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    FRAGMENTATION

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    VinayKumarSingh
    Fragmentation involves breaking up large packets into smaller fragments so they can pass through networks that have size limitations on packets. There are two types of fragmentation: transparent fragmentation recombines fragments at intermediate gateways, while non-transparent fragmentation only recombines fragments at the destination host. Both approaches allow networks to transport packets that are larger than their maximum packet sizes by splitting them into multiple smaller fragments.

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    FRAGMENTATION

    Uploaded by

    VinayKumarSingh
    473 views13 pages
    Fragmentation involves breaking up large packets into smaller fragments so they can pass through networks that have size limitations on packets. There are two types of fragmentation: transparent fragmentation recombines fragments at intermediate gateways, while non-transparent fragmentation only recombines fragments at the destination host. Both approaches allow networks to transport packets that are larger than their maximum packet sizes by splitting them into multiple smaller fragments.

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    Fragmentation involves breaking up large packets into smaller fragments so they can pass through networks that have size limitations on packets. There are two types of fragmentation: transparent fragmentation recombines fragments at intermediate gateways, while non-transparent fragmentation only recombines fragments at the destination host. Both approaches allow networks to transport packets that are larger than their maximum packet sizes by splitting them into multiple smaller fragments.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt
    473 views13 pages

    FRAGMENTATION

    Uploaded by

    VinayKumarSingh
    Fragmentation involves breaking up large packets into smaller fragments so they can pass through networks that have size limitations on packets. There are two types of fragmentation: transparent fragmentation recombines fragments at intermediate gateways, while non-transparent fragmentation only recombines fragments at the destination host. Both approaches allow networks to transport packets that are larger than their maximum packet sizes by splitting them into multiple smaller fragments.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt
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    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are that fragmentation allows breaking up large packets into smaller fragments to accommodate networks with smaller maximum packet sizes, and there are two main types of fragmentation: transparent and non-transparent.

    The reasons for imposing a maximum size on network packets are hardware frame sizes, operating system buffer sizes, protocol specifications like the number of bits used to specify packet length, compliance with standards, reducing error-induced retransmissions, and preventing packets from choking the communication channel.

    The two main types of fragmentation discussed are transparent fragmentation, where fragments are recombined at intermediate gateways, and non-transparent fragmentation, where fragments are treated as individual packets and recombination only occurs at the destination host.

    FRAGMENTATION

    - An Internetworking concept
    What is fragmentation?

    Splitting up things into smaller more


    manageable entities for incorporating
    ease in use and flexibility in transport.

    Where could it possibly


    come in Networks ?
    Each n/w imposes some maximum
    size on its packets, the reason being;
     Hardware (frame size)
     Operating System (buffers size 512 bytes)
     Protocols (no. of bits in packet length field)
     Compliance with some standard
     To reduce error-induced retransmission to
    some level
     Prevent packet from choking channel
    Problems

     A large packet wants to travel through


    a network whose maximum packet
    size is small.
     What if the original source packet is
    too large to be handled by the
    destination network?
     Routing algorithms to prevent such
    situation (not applicable)
    Fragmentation in networks

     Allow gateways to break up packets


    into fragments, sending each packet
    as a separate internet packet
     Breaking up a thing is easy, but fixing
    it back is not that easy
    Types of fragmentation

     Transparent
     Non transparent
    Transparent Fragmentation
     Caused by a “small packet” network
    transparent to any subsequent networks
    through which the packet may pass on its
    way to the destination
     Gateways fragment oversized packets,
    each addressed to the same exit gateway,
    where they are recombined
     The process carries on until destination is
    reached
    Problems

     Exit gateway should know that it has


    received all fragments to start
    combination sequence
     All packets must exit via the same
    gateway, else data loss occurs
     Overhead required to fragment and
    reassemble at each gateway
    Non transparent Fragmentation

     Refrain from recombining fragments


    at intermediate gateways
     Fragments are considered as packets
    and are passed through the gateways
     Recombination occurs only at the
    destination host
     IP follows this methodology
    Problems

     Requires all hosts to do Reassembly


     Increases overhead, larger the
    packet, more the headers
     An advantage being multiple exit
    gateways can be employed increasing
    the efficiency of the transmission
    Schemes
     Fragments should be numbered in a way
    that aids recombination
     Trees can be used
     0 can be split as 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 …..
     These can be again fragmented as 0.0.0,
    0.0.1, 0.0.2, …….., 0.1.0, 0.1.1 etc.
     Only if enough space is reserved in header
    such terminology can be employed
     Sufficient to reorder fragments
    THANK YOU

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