the following:
5.5.1 Ultimate bearing strength, Fbru, of the composite
laminate or laminate-fastener joint, or both;
FIG. 4 Fixture Assembly for Procedure A 5.5.2 Offset bearing strength, Fbro, of the composite lami-
nate or laminate-fastener joint, or both; and
loaded in shear and reacted by laminate tension or 5.5.3 Bearing stress/bearing strain curve.
compression, are particularly recommended for basic material
evaluation and comparison. Procedures B and C, the single- 6. Interferences
shear, single- or double-fastener configurations are more useful
in evaluation of specific joint configurations, including fastener 6.1 Type of Loading—Results from Procedures A–D should
failure modes. The Procedure B specimen may be tested in not generally be expected to yield comparable bearing strength
either an unstabilized (no support fixture) or stabilized con- or failure mode results. Also, Procedure B results will likely
figuration. The unstabilized configuration is intended for ten- vary depending on whether a one- or two-fastener specimen is
sile loading and the stabilized configuration is intended for used, and whether the loading direction is tension or compres-
compressive loading (although tensile loading is permitted). sion; due to differences in load path, localized damage modes,
The Procedure C specimen is particularly well-suited for and support fixture friction.
development of countersunk-fastener bearing strength data 6.2 Material and Specimen Preparation—Bearing response
where a near-double-shear fastener rotational stiffness is de- is sensitive to poor material fabrication practices (including
sired. These Procedure B and C configurations have been lack of control of fiber alignment), damage induced by im-
extensively used in the development of design allowables data. proper specimen machining (hole preparation is especially
5.2 It is important to note that these four procedures, using critical), and torqued fastener installation. Fiber alignment
the standard test configurations, will generally result in bearing relative to the specimen coordinate axis should be maintained
strength mean values that are not of the same statistical as carefully as possible, although there is currently no standard
population, and thus not in any way a “basic material prop- procedure to ensure or determine this alignment. A practice that
erty.” has been found satisfactory for many materials is the addition
NOTE 2—Typically, Procedure D will yield slightly higher strengths of small amounts of tracer yarn to the prepreg parallel to the 0°
than Procedure A (due to the finite edge distance, e, in Procedure A); while direction, added either as part of the prepreg production or as
7
D5961/D5961M − 13
FIG. 5 Single-Shear, Two-Piece Single-Fastener Test Specimen Drawing (SI)
part of panel fabrication. See Guide D5687/D5687M for 6.3 Restraining Surfaces—The degree to which out-of-plane
further information on recommended specimen preparation hole deformation is possible, due to lack of restraint by the
practices. fixture or the fastener, has been shown to affect test results.
8
D5961/D5961M − 13
FIG. 6 Single-Shear Two-Piece Test Specimen Drawing (Inch-Pound)
6.4 Cleanliness—The degree of cleanliness of the mating mating material, and the configuration of the support fixture.
surfaces has been found to produce significant variations in test Consequently, results obtained from this procedure where the
results. support fixture is used may not accurately replicate behavior in
6.5 Eccentricity (Procedure B only)—A loading eccentricity other structural configurations.
is created in single-shear tests by the offset, in one plane, of the 6.6 Eccentricity (Procedure C only)—Loading eccentricity
line of action of force between each half of the test specimen. is less of a factor in Procedure C, due to the test fixture rigidity.
This eccentricity creates a moment that, particularly in However, this combination of loading eccentricity and fixture
clearance-hole tests, rotates the fastener, resulting in an uneven rigidity creates a combined bending moment and shear on the
contact stress distribution through the thickness of the speci- fastener that can lead to fastener yielding prior to composite
men. The effect of this eccentricity upon test results is strongly material bearing failure.
dependent upon the degree of clearance in the hole, fastener
diameter-to-specimen-thickness ratio, fastener torque, the size 6.7 Hole Preparation—Due to the dominating presence of
of the fastener head, the mating area, the coefficient of friction the filled hole(s), results from this test method are relatively
between the specimen and the mating material, the thickness insensitive to parameters that would be of concern in an
and stiffness of the specimen, the thickness and stiffness of the unnotched tensile or compressive property test. However, since
9
D5961/D5961M − 13
FIG. 7 Single-Shear, Two-Piece Double-Fastener Test Specimen Drawing (SI)
the filled hole(s) dominates the strength, consistent preparation and failure mode due to changes in fastener pre-load under
of the hole(s) without damage to the laminate is important to bearing loading. The critical pre-load condition (that is, either
meaningful results. Damage due to hole preparation will affect high or low clamping pressure) can vary depending upon the
strength results and can reduce the calculated strength. type of loading, the laminate stacking sequence and the desired
6.8 Fastener-Hole Clearance—Results are affected by the failure mode. The nominal test configuration uses a relatively
clearance arising from the difference between hole and fastener low level of fastener installation torque to give conservative
diameters. Clearance can change the observed specimen be- bearing stress results. For specimens that produce bearing
havior by delaying the onset of bearing damage. Damage due failure modes, bearing strengths for specimens with high
to insufficient clearance during fastener installation will affect clamping pressure fasteners are almost always higher than the
strength results. Countersink flushness (depth or protrusion of corresponding low clamping pressure bearing strengths. Valid
the fastener head in a countersunk hole) will affect strength bearing strength results should only be reported when appro-
results and may affect the observed failure mode. For these priate failure modes are observed, in accordance with 11.5.
reasons, both the hole and fastener diameters must be accu- 6.10 Fastener Strength/Modulus—Results are affected by
rately measured and recorded. A typical aerospace tolerance on any permanent deformation of fasteners. Fastener yield failure
fastener-hole clearance is +75/-0 µm [+0.003/-0.000 in.] for is not an acceptable failure mode. Fastener manufacturers
structural fastener holes. typically report static shear ultimate specification-minimum
6.9 Fastener Torque/Pre-load—Results are affected by the strengths for their products. Thus, knowledge of mean-to-
installed fastener pre-load (clamping pressure). Laminates can minimum ultimate strength ratio, fastener alloy, and shear
exhibit significant differences in both maximum force at failure ultimate-to-yield ratio are generally required to accurately
10
D5961/D5961M − 13
FIG. 8 Single-Shear, Two-Piece Double Fastener Test Specimen Drawing (Inch-Pound)
predict fastener shear yield strength. Furthermore, single-shear countersunk (flush) head depth to thickness (dcsk/h); the pre-
bearing test configurations (Procedures B and C) impart ferred ratio is the range from 0.0-0.7 unless the experiment is
significant bending stress to the fasteners, which is influenced investigating the influence of this ratio. Results may also be
by fastener modulus and h/d ratio and also must be taken into affected by the ratio of ungripped specimen length to specimen
account in predicting the maximum applied force below which width; this ratio should be maintained as shown, unless the
no bending- or shear-induced fastener yielding will occur. experiment is investigating the influence of this ratio.
Valid bearing strength results should only be reported when
appropriate failure modes are observed, in accordance with 6.12 Material Orthotropy—The degree of laminate orthot-
11.5. ropy strongly affects the failure mode and measured bearing
strengths. Bearing strength results should only be reported
6.11 Specimen Geometry—Results are affected by the ratio when appropriate and valid failure modes are observed, in
of specimen width to hole diameter; this ratio should be accordance with 11.5.
maintained at 6, unless the experiment is investigating the
influence of this ratio, or invalid (bypass) failure modes may 6.13 Thickness Scaling—Thick composite structures do not
occur. Results may also be affected by the ratio of hole necessarily fail at the same strengths as thin structures with the
diameter to thickness; the preferred ratio is the range from same laminate orientation and geometric ratios (w/D, e/D, D/h,
1.5-3.0 unless the experiment is investigating the influence of etc.). Thus, data gathered using these procedures may not
this ratio. Results may also be affected by the ratio of translate directly into equivalent thick-structure properties.
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D5961/D5961M − 13
FIG. 9 Support Fixture Assembly for Procedure B
6.14 Buckling (Procedure D only)—Procedure D results 7.2 Loading Fastener or Pin—The fastener (or pin) type
may be affected by buckling of the unsupported specimen and, if applicable, nut type, shall be specified as initial test
segment if this length is not minimized as directed in 8.2 and parameters and reported. Both fastener and nut shall be strong
the Fig. 13 notes. enough to preclude yielding at maximum applied force, unless
6.15 Environment—Results are affected by the environmen- fastener type is a test parameter (in which case expected
tal conditions under which the tests are conducted. Laminates fastener yield force shall be reported). The assembly torque (if
tested in various environments can exhibit significant differ- applicable) shall be specified as an initial test parameter and
ences in both bearing strength and failure mode. Experience reported. This value may be a measured torque or a specifica-
has demonstrated that elevated temperature and humid envi- tion torque for fasteners with lock-setting features. A measured
ronments are generally critical for bearing failure modes. torque, run-on torque and clamp-up torque shall be separately
However, critical environments must be assessed indepen- specified if run-on torque is expected to be more than 10 % of
dently for each material system, stacking sequence, and torque clamp-up torque. If washers are utilized, the washer type,
condition tested. number of washers, and washer location(s) shall be specified as
initial test parameters and reported. The reuse of fasteners is
6.16 Other—Test Methods E238 and D953 contain further
not recommended due to potential differences in through-
discussions of other variables affecting bearing-type testing.
thickness clamp-up for a given torque level, caused by wear of
the threads. If fasteners are reused, this shall be noted and
7. Apparatus
reported.
7.1 Micrometers—The micrometer(s) shall use a 4 to 6-mm
[0.16 to 0.25-in.] nominal diameter ball-interface on irregular 7.3 Overall Test Fixture and Instrumentation Assembly:
surfaces such as the bag-side of a laminate, and a flat anvil 7.3.1 Procedure A—The force shall be applied to the speci-
interface on machined edges or very smooth tooled surfaces. men by means of a double-shear clevis similar to that shown in
The accuracy of the instrument(s) shall be suitable for reading Figs. 3 and 4, using a single loading fastener or pin. For
to within 1 % of the sample width and thickness. For typical torqued tests, the clevis shall allow a torqued fastener to apply
specimen geometries, an instrument with an accuracy of 62.5 a transverse compressive force to the specimen only around the
µm [60.0001 in.] is desirable for thickness measurement, periphery of the hole, to an extent of 2D (twice the hole
while an instrument with an accuracy of 625 µm [60.001 in.] diameter). While flat loading plates may be used in lieu of the
is desirable for width measurement. bossed configuration shown in Figs. 3 and 4, both the 2D
12
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FIG. 10 One-Piece Single-Shear Test Fixture for Procedure C
FIG. 11 One-Piece Single-Shear Test Set-Up (Procedure C)
13
D5961/D5961M − 13
FIG. 12 Double-Shear Compression Test Fixture for Procedure D
contact surface feature (e.g., inner and outer diameters) and pin shown in Figs. 12 and 13, using a single loading fastener or
bending distirbution (e.g., boss height) must be maintained pin. For torqued tests, the clevis shall allow a torqued fastener
through use of a suitable washer. The fixture shall allow a to apply a transverse compressive force to the specimen around
bearing strain indicator to monitor the hole deformation the periphery of the hole. The fixture shall provide adequate
relative to the fixture as shown in Fig. 14. column buckling stability such that essentially no loading
7.3.2 Procedure B—The force shall be applied to the one- or eccentricity occurs. The fixture shall allow a bearing strain
two-fastener two-piece specimen either by directly gripping in indicator to monitor the hole deformation, as shown in Fig. 14.
the test frame grips, or by means of an optional support fixture,
as shown in Fig. 9. The line of action of the force shall be 7.4 Procedure B Support Fixture—If compressive forces are
adjusted by specimen doublers to be coincident and parallel to applied, a support fixture shall be used to stabilize the
the interface between the test specimen halves. Support fixture specimen. The fixture is a face-supported test fixture as shown
details are described in 7.4. The assembled two-piece test in Fig. 9. The fixture consists of two short-grip/long-grip
specimen and support fixture (if used) will allow a bearing assemblies, two support plates, and stainless steel shims as
strain indicator to measure the required hole deformation required to maintain a nominally zero (0.00 to 0.12-mm [0.000
between specimen halves, as shown in Fig. 14. to 0.005-in] tolerance) gap between the support plates and the
7.3.3 Procedure C—The force shall be applied to the speci- long grips. If this gap does not meet the minimum requirement,
men by means of a single-shear fixture similar to that shown in shim the contact area between the support plate and the short
Figs. 10 and 11, using a single loading fastener. The fixture grip with brass, aluminum, or stainless steel shim stock. If the
shall allow a bearing strain indicator to monitor the hole gap is too large, shim between the support plate and the long
deformation, as shown in Fig. 14. grip, holding the shim stock on the support plate with tape. Fig.
7.3.4 Procedure D—The force shall be applied to the 15 shows shim requirements. The fixture should be checked for
specimen by means of a double-shear clevis similar to that conformity to engineering drawings. Each short-grip/long-grip
14
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FIG. 13 Double-Shear Compression Test Set-Up (Procedure D)
assembly is line-drilled as shown in Figs. 16 and 17 and must 7.4.1.3 Specimen-gripping area shall be thermal sprayed
be used as a matched set. The threading of the support plate is with tungsten-carbide particles using high-velocity oxygen
optional. Standard test specimens for single- and multiple- fueled (HVOF), electrospark deposition (ESD), or equivalent
fastener configurations are 36 by 340 mm [1.5 by 13.5 in.] to process.
allow testing of both configurations in the same support fixture. 7.4.1.4 The test fixture may be made of low-carbon steel for
The fixture is hydraulically gripped on each end and the force ambient temperature testing. For non-ambient environmental
is sheared by means of friction through the fixture and into the conditions, the recommended fixture material is a nonheat-
test specimen. A cutout exists on both faces of the fixture for a treated ferritic or precipitation-hardened stainless steel (heat
thermocouple, fastener(s) and surface-mounted extensometer, treatment for improved durability is acceptable but not re-
and the width of the long grip face is less than that of the test quired).
specimen to accommodate edge-mounted extensometry. The NOTE 3—Experience has shown that all of the fixtures described in 7.3
long and short fixtures have an undercut along the corner of the and 7.4 may be damaged in use, thus periodic re-inspection of the fixture
specimen grip area so that specimens are not required to be dimensions and tolerances is important.Fig. 18Fig. 19Fig. 20Fig.
chamfered and to avoid damage caused by the radius. The 21Fig. 22Fig. 23Fig. 24Fig. 25Fig. 26Fig. 27
fixtures also allow a slight clearance between the fixture and 7.5 Testing Machine—The testing machine shall be in con-
the gage section of the specimen, in order to minimize grip formance with Practices E4, and shall satisfy the following
failures and friction effects. requirements:
7.4.1 Procedure B Support Fixture Details—The detailed 7.5.1 Testing Machine Configuration—The testing machine
drawings for manufacturing the support fixture are contained in shall have both an essentially stationary head and a movable
Figs. 18-25. An optional threaded support plate is shown in head. A short loading train and rigidly mounted hydraulic grips
Figs. 26 and 27, to be used instead of the support plate shown shall be used for Procedure B using the support fixture,
in Figs. 24 and 25 and the nuts called out in Fig. 9. Other Procedure C, and Procedure D.
fixtures that meet the requirements of this section may be used. 7.5.2 Drive Mechanism—The testing machine drive mecha-
The following general notes apply to these figures: nism shall be capable of imparting to the movable head a
7.4.1.1 Machine surfaces to a 3.2 [125] finish unless other- controlled velocity with respect to the stationary head. The
wise specified. velocity of the movable head shall be capable of being
7.4.1.2 Break all edges. regulated as specified in 11.4.
15
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FIG. 14 Transducer Gage Length and Location
7.5.3 Force Indicator—The testing machine force-sensing 7.5.4 Grips—Each head of the testing machine shall be
device shall be capable of indicating the total force being capable of holding one end of the test assembly so that the
carried by the test specimen. This device shall be essentially direction of force applied to the specimen is coincident with the
free from inertia-lag at the specified rate of testing and shall longitudinal axis of the specimen. Wedge grips shall apply
indicate the force with an accuracy over the force range(s) of sufficient lateral pressure to prevent slippage between the grip
interest of within 61 % of the indicated value. face and the test specimen or support fixture.
16
D5961/D5961M − 13
FIG. 15 Support Fixture-Shim Requirements
7.6 Bearing Strain Indicator—Bearing strain data shall be specimens, as in the case of a designed experiment. For
determined by one or two bearing strain indicators capable of statistically significant data the procedures outlined in Practice
measuring longitudinal hole deformation, as shown in Fig. 14. E122 should be consulted. The method of sampling shall be
Note that face-mounted extensometry is not possible for reported.
Procedure B when the optional support fixture is used. Attach-
NOTE 5—If specimens are to undergo environmental conditioning to
ment of the bearing strain indicator(s) to the specimen shall not equilibrium, and are of such type or geometry that the weight change of
cause damage to the specimen surface. Transducers shall the material cannot be properly measured by weighing the specimen itself
satisfy, at a minimum, Practice E83, Class B-2 requirements (such as a tabbed mechanical specimen), then use a traveler specimen of
for the bearing strain/displacement range of interest, and shall the same nominal thickness and appropriate size (but without tabs) to
be calibrated over that range in accordance with Practice E83. determine when equilibrium has been reached for the specimens being
conditioned.
The transducers shall be essentially free of inertia lag at the
specified speed of testing. 8.2 Test Specimen Geometry:
NOTE 4—While not shown in Fig. 14, a matched set of extensometers
8.2.1 Stacking Sequence—The standard laminate shall have
mounted on opposite faces would be required to quantify and correct for multidirectional fiber orientations (fibers shall be oriented in a
out-of-plane joint rotation in an unstabilized single-shear loading configu- minimum of two directions), and balanced and symmetric
ration. stacking sequences. Nominal thickness shall be as close as
7.6.1 Torque Wrench—If using a torqued fastener, a torque possible to 4 mm [0.16 in.], with a permissible range from 2 to
wrench used to tighten a joint fastener shall be capable of 4 mm [0.08 to 0.17 in.], inclusive, for a 6 mm [0.250 in.]
determining the applied torque to within 610 % of the desired diameter pin or fastener. Fabric laminates containing satin-type
value. weaves shall have symmetric warp surfaces, unless otherwise
specified and noted in the report.
7.7 Environmental Test Chamber—An environmental test
chamber is required for test environments other than ambient NOTE 6—Typically, a [45i/0j/-45i/90k]ms tape or [45i/0j]ms fabric lami-
testing laboratory conditions. This chamber shall be capable of nate should be selected such that a minimum of 5 % of the fibers lay in
maintaining the gage section of the test specimen at the each of the four principal orientations. This laminate design has been
found to yield the highest likelihood of acceptable failure modes.
required test environment during the mechanical test.
8.2.2 Configuration:
8. Sampling and Test Specimens 8.2.2.1 Procedures A, C, and D—The geometry of the
8.1 Sampling—Test at least five specimens per test condi- specimen for Procedures A, C, and D is shown in Figs. 1 and
tion unless valid results can be gained through the use of fewer 2. For Procedure D, it is acceptable to reduce the overall
17
D5961/D5961M − 13
FIG. 17 Support Fixture-Line Drilling Details (Inch-Pound)
double-fastener specimen is using countersunk fasteners, one

countersink should be located on each side of the specimen, as
FIG. 16 Support Fixture-Line Drilling Details (SI) shown. Note that if the support fixture is used for either the
single- or double-fastener specimen configuration, the length
of each specimen half and doubler must be adjusted as shown
specimen length as required to prevent buckling of the unsup-
in Figs. 5-8 to accommodate loading with the fixture.
ported segment between the bearing fixture and the specimen
grip. Maximum unsupported length may be estimated using NOTE 7—When the double-fastener specimen is using countersunk
Table 3 in Test Method D3410/D3410M, or similar buckling fasteners, the countersink as shown is located on opposing faces of the
specimen in order to provide an exact 50:50 force split between the two
analysis methods. fasteners. This configuration has the potential to produce a net section
8.2.2.2 Procedure B—The geometry of the specimen for failure mode at the first fastener (nearest the grips) rather than a pure
Procedure B is shown in Figs. 5 and 6 for a single-fastener joint bearing failure mode. As the scope of this test method is limited to bearing
and Figs. 7 and 8 for a double-fastener joint. Note that the response, a net section failure mode at the first fastener location shall be
countersink(s) shown in the drawings is optional. For a clearly noted in the report and is cause for declaring the bearing test value
invalid. If an alternate configuration, such as locating the countersink for
double-fastener configuration, extend the length of each speci- both fasteners on the same face of the specimen, is desired to better
men half by the required distance and place a second bearing represent an actual structural joint, the deviation shall be clearly noted in
hole in line with the first, as shown in Figs. 7 and 8. If the the test report.
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FIG. 18 Support Fixture-Long Grip Details (SI)
FIG. 19 Support Fixture-Long Grip Details (Inch-Pound)
8.2.3 Doubler Material—The use of doublers made from doublers are the same thickness as the laminate being tested,
the same laminate as the specimen being tested is recom- which is critical for proper loading of the single-shear test
mended for all single-shear tests, as this ensures that the configuration.
19
D5961/D5961M − 13
FIG. 20 Support Fixture-Short Grip Details (SI)
FIG. 21 Support Fixture-Short Grip Details (Inch-Pound)
8.2.4 Adhesive—Any high-elongation (tough) adhesive sys- when bonding doublers to the material under test. A uniform
tem that meets the environmental requirements may be used
20
D5961/D5961M − 13
FIG. 22 Support Fixture-Details A and B (SI)
bondline of minimum thickness is desirable to reduce undesir- 9. Calibration

able stresses in the assembly. 9.1 The accuracy of all measuring equipment shall have
8.3 Specimen Preparation—Guide D5687/D5687M pro- certified calibrations that are current at the time of use of the
vides recommended specimen preparation practices and should equipment.
be followed where practical.
8.3.1 Panel Fabrication—Control of fiber alignment is criti- 10. Conditioning
cal. Improper fiber alignment will reduce the measured prop- 10.1 The recommended pre-test specimen condition is ef-
erties. The panel(s) must be flat and of uniform thickness to fective moisture equilibrium at a specific relative humidity as
ensure even loading. Erratic fiber alignment will also increase established by Test Method D5229/D5229M; however, if the
the coefficient of variation. Report the panel fabrication test requester does not explicitly specify a pre-test conditioning
method. environment, no conditioning is required and the test speci-
8.3.2 Machining Methods—Preparation is extremely impor- mens may be tested as prepared.
tant for this specimen. Take precautions when cutting speci- 10.2 The pre-test specimen conditioning process, to include
mens from plates in order to avoid creating notches, undercuts, specified environmental exposure levels and resulting moisture
rough or uneven surfaces, or delaminations due to inappropri- content, shall be reported with the data.
ate machining methods. Obtain final dimensions by water- NOTE 8—The term moisture, as used in Test Method D5229/D5229M,
lubricated precision sawing, milling, or grinding. The use of includes not only the vapor of a liquid and its condensate, but the liquid
diamond tooling has been found to be extremely effective for itself in large quantities, as for immersion.
many material systems. Edges should be flat and parallel 10.3 If no explicit conditioning process is performed the
within the specified tolerances. Holes should be drilled under- specimen conditioning process shall be reported as “uncondi-
sized and reamed to final dimensions. Special care shall be tioned” and the moisture content as “unknown.”
taken to ensure that creation of the specimen hole does not
delaminate or otherwise damage the material surrounding the 11. Procedure
hole. Machining tolerances and surface finish requirements are 11.1 Parameters to Be Specified Prior to Test:
as noted in Figs. 1 and 2, and Figs. 5-8. Record and report the 11.1.1 The specimen sampling method, specimen type and
specimen cutting and hole preparation methods. geometry, fastener type and material, countersink angle and
8.3.3 Labeling—Label the specimens so that they will be depth (if appropriate), fastener clamp-up torque (if
distinct from each other and traceable back to the raw material, appropriate), use of washers (if appropriate), support fixture (if
and in a manner that will both be unaffected by the test and not appropriate), loading mode (tensile or compressive), cleaning
influence the test. process, and conditioning travelers (if required).
21
D5961/D5961M − 13
FIG. 23 Support Fixture-Details A and B (Inch-Pound)
FIG. 24 Support Fixture-Support Plate Details (SI)
22
D5961/D5961M − 13
FIG. 25 Support Fixture-Support Plate Details (Inch-Pound)
FIG. 26 Support Fixture-Optional Threaded Support Plate Details (SI)
FIG. 27 Support Fixture-Optional Threaded Support Plate Details (Inch-Pound)
11.1.2 The bearing properties, offset bearing strain value NOTE 9—Unless otherwise specified, an offset bearing strain of 2 %
and data reporting format desired. shall be used.
23
D5961/D5961M − 13
NOTE 10—Determine specific material property, accuracy, and data 11.3 Fastener Torquing—If using a torqued fastener, tighten
reporting requirements prior to test for proper selection of instrumentation the fastener to the required clamp-up value using a calibrated
and data recording equipment. Estimate operating bearing stress and
torque wrench. Record and report the actual total and run-on
bearing strain levels to aid in transducer selection, calibration of
equipment, and determination of equipment settings. torque values.
11.1.3 The environmental conditioning test parameters. NOTE 11—Take care not to work the joint after torquing. Joint rotation
after torquing and before and during insertion into the testing machine
11.1.4 Extensometry/bearing strain indicator requirements may relax the initial torque. Final torquing of the fastener may be
and related calculations. necessary after the specimen is inserted into the test machine.
11.1.5 If performed, the sampling method, specimen 11.4 Test Procedure:
geometry, and test parameters used to determine density and 11.4.1 Speed of Testing—Set the speed of testing so as to
reinforcement volume. produce failure within 1 to 10 min. If the ultimate bearing
11.2 General Instructions: strain of the material cannot be reasonably estimated, initial
trials should be conducted using standard speeds until the
11.2.1 Report any deviations from this test method, whether
ultimate bearing strain of the material and the compliance of
intentional or inadvertent.
the system are known, and speed of testing can be adjusted.
11.2.2 If specific gravity, density, reinforcement volume, or The suggested standard speeds are:
void volume are to be reported, then obtain these samples from 11.4.1.1 Bearing Strain-Controlled Tests—A standard
the same panels being bearing tested. Specific gravity and bearing-strain rate of 0.01 min-1.
density may be evaluated by means of Test Methods D792.
11.4.1.2 Constant Head-Speed Tests—A standard head dis-
Volume percent of the constituents may be evaluated by one of placement rate of 2 mm/min [0.05 in./min].
the matrix digestion procedures of Test Method D3171, or, for
11.4.2 Test Environment—If possible, test the specimen
certain reinforcement materials such as glass and ceramics, by
under the same fluid exposure level used for conditioning.
the matrix burn-off technique of Test Method D2584. The void
However, cases such as elevated temperature testing of a moist
content equations of Test Method D2734 are applicable to both
specimen place unrealistic requirements on the capabilities of
Test Method D2584 and the matrix digestion procedures. common testing machine environmental chambers. In such
11.2.3 Condition the specimens as required. Take appropri- cases the mechanical test environment may need to be
ate measures to prevent specimen moisture loss or gain during modified, for example, by testing at elevated temperature with
the transition from the conditioning environment to the test no fluid exposure control, but with a specified limit on time to
environment. failure from withdrawal from the conditioning chamber. Re-
11.2.4 Following final specimen machining and any cord any modifications to the test environment.
conditioning, but before bearing testing, measure the specimen 11.4.3 Specimen Installation:
width, w, and the specimen thickness, h, in the vicinity of the 11.4.3.1 Procedures A, B (No Support Fixture), and
hole. Measure the hole diameter, D, distance from hole edge to C—Insert the specimen into the test machine, attaching loading
closest specimen side, f, and distance from hole edge to interfaces or tightening grips as required.
specimen end, g. Measure the fastener or pin diameter, d, at the 11.4.3.2 Procedure B (With Support Fixture)—Install the
bearing contact location, the countersink depth, dcsk (if test specimen into the support fixture such that the machined
appropriate), and the countersink flushness, dfl (if appropriate). ends of the specimen are flush with the ends of the fixture
The accuracy of all measurements shall be within 1 % of the halves. This should result in the specimen hole(s)/fastener(s)
dimension, unless otherwise specified in this test method. being centered in the fixture cutout. Tighten the four bolts just
Record the dimensions to three significant figures in units of enough to hold the specimen in place during fixture installa-
millimeters [inches]. tion.
11.2.5 Cleaning—Clean the specimen hole, surrounding 11.4.3.3 Procedure D—Install the test specimen into the
clamping area, and fastener or pin shank. If the fastener threads fixture as shown in Fig. 13.
are required to be lubricated, apply the lubricant to the nut 11.4.4 Fixture Insertion (Procedure B With Support Fix-
threads instead of the fastener threads and take extreme care ture):
not to accidentally transfer any of the lubricant to the fastener 11.4.4.1 Place the fixture in the grips of the testing machine,
shank, the specimen hole, or to the clamping area during taking care to align the long axis of the gripped fixture with the
assembly and torquing. Record and report cleaning method and test direction. When inserting the fixture into the grip-jaws,
lubricant used, if any. grip the outer portion of the fixture as deeply into the grips as
11.2.6 Specimen Assembly—Assemble the test specimen to possible.
mating specimen or test fixture as appropriate for the 11.4.4.2 Tighten the grips, recording the pressure used on
procedure, with fastener or pin (and washers if utilized). For the hydraulic grips. The ends of the grip-jaws on wedge-type
Procedure D ensure that the ungripped length of the test grips should be even with each other following insertion to
specimen (hole center to edge of grip) is sufficient to preclude avoid inducing a bending moment which could result in
buckling (no more than 25 mm [1.0 in.] for a typical carbon premature failure of the specimen.
fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite in the baseline 11.4.4.3 Retorque the four bolts to approximately 7 N-m [60
specimen configuration). lbf-in.] after hydraulic gripping pressure is applied.
24
D5961/D5961M − 13
11.4.4.4 Check the gaps between the support plates and the 11.4.5 Fixture Insertion (Procedure D):
long grip portion of the support fixture using a feeler gage, and 11.4.5.1 Place the specimen/fixture assembly in the grips of
shim as required in Fig. 15. the testing machine, taking care to align the long axis of the
11.4.4.5 Check that the gap between the gage section of the gripped assembly with the test direction. When inserting the
specimen and the long grip portion of the support fixture is specimen/fixture assembly into the grip-jaws, grip the center
0.05 6 0.05 mm [0.002 6 0.002 in.] using a feeler gage (see plate portion of the fixture as deeply into the grips as possible
Fig. 28). A gap outside of this tolerance range is indicative of and grip the specimen end of the assembly such that the
either misaligned grips, improper assembly, an out-of-tolerance unsupported specimen length is minimized in order to prevent
specimen, damaged fixtures, or a combination thereof. buckling.
FIG. 28 Specimen/Support Fixture/Grip Assembly for Procedure B
25
D5961/D5961M − 13
11.4.5.2 Tighten the grips, recording the pressure used on having elements of both local bearing and cleavage might have
the hydraulic grips. The ends of the grip-jaws on wedge-type a failure mode code of M(BC)1I.
grips should be even with each other following insertion to
NOTE 14—The final physical condition of the test specimen following
avoid inducing a bending moment which could result in testing depends upon whether or not the test method was stopped soon
premature failure of the specimen. after reaching maximum force. If the test is not so stopped, the test
11.4.6 Complete Bearing Strain Indicator Installation— machine will continue to deform the specimen and disguise the primary
Attach the bearing strain indicator(s) to the specimen as shown failure mode by producing secondary failures, making determination of
the primary failure mode difficult. In some cases it may be necessary to
in Fig. 10, Fig. 12, or Fig. 14 to provide the average examine the bearing stress/bearing strain curve to determine the primary
displacement across the loaded hole(s). Attach the recording failure mode; in other cases the failure mode may not be determinable.
instrumentation to the indicator. Remove any remaining pre-
load and zero the indicator. 12. Validation
11.4.7 Loading—Apply the force to the specimen at the 12.1 Values for ultimate properties shall not be calculated
specified rate while recording data. The specimen is loaded for any specimen that breaks at some obvious flaw, unless such
until a maximum force is reached and force has dropped off flaw constitutes a variable being studied. Retests shall be
about 30 % from the maximum, or displacement equal to half performed for any specimen on which values are not calcu-
of the hole diameter has occurred. Unless specimen rupture is lated.
specifically desired, the test is terminated following this drop in
force or achieving this displacement so as to prevent masking 12.2 Any failure in a sample population occurring away
of the true failure mode by large-scale hole distortion, in order from the fastener hole(s) shall be cause to reexamine the means
to provide a more representative failure mode assessment and of force introduction into the material. Factors considered
to prevent support fixture damage (if used). In compression should include the specimen alignment, fixture alignment (if
loading, excessive deformation may occur such that a maxi- appropriate), grip pressure, grip alignment, grip surface
mum force may not be obvious and two piece failure may not texture/quality, separation of fixture halves (if appropriate),
occur. Care should be taken in Procedures B and D, when specimen thickness taper, and uneven machining of specimen
conducted under compressive loading, to ensure that the ends.
stabilization plates do not self-contact by terminating compres-
sion test loading when head displacement has reached a 13. Calculation
maximum of 4.5 mm [0.18 in.] (90 % nominal end gap NOTE 15—Presentation and calculation of results by this test method are
distance) to prevent support fixture damage. based on normalizing total joint force and overall joint displacement to the
response at a single hole. In the case of a double-shear test there is no
11.4.8 Data Recording—Record force versus bearing strain adjustment necessary in either force or displacement. However, for a
(or hole displacement) continuously, or at frequent regular Procedure B single-shear test (assuming like specimen halves, and
intervals. For this test method, a sampling rate of 2 to 3 data whether for one fastener or two), the total joint displacement is approxi-
recordings per second, and a target minimum of 300 data points mately twice the elongation of a given hole. For a double-fastener test, the
hole force is one half the total force. This is the source of the k load factor
per test are recommended. If a transition region or initial ply and the K displacement factor used in the following equations.
failures are noted, record the force, bearing strain, and mode of
damage at such points. If the specimen is to be failed, record 13.1 Width to Diameter Ratio—Calculate the actual speci-
the maximum force, the failure force, and the bearing strain (or men width to diameter ratio using measured values with Eq 1,
hole displacement) at, or as near as possible to, the moment of and report the result to three significant digits.
rupture. w/D ratio 5 w/D (1)
NOTE 12—Other valuable data that can be useful in understanding where:

testing anomalies and gripping or specimen slipping problems includes w = width of specimen across hole, mm [in.], and
force versus head displacement data and force versus time data. D = hole diameter, mm [in.].
NOTE 13—A difference in the bearing stress/bearing strain or force/
bearing strain slope between bearing strain readings when instrumentation 13.2 Edge Distance Ratio—Calculate the actual specimen
is mounted on the opposite edges of the specimen as shown in Fig. 14 edge distance ratio using measured values with Eq 2, and
indicates in-plane (edgewise) joint rotation in the specimen.
report the result to three significant digits.
11.5 Failure Mode—Record the mode and location of fail- e/D 5 ~ g1D/2 ! /D (2)
ure of the specimen or fastener/pin, or both. Note that the
intention of this test method is to determine the bearing- where:
dominated joint response and that evaluation of specimens that e/D = actual edge distance ratio, and
produce bypass failure modes is beyond the scope of this test g = distance from hole edge to specimen end, mm [in.].
method. Bearing stress results shall not be reported for speci- 13.3 Bearing Stress/Strength—Determine the bearing stress
mens exhibiting lateral (net tension) or cleavage failure modes. at each required data point with Eq 3. Calculate the ultimate
Choose, if possible, a standard description using the three-part bearing strength using Eq 4. Report the results to three
failure mode code shown in Fig. 29. A multimode failure can significant digits.
be described by including each of the appropriate failure-type
codes between the parentheses of the M failure-type code. For σ i br 5 P i / ~ k 3 D 3 h ! (3)
example, a typical failure for a [45i/0j/-45i/90k]ms tape laminate F bru
5P max
/~k 3 D 3 h! (4)
26
D5961/D5961M − 13
FIG. 29 Bearing Test Failure Codes With Illustrations of Common Modes
27
D5961/D5961M − 13
where: 17). Bearing strain shall be the average of both extensometers,
Fbru = ultimate bearing strength, MPa [psi], when two are used. Report whether bearing stress points or
Pmax = maximum force prior to failure, N [lbf], bearing strain points were used, as well as the value of the two
σibr = bearing stress at i-th data point, MPa [psi], end points.
Pi = force at i-th data point, N [lbf], E br 5 ∆σ br/°∆ε br (6)
h = specimen thickness, mm [in.], and
k = force per hole factor: 1.0 for single-fastener or pin where:
tests and 2.0 for double-fastener tests. Ebr = bearing chord stiffness, MPa [psi],
13.4 Bearing Strain—Determine the average bearing strain ∆σbr = change in bearing stress over chord stiffness range,
for each displacement value recorded using Eq 5 and report the MPa [psi], and
results to three significant digits. °∆εbr = change in bearing strain over chord stiffness range,
mm/mm [in./in.].
~ δ 1i 1δ 2i ! /2 NOTE 17—The initial portion of the bearing stress/bearing strain curve
ε ibr 5 (5)
K 3D will usually have substantial variations in the bearing stress/bearing strain
response due to combinations of joint straightening, overcoming of joint
where: friction, and joint translation due to hole tolerance. The chord stiffness
εibr = bearing strain, microstrain, points should be determined after this behavior has dissipated. Because of
δ1i = extensometer-1 displacement at i-th data point, mm these variations it is often most practical to use bearing stress end points
[in.], to determine the chord stiffness. The “essentially linear” portion of the
δ2i = extensometer-2 displacement at i-th data point, mm bearing stress/strain curve may be quantified as that which varies less than
10 % from a linear approximation of the line.
[in.] (for Procedure C, set δ2i = δ1i), and
NOTE 18—The bearing strain that is used for calculation of bearing
K = 1.0 for Procedures A, C and D, 2.0 for Procedure B. chord stiffness shall be determined from extensometers installed in
NOTE 16—The K factors for two-piece tests may not be appropriate if accordance with 11.4.6. Use of head displacement for this purpose is not
the mating specimen-half is significantly different in bearing stiffness. recommended, as head displacement includes the effects of test machine
13.5 Bearing Chord Stiffness—Plot the bearing stress versus and support fixture compliance.
bearing strain data to produce the curve shown in Fig. 30. NOTE 19—Bearing chord stiffness is used only for determination of the
offset bearing strength in 13.8.
Calculate the chord stiffness between two specific bearing
stress or bearing strain points in the essentially linear portion of 13.6 Determination of Effective Origin—Intersect the chord
the bearing stress/bearing strain curve (see Fig. 30 and Note stiffness line with the bearing strain axis, as shown in Fig. 30,
FIG. 30 Example of Bearing Stress/Bearing Strain Curve
28
D5961/D5961M − 13
to define an effective origin for use in determining offset
bearing strength and ultimate bearing strain.
xH 5
S( D
n
i51
xi
(9)
n
13.7 Ultimate Bearing Strain—After correcting the bearing
stress/bearing strain data for the new effective origin, record
the bearing strain at maximum force, to three significant digits, s n21 5 ŒS ( n
i51
D
x i2 2 nxH 2 / ~ n 2 1 ! (10)
as the ultimate bearing strain. CV 5 100 3 s n21 /xH (11)
13.8 Offset Bearing Strength—After correcting the bearing where:
stress/bearing strain data for the new effective origin, translate x̄ = sample mean (average),
the chord stiffness line along the bearing strain axis from the sn–1 = sample standard deviation,
origin by the specified offset amount of bearing strain (see Fig. CV = sample coefficient of variation, %,
30). Determine the intersection of this line with the bearing n = number of specimens, and
stress/bearing strain curve. Assess if an offset bearing strength xi = measured or derived property.
is appropriate for this specimen from the discussion on initial
peak bearing strength in 13.9. If an offset bearing strength is 14. Report
appropriate, report, to three significant digits, the bearing stress 14.1 Report the following information, or references point-
value at this point as the offset bearing strength, Fxbro (e %), ing to other documentation containing this information, to the
where e is the value of the offset bearing strain expressed in maximum extent applicable (reporting of items beyond the
percent. (See Note 18.) control of a given testing laboratory, such as might occur with
material details or panel fabrication parameters, shall be the
13.9 Initial Peak Bearing Strength—Some bearing test con-
responsibility of the requestor):
figurations will show an initial peak bearing stress followed by
a sharp drop in bearing stress and subsequent hole deformation NOTE 20—Guides E1309, E1434, and E1471 contain data reporting
recommendations for composite materials and composite material me-
such that the offset bearing strength will be lower than the
chanical tests. While these guides do not yet cover bearing response
initial peak bearing stress. If after further hole deformation the testing, they remain a valuable resource that should be consulted. A
specimen resumes loading to bearing stress levels higher than revision to the guides that adds the necessary additional fields is
the initial peak, report the initial peak bearing stress as an underway.
initial peak bearing strength, in addition to the offset and 14.1.1 The test method and revision level or date of issue.
ultimate bearing strengths. However, if the initial peak bearing 14.1.2 The procedure used and whether the specimen con-
stress is the ultimate bearing strength of the specimen, do not figuration was standard or variant.
report either an initial peak bearing strength or an offset chord 14.1.3 The date(s) and location(s) of the test.
bearing strength. 14.1.4 The name(s) of the test operator(s).
14.1.5 Any variations to this test method, anomalies noticed
13.10 Diameter to Thickness Ratio—Calculate the actual during testing, or equipment problems occurring during testing.
diameter to thickness ratio, as shown in Eq 7. Report both the 14.1.6 Identification of the material tested including: mate-
nominal ratio calculated using the nominal values and the rial specification, material type, material designation,
actual ratio calculated with measured dimensions. manufacturer, manufacturer’s lot or batch number, source (if
D not from manufacturer), date of certification, expiration of
D/h ratio 5 (7) certification, filament diameter, tow or yarn filament count and
h
twist, sizing, form or weave, fiber areal weight, matrix type,
where: prepreg matrix content, and prepreg volatiles content.
D = diameter of hole, mm [in.] and 14.1.7 Description of the fabrication steps used to prepare
h = specimen thickness near hole, mm [in.]. the laminate including: fabrication start date, fabrication end
13.11 Countersink Depth to Thickness Ratio—If a counter- date, process specification, cure cycle, consolidation method,
sunk (flush) fastener is installed in the hole(s), calculate the and a description of the equipment used.
actual countersink depth to thickness ratio, as shown in Eq 8. 14.1.8 Ply orientation stacking sequence of the laminate.
Report both the nominal ratio calculated using nominal values 14.1.9 If requested, report density, volume percent
and the actual ratio calculated with measured dimensions. reinforcement, and void content test methods, specimen sam-
pling method and geometries, test parameters, and test results.
d csk 14.1.10 Average ply thickness of the material.
d csk/h ratio 5 (8)
h 14.1.11 Results of any nondestructive evaluation tests.
where: 14.1.12 Method of preparing the test specimen, including
specimen labeling scheme and method, specimen geometry,
dcsk = fastener countersink depth, mm [in.] and
h = specimen thickness near hole, mm [in.]. sampling method, specimen cutting method, identification of
tab geometry, tab material, and tab adhesive used.
13.12 Statistics—For each series of tests, calculate the 14.1.13 Fastener or pin type and material, location of
average value, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation fastener head (bag side or tool side, if appropriate), new/reused
(in percent) for each property determined: fastener/pin, washer type and material (if appropriate), number
29
D5961/D5961M − 13
of washers (if appropriate), washer location (if appropriate), 14.1.29 If offset bearing strength is determined, the method
fastener or pin diameter, fastener yield or ultimate failure force, of linear fit (if used), the bearing stress or bearing strain ranges
or both, fastener installation torque (if appropriate), lubricant over which the linear fit or chord lines were determined, and
(if appropriate), hole clearance, countersink angle and depth (if the offset bearing strain value.
appropriate), grommet, mating material, and number of fasten- 14.1.30 Individual values of offset bearing strength (if
ers. applicable), and the average value, standard deviation, and
14.1.14 Fastener or pin and specimen cleaning method. coefficient of variation (in percent) for the population.
14.1.15 Calibration dates and methods for all measurement
14.1.31 If initial peak bearing strength is determined, the
and test equipment.
individual values of initial peak bearing strength and the
14.1.16 Type of test machine, grips, jaws, grip pressure,
alignment results, and data acquisition sampling rate and average value, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation
equipment type. (in percent) for the population.
14.1.17 Dimensions of each test specimen. 14.1.32 Force/displacement curves and tabulated data of
14.1.18 Actual and nominal values of specimen hole force versus displacement for each specimen.
diameter, specimen edge distance ratio, specimen width to 14.1.33 Individual values of ultimate force.
diameter ratio, specimen hole diameter to thickness ratio, and 14.1.34 Individual values of failure force.
specimen countersink depth to thickness ratio (if appropriate). 14.1.35 Failure mode and location of failure for each
14.1.19 Type of loading (tensile or compressive), support specimen.
fixture configuration (if used), gaps between support plates and
long grips, and between long grips and the test specimen gage
15. Precision and Bias
section, as measured by feeler gages.
14.1.20 Conditioning parameters and results, use of travel- 15.1 Round-Robin Results—An exploratory round robin
ers and traveler geometry, and the procedure used if other than comparing four Procedure B test configurations was conducted
that specified in the test method. in 2001. Five laboratories participated in the evaluation, with
14.1.21 Relative humidity and temperature of the testing four producing usable results. The test laminate configuration
laboratory. was [+45/0/-45/90]2S, and was composed of intermediate-
14.1.22 Environment of the test machine environmental modulus carbon fiber in a highly-toughened epoxy resin,
chamber (if used) and soak time at environment. unidirectional tape, with a 190 g/m2 fiber areal weight. Each
14.1.23 Number of specimens tested. laboratory tested at ambient laboratory conditions a randomly
14.1.24 Speed of testing. distributed sample of 6 specimens for each configuration. The
14.1.25 Bearing strain indicator placement on the specimen, average results for each laboratory are listed in Table 1. The
gauge length, and transducer type for each transducer used. calculations shown are based upon actual (measured) sample
14.1.26 Bearing stress/bearing strain curves and tabulated thickness and width.
data of bearing stress versus bearing strain for each specimen.
14.1.27 Individual ultimate bearing strengths and average 15.2 Precision:
value, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation (in 15.2.1 The precision is defined as a 95 % confidence
percent) for the population. Note if the failure force was less interval, which can be expressed two ways. Practice E691
than the maximum force prior to failure. suggests that for this degree of confidence the maximum
14.1.28 Individual bearing strains at failure and the average difference between an individual observation and the average
value, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation (in should be within 2.0 standard deviations, while the maximum
percent) for the population. difference between any two observations should be within 2.8
TABLE 1 Procedure B Round-Robin DataA

Mean Bearing Ultimate Strength, Fbru, MPa [ksi], for Various Procedure B Configurations
Lab B
1/no 1/stabC 2/noD 2/stabE
1 810.5 [117.5] 807.3 [117.1] 807.9 [117.2] 787.0 [114.1]
2 783.6 [113.6] 787.0 [114.1] 811.1 [117.6] 849.4 [123.2]
3 812.1 [117.8] 855.6 [124.1] 822.0 [119.2] 818.1 [118.6]
4 765.9 [111.1] 810.0 [117.5] 820.9 [119.1] 769.5 [111.6]
AverageF 793.0 [115.0] 815.0 [118.2] 815.5 [118.3] 806.0 [116.9]
CV (%)F 2.8% 3.6% 0.9% 4.4%
A
Testing performed in 2001. Material: carbon/toughened epoxy tape, [45/0/-45/90]2S lay-up, Grade 190 prepreg, 42 Msi modulus carbon fiber. Six replicate specimens
were tested for each configuration. For all tests, 0.250-in. diameter protruding hex-head steel bolt(s) were torqued to 35 lbf-in., and tensile loading was applied at 0.05
in./min.
B
1 ⁄ no = single fastener, no stabilization fixture.
C
1 ⁄ stab = single fastener, stabilization fixture used.
D
2 ⁄ no = double fastener, no stabilization fixture.
E
2 ⁄ stab = double fastener, stabilization fixture used.
F
Average and Coefficient of Variation (CV) of Lab averages.
30
D5961/D5961M − 13
standard deviations. Two types of precision (within-laboratory 15.2.4 The results, summarized in Table 2, indicate that, for
repeatability and between-laboratory reproducibility) are re- the laminate configuration and thickness used in this study, this
ported. test method is relatively insensitive to the four test configura-
15.2.2 The within-laboratory conditions were essentially tions utilized in Procedure B.
single-operator, one-day, same-apparatus conditions, during 15.3 Bias—Bias cannot be determined for this test method
which time neither the apparatus nor environment was likely to as no acceptable reference standard exists.
change appreciably.
16. Keywords
15.2.3 It should be noted that Practice E691 recommends a
minimum of six materials and six laboratories be included in an 16.1 bearing properties; bearing strength; composite mate-
inter-laboratory screening study to develop a broadly appli- rials
cable precision statement.
TABLE 2 Procedure B Round-Robin Statistics

Between-Observation
Coefficient of Variation (%)
Test Between-
Configuration Within-Laboratory Laboratory
RepeatabilityA sr ReproducibilityA
sR
1/no 4.62 5.14
1/stab 5.16 6.14
2/no 2.61 2.48
2/stab 3.17 5.80
A
Normalized to mean bearing ultimate strength, Fbru, in percent.
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What is the scope of this test method?

What is the scope of this test method?

What parameters can be optionally varied in the test method?

What parameters can be optionally varied in the test method?

Designation: D5961/D5961M − 13

Standard Test Method for

FIG. 1 Double-Shear and Single-Shear One-Piece Test Specimen Drawing (SI)

FIG. 2 Double-Shear and One-Piece Single-Shear Test Specimen Drawing (Inch-Pound)

FIG. 3 Fixture Loading Plate for Procedure A (2 Required)

Parameter Standard Variation 5. Significance and Use

FIG. 5 Single-Shear, Two-Piece Single-Fastener Test Specimen Drawing (SI)

FIG. 6 Single-Shear Two-Piece Test Specimen Drawing (Inch-Pound)

FIG. 7 Single-Shear, Two-Piece Double-Fastener Test Specimen Drawing (SI)

FIG. 8 Single-Shear, Two-Piece Double Fastener Test Specimen Drawing (Inch-Pound)

FIG. 9 Support Fixture Assembly for Procedure B

FIG. 10 One-Piece Single-Shear Test Fixture for Procedure C

FIG. 11 One-Piece Single-Shear Test Set-Up (Procedure C)

FIG. 12 Double-Shear Compression Test Fixture for Procedure D

FIG. 13 Double-Shear Compression Test Set-Up (Procedure D)

FIG. 14 Transducer Gage Length and Location

FIG. 15 Support Fixture-Shim Requirements

FIG. 17 Support Fixture-Line Drilling Details (Inch-Pound)

double-fastener specimen is using countersunk fasteners, one

FIG. 18 Support Fixture-Long Grip Details (SI)

FIG. 19 Support Fixture-Long Grip Details (Inch-Pound)

FIG. 20 Support Fixture-Short Grip Details (SI)

FIG. 21 Support Fixture-Short Grip Details (Inch-Pound)

FIG. 22 Support Fixture-Details A and B (SI)

bondline of minimum thickness is desirable to reduce undesir- 9. Calibration

FIG. 23 Support Fixture-Details A and B (Inch-Pound)

FIG. 24 Support Fixture-Support Plate Details (SI)

FIG. 25 Support Fixture-Support Plate Details (Inch-Pound)

FIG. 26 Support Fixture-Optional Threaded Support Plate Details (SI)

FIG. 27 Support Fixture-Optional Threaded Support Plate Details (Inch-Pound)

FIG. 28 Specimen/Support Fixture/Grip Assembly for Procedure B

NOTE 12—Other valuable data that can be useful in understanding where:

FIG. 29 Bearing Test Failure Codes With Illustrations of Common Modes

FIG. 30 Example of Bearing Stress/Bearing Strain Curve

TABLE 1 Procedure B Round-Robin DataA

TABLE 2 Procedure B Round-Robin Statistics

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