IT 2202 Poc

IT 2202 PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION 3104
UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALOG COMMUNICATION 9

Principles of amplitude modulation, AM envelope, frequency spectrum and bandwidth,
modulation index and percent modulation, AM Voltage distribution, AM power
distribution, Angle modulation - FM and PM waveforms, phase deviation and modulation
index, frequency deviation and percent modulation, Frequency analysis of angle
modulated waves. Bandwidth requirements for Angle modulated waves.
UNIT II DIGITAL COMMUNICATION 9
Introduction, Shannon limit for information capacity, digital amplitude modulation,
frequency shift keying, FSK bit rate and baud, FSK transmitter, BW consideration of
FSK, FSK receiver, phase shift keying – binary phase shift keying – QPSK, Quadrature
Amplitude modulation, bandwidth efficiency, carrier recovery – squaring loop, Costas
loop, DPSK.
UNIT III DIGITAL TRANSMISSION 9
Introduction, Pulse modulation, PCM – PCM sampling, sampling rate, signal to
quantization noise rate, companding – analog and digital – percentage error, delta
modulation, adaptive delta modulation, differential pulse code modulation, pulse
transmission – Intersymbol interference, eye patterns.
UNIT IV SPREAD SPECTRUM AND MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES 9
Introduction, Pseudo-noise sequence, DS spread spectrum with coherent binary PSK,
processing gain, FH spread spectrum, multiple access techniques – wireless
communication, TDMA and CDMA in wireless communication systems, source coding
of speech for wireless communications.
UNITV SATELLITE AND OPTICALCOMMUNICATION 9
Satellite Communication Systems-Keplers Law,LEO and GEO Orbits, footprint, Link
model-Optical Communication Systems-Elements of Optical Fiber Transmission link,
Types, Losses, Sources and Detectors.
TUTORIAL: 15 TOTAL: 45 +15=60
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Wayne Tomasi, “Advanced Electronic Communication Systems”, 6/e,
Pearson Education, 2007.
2. Simon Haykin, “Communication Systems”, 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons.
2001.
REFERENCES:
1. H.Taub,D L Schilling ,G Saha ,”Principles of Communication”3/e,2007.
2. B.P.Lathi,”Modern Analog And Digital Communication systems”, 3/e,
Oxford University Press, 2007
3. Blake, “Electronic Communication Systems”, Thomson Delmar Publications,
2002.
4. Martin S.Roden, “Analog and Digital Communication System”, 3rd Edition,
PHI, 2002.
5. B.Sklar,”Digital Communication Fundamentals and Applications”2/e Pearson
Education 2007.
IT 2202 1
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Question Bank
SUBJECT: IT2202-PRNCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

Semester: III Department: IT
UNIT I--Fundamentals Of Analog Communication

PART-A
1. What is modulation?
Modulation is the process of changing any one parameter (amplitude,
frequency or phase) of a relatively high frequency carrier signal in proportion
with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal or message signal.
2. Define amplitude Modulation.

Amplitude Modulation is the process of changing the amplitude of a
relatively high frequency carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous value
of the modulating signal.
3. Give the expression for AM modulated wave.

Vam =Vc sin ωc t + m Vc cos (ωc - ωm ) t – m Vc cos (ωc + ωm) t
------ -----
2 2
where, Vam - amplitude of modulated signal
Vc - amplitude of carrier signal
ωc = 2 π fc = carrier frequency
ωm = 2π fm = modulating signal frequency.
4. Define Modulation index and percent modulation for an AM wave.

Modulation index is a term used to describe the amount of amplitude
change present in an AM waveform .It is also called as coefficient of modulation.
Mathematically modulation index is
m = Em/ Ec
Where m = Modulation coefficient
Em = Peak change in the amplitude of the output waveform voltage.
Ec = Peak amplitude of the unmodulated carrier voltage.
Percent modulation gives the percentage change in the amplitude of the output
wave when the carrier is acted on by a modulating signal.
5. Give the bandwidth of AM?

Bandwidth (B) of AM DSBFC is the difference between highest upper
frequency and lowest lower side frequency.
B= 2fm(max)
fm(max) – maximum modulating signal frequency.
6. Draw the spectrum of AM signal.
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Vc
mVc/2 mVc/2
fm fm
fc-fm fc fc+fm frequency

fLSB fUSB
6. Give the expression for modulation index in terms of Vmax and Vmin.
m = Vmax – Vmin / Vmax + Vmin
7. Give the formula for AM power distribution.

Ptotal = Pc [1 + m2 / 2]
where, Ptotal – total power
m- modulation index
Pc – carrier power
8. Give the expression for total current.

Itotal = Ic [1 + m2 / 2] 1/2
where, Itotal – total Current
m- modulation index
Ic – carrier current
9. Give the types of AM Modulation.

DSBSC-Double sideband suppressed carrier.
SSBSC- Single sideband suppressed carrier.
DSBFC- Double sideband full carrier.
VSBSC-Vestigial sideband suppressed carrier.
10. What are the disadvantages of conventional (or) double side band full
carrier system?
In conventional AM, carrier power constitutes two thirds or more of the
total transmitted power. This is a major drawback because the carrier contains no
information; the sidebands contain the information. Second, conventional AM
systems utilize twice as much bandwidth as needed with single sideband systems.
11. Define Single sideband suppressed carrier AM.

AM Single sideband suppressed carrier is a form of amplitude modulation
in which the carrier is totally suppressed and one of the sidebands removed.
12. Define AM Vestigial sideband.
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AM vestigial sideband is a form of amplitude modulation in which the
carrier and one complete sideband are transmitted, but only part of the second
sideband is transmitted.
13. What are the advantages of single sideband transmission?

The advantages of SSBSC are
1.Power conservation
2.Bandwidth conservation
3.Noise reduction
14. What are the disadvantages of single side band transmission?

i. Complex receivers
ii. Tuning Difficulties
iii.
16. What is the advantage of low-level modulation?
An advantage of low-level modulation is that less modulating signal
power is required to achieve a high percentage of modulation.
17. Define Low-level Modulation.

In low-level modulation, modulation takes place prior to the output
element of the final stage of the transmitter. For low level AM modulator class A
amplifier is used. It requires less power to achieve a high percentage of
modulation.
18. Define High-level Modulation.

In high-level modulators, the modulation takes place in the final element
of the final stage where the carrier signal is at its maximum amplitude. For high
level modulator class C amplifier is used. It requires a much higher amplitude
modulating signal to achieve a reasonable percent modulation.
19. What is the advantage of low-level modulation?

An advantage of low-level modulation is that less modulating signal
power is required to achieve a high percentage of modulation.
20. Define image frequency.

An image frequency is any frequency other than the selected radio
frequency carrier that, if allowed to enter a receiver and mix with the local
oscillator, will produce a cross product frequency that is equal to the intermediate
frequency.
21. Define image frequency rejection ratio.

The image frequency rejection ratio is the measure of the ability of
preselector to reject the image frequency.
Mathematically, IFRR is
IFRR =(1+Q2ρ2)1/2
Where ρ= (fim/fRF)-(fRF/fim)
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Q – quality factor of preselector
fim-image frequency
fRF- RF frequency
22. Define Heterodyning.

Heterodyne means to mix two frequencies together in a nonlinear device
or to translate one frequency to another, using nonlinear mixing.
23. Define direct frequency modulation.

In direct frequency modulation, frequency of a constant amplitude carrier
signal is directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal at a rate
equal to the frequency of the modulating signal.
24. Define indirect frequency Modulation.

In indirect frequency modulation, phase of a constant amplitude carrier
directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal at a rate equal to
the frequency of the modulating signal.
25. Define instantaneous frequency deviation.

The instantaneous frequency deviation is the instantaneous change in the frequency of
the carrier and is defined as the first derivative of the instantaneous phase deviation.
25. Define frequency deviation.

Frequency deviation is the change in frequency that occurs in the carrier
when it is acted on by a modulating signal frequency. Frequency deviation is
typically given as a peak frequency shift in Hertz (Δf). The peak-to-peak
frequency deviation (2 Δf) is sometimes called carrier swing. The peak frequency
deviation is simply the product of the deviation sensitivity and the peak
modulating signal voltage and is expressed mathematically as
Δf =K1Vm Hz.
26. State Carson rule.
Carson rule states that the bandwidth required to transmit an angle
modulated wave as twice the sum of the peak frequency deviation and the highest
modulating signal frequency. Mathematically Carson’s rule is
B=2(Δf +fm) Hz.
27. Define Deviation ratio.

Deviation ratio is the worst-case modulation index and is equal to the
maximum peak frequency deviation divided by the maximum modulating signal
frequency. Mathematically, the deviation ratio is
DR= Δf (max) / fm(max)
28. Write down the comparison of frequency and amplitude modulation.
Amplitude modulation Frequency modulation
1. Noise interference is more Noise interference is less
2. Amplitude Modulation is the Frequency Modulation is the
process of changing the amplitude of a process of changing the frequency
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relatively high frequency carrier signal of a relatively high frequency
in proportion with the instantaneous carrier signal in proportion with the
value of the modulating signal. instantaneous value of the
modulating signal.
3. The depth of modulation has But in FM the depth of modulation
limitation in AM. can be increased to any value by
increasing the deviation.
4. Simple circuits used in transmitter Uses more complex circuits in
and receiver. transmitter and receiver.
5. Power varies in AM depending on The amplitude of FM is constant.
depth of modulation. Hence transmitter power remains
constant in FM
29. Define Phase modulation.
Phase of a constant amplitude carrier is varied directly proportional to the
amplitude of the modulating signal at a rate equal to the frequency of the
modulating signal.
30. What are the advantages of angle modulation and also list its disadvantages.
Advantages:
i. Noise reduction.
ii. Improved system fidelity.
iii. more efficient use of power.
Disadvantages:
i. wider Bandwidth.
ii. uses more complex circuit in receiver and transmitter.
32. What is Phase deviation ?

The relative angular displacement (shift) of the carrier phase (rad) in
respect to reference phase is called phase deviation (ΔӨ)
33. Give the expression for bandwidth of angle-modulated wave in terms of

Bessel’s table.
B= 2(n*fm)
n=no. of significant sidebands for m found using Bessel’s table.
34. Define deviation sensitivity for FM and PM and give its units.
FM: Change in output frequency occurs when amplitude changes in input
signal. Unit K1=(rad/s)/V.
PM: Change in output phase occurs when amplitude changes in input
signal. Unit K =(rad)/V.
35. If a modulated wave with an average voltage of 20Vp changes in amplitude

±5V, determine the maximum and minimum envelope amplitudes and the
modulation coefficients.
Vm = 20Vp
Vc = 5 V
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m = Vmax – Vmin / Vmax + Vmin
Vmax = Vm + Vc = 20+5= 25V
Vmin = Vm - Vc = 20-5= 15V
m= Vmax – Vmin / Vmax + Vmin =25-15 /25+15 = 0.25
36. An FM transmitter has a rest frequency f c =96MHz and a deviation

sensitivity K1 = 4 KHz/V. Determine the frequency deviation for a
modulating signal Vm(t) = 8sin(2π 2000t). Determine the modulation index.
Vm=8V, fm =2000Hz and K1 =4 kHz /V
Frequency deviation = δ = K1Vm = 4 kHz/v * 8V = 32kHz
Modulation index = m = δ/ fm = 32 kHz/2000Hz = 16
37. For an FM receiver with an input frequency deviation ∆f=4 kHz and a
transfer ratio K= 0.01 V/k Hz, determine Vout.
Vout = K * ∆f =0.01* 40 =0.4V
PART –B
1. For an AM DSBFC wave with unmodulated carrier voltage of 10Vp and

load resistance of 10 ohms, and m=1determine (i) Power in carrier,(ii)Power
in upper and lower sidebands(iii)Total transmitted power.
Refer: Wayne Tomasi, “Advanced Electronic Communication Systems”
Fifth edition, Page No.151
2. Derive the expression for total power in an AM DSBFC and draw the power
spectrum.
3. For an AM DSBFC transmitter with an unmodulated carrier power

Pc=100w that is simultaneously modulated by 3 modulating signals with co-
efficient of modulation m1=0.2, m2=0.4 and m3=0.5, determine, Total
coefficient of modulation, Upper and lower sideband power, Total sideband
power, Total transmitted power and then, Draw the output spectrum.
4. One input to an AM DSBFC modulator is 500 kHz carrier with peak

amplitude of 20Vp. The second input is a 10 kHz modulating signal whose
amplitude is sufficient to produce a ± 7.5Vp change in the amplitude of the
envelope. Determine the following (i) Upper and lower side frequency,
(ii)Modulation co-efficient and percent modulation.,(iii)Maximum and
minimum amplitude of the envelope,(iv)Draw the output envelope,(v)Draw
the output frequency spectrum.
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5. Derive Eusf and Elsf in terms of Vmax and Vmin .
6. Derive the output expression for an AM DSBFC and also draw the AM
spectrum.
7. Explain in detail about the Bandwidth requirements of angle-modulated

wave.
8. Compare PM and FM.

9. Determine the side band frequencies of an angle-modulated wave.

10. Derive the expression for average power of an angle-modulated wave.

Fifth edition, Page No.293.
UNIT II--Digital Communication

PART-A
1. What is digital modulation?

When the information signal is digital and any one of the parameters
(amplitude, phase or frequency) of the analog carrier is varied proportional to the
information signal is called ad digital modulation.
2. What is information capacity?

It is the number of independent symbols that can be carried through a
system in a given unit of time.
3. Give the expression for Shannon limit for information capacity.

I= B log2 [1+ S/N]
Where, I= information capacity (bps)
B= bandwidth
S/N=signal to noise power ratio (unit less)
4. Give the Nyquist formulation for channel capacity.
fb =2B log2 M
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Where, fb –channel capacity (bps)
B-minimum Nyquist bandwidth (Hz)
M- number of discrete level or voltage levels
5. Compare QASK and QPSK.
QPSK QASK
1. Quadrature phase Quadrature phase and

modulation amplitude modulation
2.All signal points placed on Signal points are replaced

circumference of circle symmetrically about origin
3. Circuit is simple. Relatively complex
4.Noise immunity better then Poor than QPSK.

QASK
5. Error probability less then

Higher than QPSK
AQSK
6. What are Antipodal signals?
In BPSK, the two symbols are transmitted with the help of following
signals,
Symbol ‘1’ => s1 (t) = √2P cos (2πf0 t)
Symbol ‘0’ => s2 (t) = √2P cos (2πf0 t + π)
Here observe that above two signals differ only in a relative phase shift of
1800. Such signals are called antipodal signals.
7. Define minimum shift keying.

Minimum shift keying uses two orthogonal signal to transmit ‘0’ and ‘1’
in such a way the difference between these two frequencies is minimum. Hence,
there is no abrupt change in the amplitude and the modulated signal is continuous
and smooth.
8. Give the difference between standard FSK and MSK.
FSK MSK
1. The two frequencies are Difference between two

integer multiple of base frequencies minimum and
band frequency and at the at the same time they are
same time orthogonal. orthogonal.
2. Bandwidth (BW) = 4fb BW = fb/2
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3. Has discontinuities Phase discontinuities are
when phase changes from removed by smooth phase
0 to 1 or 1 to 0. transition.
9. What are the advantages of M-ary signaling scheme?
i. M-ary signaling schemes transmit bits at a time.
ii. Bandwidth requirement of M-ary signaling schemes is reduced.
10. What does correlative coding mean?

Correlative coding allows the signaling rate of 2B0 in the channel of
bandwidth B0. This is made physically possible by allowing ISI in the transmitted
signal in controlled manner. The receiver knows this ISI. Hence effects of ISI are
eliminated at the receiver. Correlative coding is implemented by duobinary
signaling and modified duobinary signaling.
11. Differentiate coherent and noncoherent methods.

Coherent (synchronous) detection: In coherent detection, the local
carrier generated at the receiver is phase locked with the carrier at the transmitter.
The detection is done by correlating received noisy signal and locally generated
carrier. The coherent detection is a synchronous detection.
Non- coherent (envelope) detection: This type of detection does not need
receiver carrier to be phase locked with transmitter carrier. The advantage of such
a system is that the system becomes simple, but the drawback is that error
probability increases.
12. Define peak frequency deviation for FSK.

Peak frequency deviation (Δf) is the half the difference between either the
mark and space frequency. (Δf)=|fm-fs|/2.
13. Define bit rate.

In digital modulation, the rate of change at the input to the modulator is
called the bit rate (fb) and has the unit of bits per second (bps).
14. Define Baud rate.

The rate of change at the output of the modulator is called baud rate.
Baud= 1/ts, where, ts- time of one signaling element (seconds).
15. Compare binary PSK with QPSK.
BPSK QPSK
1. One bit forms a symbol. Two bits form a symbol.
2. Two possible symbols Four possible symbols.
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3. Minimum bandwidth is Minimum bandwidth is
twice of fb equal to fb.
4. Symbol duration = Tb. Symbol duration = 2Tb.

16. Define QAM.
Quadrature amplitude modulation is a form of digital modulation where
the digital information is contained in both the amplitude and phase of the
transmitted carrier.
17. What is a constellation diagram?

It is also called as signal state-space diagram, similar to phasor diagram
where, the relative position of peaks of phasors is shown.
18. Bring out the difference between DPSK and BPSK.
DPSK BPSK
1. It does not need a carrier It needs a carrier at receiver

at its receiver
2. Bandwidth reduced More bandwidth.

compared to BPSK
3.Probability of error or bit Comparatively low

error rate more than BPSK
4. Error propagation more, Comparatively low, since it

since it uses two bits for its uses only single bit
reception
5. Noise interference more Comparatively low

19. What is bandwidth efficiency?
It is also called as information density or spectral efficiency, is the ratio of
the transmission bit rate to the minimum bandwidth required for particular
modulation scheme.
20. What is an Offset QPSK?

Offset QPSK (OQPSK) is a modified form of QPSK where the bit
waveforms on the I and Q channels are offset or shifted in phase from each other
by one-half of a bit time.
21. Mention any four advantage of digital modulation over analog modulation.
i. Maximum data rate
ii. Minimum probability of symbol error
iii. Minimum transmitted power.
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iv. Minimum channel bandwidth.
v. Minimum circuit complexity
vi. Maximum resistance to interfering signals
22. Define carrier recovery.

It is the process of extracting a phase-coherent reference carrier from a
receiver signal. It is also called as phase referencing
23. What is DPSK?

Differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) is an alternative form of digital
modulation where the binary input information is contained in the difference
between successive signaling elements rather than the absolute phase. It is not
necessary to recover phase-coherent carrier.
24. What do you mean by ASK?

ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) is a modulation technique which converts
digital data to analog signal. In ASK, the two binary values(0,1) are represented
by two different amplitudes of the carrier signal.
S(t) = Acos2ft binary 1
0 binary 0
PART-B
1. Explain FSK bit rate, baud, bandwidth and modulation index.

2. Explain on-off keying (OOK) or ASK.

3. Explain QPSK transmitter and receiver.

4. Explain DPSK with an example.

5. Explain BPSK (transmitter and receiver) and also discuss about the
bandwidth.
6. Discuss the operation of 16-QAM transmitters and receivers.
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7. Explain in detail about carrier recovery.

UNIT III --Digital Transmission

PART-A
1. State the sampling theorem for band-limited signals of finite energy.

If a finite energy signal g(t) contains no frequency higher than W Hz, it is
completely determined by specifying its ordinates at a sequence of points spaced
1/2W seconds apart.
2. What are the advantages of digital transmission?

i. The advantage of digital transmission over analog transmission is noise
immunity. Digital pulses are less susceptible than analog signals to
variations caused by noise.
ii. Digital signals are better suited to processing and multiplexing than
analog signals.
iii. Digital transmission systems are more noise resistant than the analog
transmission systems.
iv. Digital systems are better suited to evaluate error performance.
v.
3. What are the disadvantages of digital transmission?
i. The transmission of digitally encoded analog signals requires significantly
more bandwidth than simply transmitting the original analog signal.
ii. Analog signal must be converted to digital codes prior to transmission and
converted back to analog form at the receiver, thus necessitating additional
encoding and decoding circuitry.
iii.
4. Define pulse code modulation.
In pulse code modulation, analog signal is sampled and converted to fixed
length, serial binary number for transmission. The binary number varies according
to the amplitude of the analog signal.
5. What is the purpose of the sample and hold circuit?
The sample and hold circuit periodically samples the analog input signal
and converts those samples to a multilevel PAM signal.
5. What is the Nyquist sampling rate?

Nyquist sampling rate states that, the minimum sampling rate is equal to
twice the highest audio input frequency.
6. What is the principle of pulse modulation?
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Pulse modulation consists essentially of sampling analog information
signal and then converting those discrete pulses and transporting the pulses from a
source to a destination over a physical transmission medium.
7. List the four predominant methods of pulse modulation.

i. Pulse width modulation (PWM)
ii. Pulse position modulation (PPM)
iii. Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)
iv. Pulse duration modulation (PDM)
v.
9. What is codec?
An integrated circuit that performs the PCM encoding and decoding
functions is called a Codec (coder/decoder).
10. Define and state the causes of fold over distortion.

The minimum sampling rate (fs) is equal to twice the highest audio input
frequency (fa). If fs is less than two times f a, distortion will result. The distortion is
called aliasing or fold over distortion. The side frequencies from one harmonic
fold over into the sideband of another harmonic. The frequency that folds over is
an alias of the input signal hence, the names “aliasing” or “fold over distortion”.
11. Define overload distortion.

If the magnitude of sample exceeds the highest quantization interval,
overload distortion occurs.
12. Define quantization.

Quantization is a process of approximation or rounding off. Assigning
PCM codes to absolute magnitudes is called quantizing.
13. Define dynamic range.

Dynamic range is the ratio of the largest possible magnitude to the
smallest possible magnitude. Mathematically, dynamic range is
DR= Vmax / Vmin
14. What is nonuniform or nonlinear encoding?

With voice transmission, low-amplitude signals are more likely to occur
than large-amplitude signals. Therefore, if more codes are used for lower
amplitude, it would increase accuracy and fewer codes are used for higher
amplitudes, which would increase quantization error. This type of coding is called
nonuniform or nonlinear encoding.
15. What is the advantage and disadvantage of midtread quantization?

Advantage: less idle channel noise
Disadvantage: largest possible magnitude for Qe
16. What is the necessity of companding?
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Companding is the process of compression and then expanding. Higher
amplitude signals are compressed prior to transmission and then expanded in the
receiver. Companding is the means of improving dynamic range of
communication systems.
17. What is idle channel noise?

When there is no analog input signal, the only input to PAM sampler is
random, thermal noise. This noise is called idle channel noise.
18. How is percentage error calculated?

12-bit encoded voltage-12-bit decoded voltage
% Error = --------------------------------------------------------------X 100
12-bit decoded voltage
19. Compare slope overload and granular noise.

Slope overload noise Granular noise
1. Slope of analog signal is Original input signal has

greater than delta modulator relatively constant amplitude
can maintain and the reconstructed signal has
variation the were not present in
the original signal.
2. Caused when step- size is 2. Caused when step -size is
small. large.
20. Give the concept of delta modulation PCM.
Rather than transmit a coded representation of the sample, only single bit
is transmitted, which indicates whether the sample is larger or smaller then the
previous sample.
21. What is ISI and give its causes.

The ringing tails of several pulses have overlapped, thus interfering with
major pulse lobe. This interference is commonly called as intersymbol
interference or ISI. The four primary causes of ISI are
i. Timing inaccuracies
ii. Insufficient bandwidth
iii. Amplitude distortion
iv. Phase distortion
v.
22. What is an eye pattern?
The performance of a digital transmission system can be measured by
displaying the received signal on an oscilloscope and triggering the time base at
data rate. Thus, all waveform combinations are superimposed over adjacent
signaling intervals. Such a display is called eye pattern or eye diagram.
23. List the significance of eye pattern.
IT 2202 15
It used to determine the effects of degradations introduced into pulses as
they travel to the regenerator. It discloses any noise or errors in line equalization.
It also gives the amount of ISI present.
24. What are the two fold effects of quantizing process?

1. The peak-to-peak range of input sample values subdivided into a finite set of
decision levels or decision thresholds
2. The output is assigned a discrete value selected from a finite set of
representation levels are reconstruction values that are aligned with the treads of
the staircase.
25. Define quantization error?

Quantization is the value of which equals the difference between the
output and input values of quantizer.
26. What is nyquist rate?

The minimum sampling rate of 2W sample per second for a signal
bandwidth of W hertz is called the nyquist rate.
27. What is PAM?

PAM is the pulse amplitude modulation. In pulse amplitude modulation,
the amplitude of a carrier consisting of a periodic train of rectangular pulses is
varied in proportion to sample values of a message signal.
28. What do you mean by slope overload distortion in delta modulation?
Slope of analog signal is greater than delta modulator can maintain.
Caused when the step size is small.
PART-B
1. Explain PCM with a neat block diagram.

2. Explain PCM sampling with necessary diagrams and circuits. Write a note
on aliasing.
3. What is companding? Explain in detail Analog and digital companding.

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4. With a neat block diagram explain Delta modulation. How slope over and
granular noise can be minimized.
5. What is the advantage of DPCM? With a neat block diagram explain

transmitter and receiver.
6. Write notes on ISI and eye pattern.

UNIT IV -SPREAD SPECTRUM AND MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES

PART A
1. Define spread spectrum.

Spread spectrum is defined in two parts
i. Data of interest occupies a bandwidth in excess of the minimum
bandwidth necessary to send the date.
ii. The spectrum spreading is accomplished before transmission
through the use of code that is independent of data sequence. The
same code is used in receiver to despread the signal so that the
original data may be recovered.
iii.
2. What do you mean by direct sequence spread technique?
The data sequence directly modulates the pseudo noise sequence. Let the
data signal be b (t) and pseudo-noise signal be c (t). Then the modulated signal is
given as, m (t) = b (t) c(t).
3. What are the advantages of spread spectrum modulation?

Spread spectrum modulation spreads the message signal over wide
bandwidth with the help of special code (key). It has following important
advantages.
i) Unwanted interference is rejected.
ii) Protection against antijamming signals is also provided.
iii) Multipath interference rejection.
4. Define pseudo noise sequence.

The pseudo noise sequence is a noise like high frequency signal. This
signal is binary in nature. It looks like pulses. The sequence is not completely
random, but it is generated by a well-defined logic. The same logic is used at
transmitter and receiver. Hence the sequence is rather ‘pseudo’ random. Hence it
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is called pseudo-random (or pseudo-noise) sequence. The pseudo noise sequence
can be generated by a feedback shift register and combinational logic.
5. What is frequency hop spreading?

In frequency hop spread spectrum, the carrier frequency randomly changes
among different slots. These frequency slots are called hops. The data is
transmitted in these hops.
6. What are the applications of Spread spectrum modulation?

i. The spread spectrum has the ability to resist the effect of intentional
jamming. Previously this antijam capability was used in military
application. Some commercial applications also use spread spectrum
because of its antijam capability.
ii. Low probability of intercept is an application of spread spectrum in
military .In this case, the signal spectral density is kept small such that the
presence of the signal is not detected easily.
iii. Spread spectrum is used in mobile communications. This is because the
spread spectrum signal has the ability to resist the effects of multipath
fading. Because of wide spectrum only small portion of the signals is in
fade.
iv.
7. List the advantages of direct sequence systems
i. This system has best noise and antijam performance
ii. Unrecognized receivers find it most difficult to detect direct sequence
signals
iii. It has best discrimination against multipath signals
8. List the disadvantages of direct sequence systems

i. It requires wideband channel with small phase distortion
ii. It has long acquisition time
iii. The pseudo-noise generator should generate sequence at high rates
iv. This system is distance relative
v.
9. List the advantages of frequency hopping systems
i. These systems bandwidth are very large
ii. They can be programmed to avoid some portions of the spectrum
iii. They have relatively short acquisition time.
iv. The distance effect is less
v.
10. List the disadvantages of frequency hopping systems
i. These systems need complex frequency synthesizers
ii. They are not useful for range and range –rate measurement
iii. They need error correction.
iv.
11. Define slow frequency hopping
IT 2202 18
When several symbols are transmitted in one frequency hop (slot), then it
is called slow frequency hopping. This means the symbol rate is higher than hop
rate.
12. Define fast frequency hopping

When several frequency hops take place to transmit one symbol, then it is
called fast frequency hopping. This means the symbol rate is less than hop rate.
13. What is processing gain?

Processing gain is defined as the ratio of the bandwidth of spreaded signal
to the bandwidth of the unspreaded signal
14. What are the properties of maximum length sequence?

Balance property: The number of 1’s is always one more than the
number of zeros in each period of a maximum length sequence
Run property: Run means subsequence of identical symbols i.e. 1’s or
0’s within one period of the sequence. The length of the run is equal to the
length of the subsequence.
Correlation property: The auto correlation function of maximum length
sequence is periodic and it is binary valued.
15. Mention the classification of multiple access protocols.

i. Time division multiple access (TDMA)
ii. Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
iii. Code division multiple access (CDMA).
iv.
16. Compare slow and fast frequency hopping.
Slow Frequency Hopping Fast Frequency Hopping
1.More than one symbols are More than one frequency hops are
transmitted per frequency hop. required to transmit one symbol.
2.Chip rate is equal to symbol rate. Chip rate is equal to hop rate.
3. Symbol rate higher than hop Hop rate higher than symbol rate.
rate.
17. What is TDMA?
In time division multiple access, the time of the channel is shared by
multiple users. Complete bandwidth of the channel is available to the user in
given time slot. TDMA is in satellite communication.
18. What does CEPT stand for?

Conference of European Postal and Telecommunication Administrations
(CEPT) is a commonly used TDMA frame format for digital satellite systems.
19. Give the expression for probability of gain.

The bandwidth of signal before and after encoding, using spread spectrum
is related by processing gain (PG)
PG=Tb / Tc
IT 2202 19
Where, Tb – bit duration
Tc – chip duration
20. What are orthogonal codes?

If half the bits within a code were made the same and half were exactly the
opposite, the resultant would be zero cross correlation between chip codes. Such a
code is called orthogonal codes
.
21. What are the two different techniques used in speech coding for wireless
communication?
i. Multi-pulse excited Linear Predictive Coding (LPC).
ii. Code-excited LPC
iii.
22. What are the two function of fast frequency hopping?
1. Spread Jammer over the entire measure of the spectrum of transmitted
signal.
2. Retuning the Jamming signal over the frequency band of transmitted
signal.
23. What are the features of code Division multiple Accesses?

1. It does not require external synchronization networks.
2. CDMA offers gradual degradation in performance when the no. of users
is increased But it is easy to add new user to the system.
3. If offers an external interference rejection capability.
PART - B
1. Describe what a reference burst is for TDMA and explain the following
terms: preamble, carrier recovery sequence, bit timing recovery, unique
word and correlation spike.
2. Describe the operation of CEPT primary multiplex frame.
3. Explain in detail the notion of spread spectrum.
Refer: Simon Haykin, “Communication Systems” Fourth edition, Page
No.488.
4. Explain CDMA and also give the orthogonal condition of the signals in
CDMA.
5. Explain direct sequence-spread spectrum with appropriate waveforms and
expressions.
No.490.
IT 2202 20
6. Explain the generation of pseudo-noise sequence with an example.
No.480
7. List the properties of maximum length sequence with examples.
No.482.
8. With the help of transmitter and receiver diagram explain frequency hopped
spread spectrum and discuss about slow –frequency hop and Fast-frequency
hop.
No.499.
UNIT-V SATELLITE AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATION

PART-A
1. Define orbit.
The satellite can be rotated around the earth through various paths. These
paths are called orbits of the satellite. These orbits are used to cover the specific
application areas.
2. What is a satellite system?
A satellite system consists of one or more satellite space vehicles, a
ground – based station to control the operation of the system, and a user network
of earth stations.
3. State the basic function of satellite transponder.
The transmitter-receiver combination in the satellite is known as a
transponder. The basic function of a transponder is amplification and frequency
translation.
4. List the satellite orbits.
Satellite orbits about the earth are either circular or elliptical. The satellite
orbits are: • Inclined orbit
• Polar orbit
• Equatorial orbit
5. Define inclined orbit.

Inclined orbits are virtually all orbits except those that travel directly
above the equator or directly over the north and south poles.
6. Define polar orbit.
Satellite orbits with inclinations of 90°are called polar orbit. Polar orbits
are used for special applications like navigational satellites.
7. Define geostationary orbit.
The circular equatorial orbit is exactly in the plane of equator on earth. All
the points in this orbit are at equal distance from earth surface, and a satellite in
this orbit appears to be stationary to the point of earth. Therefore this orbit is
called geostationary orbit.
8. Define geosynchronous orbit.
IT 2202 21
When the inclination of the orbit is not zero and eccentricity is not zero, it
is called as geosynchronous orbit. The period of geosynchronous orbit is equal to
the period of revolution of earth with itself.
9. Define perigee and apogee.
The point in the orbit where the satellite is closest to the earth is called the
perigee.
The point in the orbit where the satellite is farthest from the earth is called
the apogee.
10. Define angle of inclination and angle of elevation.
Angle of inclination: It is the angle between the earth’s equatorial plane
and the orbital plane of a satellite measured counter clockwise at the point in the
orbit where it crosses the equatorial plane traveling from south to north.
Angle of elevation: It is the vertical angle formed between the direction of
travel of an electromagnetic wave radiated from an earth station antenna pointing
directly toward a satellite and the horizontal plane.
11. State the laws of planetary motion.
Kepler’s law may be simply stated as (1) the planets move in ellipses with
the sun at one focus,(2) the line joining the sun and a planet sweeps out equal
areas in equal intervals of time, and (3) the square of the time of revolution of a
planet divided by the cube of its mean distance form the sun gives a number that
is the same for all planets.
12. How satellites are classified based on elevation?
i. Low earth orbit (LEO): 1 GHz -2.5 GHz
ii. Medium Earth orbit (MEO): 1.2GHz-1.66 GHz
iii. Geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO): 2 GHz -18 GHz
13. Define Azimuth angle.
It is defined as the horizontal pointing angle of an earth station antenna.
14. Define a transponder. What is its basic function?
A satellite radio repeater is called a transponder. It is an RF-RF repeater.
15. What is a footprint?
The geographical representation of a satellite antenna’s radiation pattern is
called a footprint or footprint map.
15.What is station keeping?
The process of maneuvering a satellite within a pre assigned window is
called station keeping.
16. State the uplink frequency and downlink frequency.
A typical uplink frequency is 6 GHz and a common downlink frequency is
4 GHz.
17. What are the techniques for increasing channel capacity?
Two of the techniques for increasing channel capacity are:
• Frequency reuse
• Spatial isolation
18. What are the major subsystems in a communication satellite?
The major subsystems in a communication satellite are
• Communications subsystems
• Power subsystems
IT 2202 22
• Telemetry tracking and control (TTC) subsystems
• Propulsion subsystems
• Attitude stabilization subsystems
• Antenna subsystems
19. What is the basic transponder configuration?
There are three basic transponder configurations used in communication
systems. They are
• Single conversion transponder
• Double conversion transponder
• Regenerative transponders
20. State the major subsystems in a satellite earth station.
The major subsystems in a satellite earth station are:
• Transmit subsystems
• Receive subsystems
• Power subsystems
• Antenna subsystems
• Telemetry tracking and control (TTC) subsystems
• Ground control equipment (GCE) subsystems.
21. List the applications of a satellite
Some of the applications of a satellite are:
• Surveillance or observation
• Navigation
• TV broadcast
• Satellite telephones
22. What is an optical communication system?
It uses light as the carrier of information. It uses glass or plastic fiber
cables to contain the light waves and guide them
23. State the frequency range of optical fiber communication.
Light frequencies range - 1x1014 to 4x1014
24. List the optical sources used for optical fiber communication.
The optical sources used for optical fiber communication are
• Light Emitting Diodes and
• Solid-state lasers.
25. List the optical detectors.
The optical detectors used for optical fiber communication are
• Photodiodes and
• Avalanche photodiodes.
26. State the applications of optical fibers.
a. Local and long distance telephone systems
b. TV studio-to-transmitter interconnection, eliminating microwave radio
link.
c. Closed circuit TV systems used in buildings for security.
d. Computer networks, wide area and local area.
f. Shipboard communications.
g. Aircraft communication and Aircraft controls
k. Nuclear plant instrumentation.
IT 2202 23
27. List the advantages of optical fiber systems.
1. Wider bandwidth: they have higher information carrying capability.
2. Lower loss: with fiber optic cables, there is less signal attenuation over
long distances.
3. Lightweight: glass or plastic cables are much lighter than copper cables
and offer benefits in those areas where low weight is critical (i.e., aircraft).
4. Small size: practical fiber optic cables are much smaller than electrical
cables in diameter; therefore more can be contained in a smaller space.
5. Strength: fiber optic cables are stronger than electrical cables and can
support more weight.
6. Security: fiber optic cables cannot be “tapped” as easily as electrical
cables; they don’t radiate signals that can be picked up for eavesdropping
purposes.
7. Interference immunity: fiber optic cables do not radiate signals as some
electrical cables do and cause interference to other cables. They are also
immune to pickup of interference from other sources.
8. Greater safety: fiber optic cables don’t carry electricity. Therefore, there
is no shock hazard. They are also insulators so are not susceptible to
lightning strikes as electrical cables are.
28. Define refractive index.
Refractive index or index of refraction (n) is ratio of the velocity of
propagation of a light ray in free space to the velocity of propagation of a light in
a given material.
n=c/v
where, n-refractive index(unit less)
c-velocity of light in free space (3*10^8 meters per second)
v- velocity of light in given material (meters per second)
29. Define critical angle.
The angle of incidence at which the refracted angle becomes 90°to the
normal is said to be the critical angle.
30. Define total internal reflection.

When the light ray strikes the interface between the air and the glass, at an
angle greater than the critical angle, the light ray does not pass through the
interface into the glass. When this occurs the angle of reflection is equal to the
angle of incidence as if a real mirror were used. This action is known as total
internal reflection.
31. Describe the construction of optical fiber cable.
The portion of a fiber optic cable that carries the light is made from either
glass (silica) or plastic. The fiber, which is called the core, is usually surrounded
by a protective cladding. The cladding is also made of glass or plastic of low
refractive index. This ensures that proper interface is achieved so that the light
waves remain within the core. In addition to protecting the fiber, the cladding
adds strength. A plastic jacket is put over the cladding for insulation.
IT 2202 24
32. Define mode.
Mode refers to the various paths that the light rays can take in passing
through the cable. There are two classifications: • Single mode and
• Multimode.
33. What is meant by step index fiber and graded index fiber?
Step index fiber refers to the fiber, in which there is a sharply defined step
in the index of refraction where the fiber core and cladding interface. It means the
core has one constant refractive index N1 while the cladding has another constant
refractive index N2.
Graded index fiber refers to the fiber, in which the refractive index of the
core is not constant. Instead it varies smoothly and continuously over the diameter
of the core, reaching a peak at the center and then declining as the outer edge of
the core is reached.
34. What is single mode fiber and multimode fiber?
A single mode fiber is one in which, the light follows a single path
through the core and a multimode fiber is one in which, the light takes many paths
through the core.
35. What is meant by modal dispersion?
The stretching of the pulse due to the attenuation of the light in the cable
and increase in duration of arrival times of various light rays is referred to as
modal dispersion.
36. List the reasons for the losses in optical fiber cable.
The main reasons for the losses in optical fiber cable are
• Light absorption
• Scattering and
• Dispersion.
37. Define absorption.

Absorption refers to how the light waves are actually “soaked up” in the
core material.
38. Define scattering.
Scattering refers to the light lost because of light waves entering at the
wrong angle and being lost in the cladding due to refraction.
39. State the expression for attenuation in optical fiber cable.
The attenuation of a fiber optic cable is expressed in decibels per unit of
length. The standard decibel formula used is
40. Write short notes on cable splicing and connectors.
IT 2202 25
Connectors are special mechanical assemblies that allow fiber optic cables
to be connected to one another. Fiber optic connectors are the optical equivalent
of electrical plugs and sockets. Fiber optic connectors can be spliced by gluing.
Connectors are used at the repeater units and at the end of the cable applied to the
light source or photo detector.
41. What are the advantages of lasers over LED’s?
LED’s covers a narrow spectrum of frequencies, less intense and are good
only for short distances whereas, the Lasers are monochromatic, coherent, and
highly intense and can be used over long distances.
42. What are the advantages of single mode step index fiber over multimode step
index fiber?
Single mode step index fibers are of extremely small size and therefore
difficult to make and very expensive. Whereas multimode step index fibers are
the easiest to make and the least expensive.
43. Name the multiplexing scheme used for fiber optic communication.
The multiplexing scheme used for fiber optic communication is WDM,
wavelength division multiplexing.
PART - B
1. Explain, in detail, about light wave propagation.

2. Classify and explain the Fiber optic cable based on index of refraction and
mode.
3. Explain in detail loses in optical fibers.
4. Draw the basic block diagram of a Fiber optic communication system and
explain the function of each block.
5. Explain optical sources used in fiber optic communication.
6. Explain optical sources used in fiber optic communication.
7. Write notes on satellite elevation categories and satellite orbital patterns.
8. Explain the satellite system with a neat block diagram.
IT 2202 26
9. State and explain the laws of planetary motion.
10. What is a geosynchronous satellite? Discuss its advantages and
disadvantages.
B.E./B. TECH. DEGREE EXAMNIATION, NOV/DEC 2005

Third Semester
Information Technology
IT1202-PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
Time: Three hours Maximum: 100 marks

Answer all Questions
PART A – (10 *2 =20marks)
1. If the rms value of the aerial current before modulation is 12.5A and during
modulation is 14A.Calculate the percentage of modulation employed,
assuming no distortion.
Itotal = Ic [1 + m2 / 2] ½ => Itotal/ Ic = [1 + m2 / 2] 1/2
14/12.5 = [1 + m2 / 2] ½ =1.2544 =1+m2/ 2
m=0..7133
M= 71.33%
2. Draw the block diagram of a super heterodyne AM receiver and explain why
the usual AM radio receiver uses a super heterodyne system.
AM uses a Super heterodyne receiver to mix two frequencies

together in a nonlinear device or to translate one frequency to another, using
nonlinear mixing.
3. Write down the comparison of frequency and amplitude modulation.
IT 2202 27
2. Amplitude Modulation is the Frequency Modulation is the process
process of changing the amplitude of a of changing the frequency of a
relatively high frequency carrier signal relatively high frequency carrier signal
in proportion with the instantaneous in proportion with the instantaneous
value of the modulating signal. value of the modulating signal.
3. The depth of modulation has But in FM the depth of
limitation in AM. modulation can be increased to any
value by increasing the deviation.
4. Simple circuits used in transmitter Uses more complex circuits in
and receiver. transmitter and receiver.
5. Power varies in AM depending on The amplitude of FM is constant.
depth of modulation. Hence transmitter power remains
constant in FM
4. An angle modulated signal is described by X c(t)=10 cos[2π (106) t + 0.1 sin
(103) π t] considering Xc(t) as PM Signal with Kp=10,find m(t).]
m(t)=Vc sin[ωc t + KpVm cos ωm t]
m(t)=10 cos[2π (106) t + 1 sin (103) π t].
5. Sketch the waveform representation of ASK, FSK, PSK for NRZ coded
binary sequence and represent also each case mathematically.
(a)PSK
(b) ASK
IT 2202 28
( c) FSK
6. Draw the signal constellation of QPSK and give comments on QPSK
QPSK is an M-ary encoding scheme with N=2 and M=4. With two bits
there are four possible conditions and four possible output phases +45 0 , +1350,
-450 and -1350.
7. Define sampling theorem.
1/2W seconds apart.
8. Draw Eye pattern and interpret it properly.
MN - Margin over noise
JT – distortion at zero crossings
ST – time interval over which the wave can be sampled.
DA – distortion at sampling time.
9. Mention the classification of multiple access protocols.

i. Time Division Multiple access (TDMA)
ii. Code Division Multiple access (CDMA)
iii. Frequency Division Multiple access (FDMA)
10. Sketch the structure of a CDMA system and give the orthogonal condition
for the signals in CDMA.
Balanced PSK RF High-power
amplifier &
Modulator Modulator Modulator BPF
IT 2202 29
N-bit code IF RF
word
Carrier Carrier
generator
CDMA Encoder
Data in Logic 1=+1 Logic 0 = -1

X Orthogonal code 1 1 –1 1 –1 -1 -1 –1 1 –1 1 1
------------------------- ---------------------------- ------------------------------
Product code 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 –1 1 -1 1 1
Recovered chip code 1 1 -1 –1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1
--------------------------- ---------------------------- ------------------------------
Correlation 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1
PART B—(5*16=80 marks)
11. (i) Verify that the message signal m(t) is recovered from a modulated DSB
signal by first multiplying it by a local sinusoidal carrier and then passing
the resultant signal through a low pass filter(1) in the time domain(2) in the
frequency domain.(ii) Derive the efficiency η of ordinary AM and show that
for a single tone AM, ηmax=33.3% at μ =1.
(i)
s(t) Product v(t) LPF Vo(t)

Modulator
Local
Oscilltor
(ii) Psb = ma 2Ec 2 / 4 Pt = Ec2/2[1+ma 2/2]

η = Psb / Pt at μ =1 , ma = 1 substituting ,
ηmax = 33.3%
12. (a) Consider an angle modulated signal Xc(t) = 10 cos (ωc(t) + 3 sin
ωm(t)).Assume FM and fm=1kHz.calculate the modulation index and find the
bandwidth when (1)fm is doubled (2) fm is by one half
Carson’s rule is B=2(Δf +fm) Hz. m=3

DR= Δf (max) / fm(max)
Δf= 3KHZ
(1)fm is doubled , B=10 KHZ
(2) fm is by one half, B= 7KHz
(b) (i)A block diagram of an indirect (Armstrong) FM transmitter is shown
in fir.(1).Compute the maximum frequency deviation(∆f) of the output of the
IT 2202 30
FM transmitter and the carrier frequency f c is f1=200 kHz, flo=10.8MHz,
∆f1=25Hz, n1=64 and n2=48
Frequency
out
m(t) Narrow multiplier X
Frequency
multiplier
band FM
f1 X n1 f3 X n2
∆f1 f2=n1f1 ∆f3 fc
∆f2 ~ ∆f
flo
f2=n1f1 = 64*200 kHz=12.8 MHz.
f3 = f2 - flo =2MHz
fc =n2 f3 = 48*2 =96 MHz
∆f = n2∆f3 = 76.8kHz
13. (a) With the help of a block diagram (transmitter and receiver) explain the
principle of a differential phase shift keying. Illustrate the generation of
DPSK signal with an example sequence.
14. (b)Write short notes on intersymbol interference.
15. (a) With neat transmitter and receiver block diagram of Direct Sequence
spread coherent phase shift keying, explain its principle of operation.
No.490
(b) (i) Describe what a reference burst is for TDMA and explain the
following terms: preamble, carrier recovery sequence, bit timing recovery,
unique word and correlation spike.
(ii) Briefly describe the operation of CEPT primary multiplex frame.
Refer: Wayne Tomasi, “Advanced Electronic Communication
Systems” Fifth edition, Page No.1104
B.E./B. TECH. DEGREE EXAMNIATION, NOV/DEC 2006

Third Semester
1. A broadcast radio transmitter radiates 5 KW power when the modulation

percentage is 60% .How much is the carrier power?
Pt = 5kW,m=0.6 or 60%
Ptotal = Pc [1 + m2 / 2]
IT 2202 31
Pc = Ptotal / [1 + m2 / 2] = 5* 102 / [1+ (.6) 2 / 2] = 4.24 kW
2. What are the two major limitations of the standard form of amplitude
modulation?
i. AM less efficient because most of power is transmitted in carrier.
ii. The effect of noise is more because of amplitude variations.
3. Illustrate the relationship between frequency modulation (FM) and phase
modulation.
Phase modulation is the first integral of FM.
Ө (t) = ∫ Ө’ (t) dt
where, Ө (t) – instantaneous phase deviation
Ө’ (t) –instantaneous frequency deviation
4. A carrier is frequency modulated with a sinusoidal signal of 2 kHz resulting
in a maximum frequency deviation of 5 kHz. Find the bandwidth of the
modulated signal.
fm=2kHz
∆f = 5 kHz
BW= 2(∆f + fm ) =2(5 *103 + 2 * 103)=14 KHz
5. Compare QASK and QPSK.
QPSK QASK
1. Quadrature phase modulation Quadrature phase and amplitude
modulation
QASK.
5. Error probability less then AQSK Higher than QPSK
6. What are Antipodal signals?
In BPSK, the two symbols are transmitted with the help of following
signals,
Symbol ‘1’ => s1 (t) = √2P cos (2πf0 t)
Symbol ‘0’ => s2 (t) = √2P cos (2πf0 t + π)
Here observe that above two signals differ only in a relative phase shift of
1800. Such signals are called antipodal signals.
7. State sampling theorem for band-limited signals of finite energy.
1/2W seconds apart.
8. How is eye pattern used to measure intersymbol interference in a data
transmission system?
IT 2202 32
i. The width of the eye opening defines the time interval over which the
received wave can be sampled without error from intersymbol
interference. It is apparent that the preferred time for sampling is the
instant time at which the eye is open widest.
MN - Margin over noise
JT – distortion at zero crossings
ST – time interval over which the wave can be sampled.
DA – distortion at sampling time
ii. When the effect of intersymbol interference (ISI) is severe traces from the
upper portion of the eye pattern cross traces from the lower portion with
the result that the eye is completely closed.
9. Illustrate the two modes of an adaptive equalizer.
a. Training mode
b. Decision Directed mode
Decision
device
x[n] Adaptive y[n] a ^[n] a[n] Training
equalizer sequence
[wk] generator
e[n]
∑
10. List out the comparison between slow and fast frequency hopping.

rate.
PART-B (5 X 16=80 MARKS)
IT 2202 33
11. (a) (i)Explain the process of demodulating DSBSC signal by using
synchronous demodulator, with the help of neat block diagram and
frequency spectrum.
Refer Nov/Dec 2005 –11 (i)
12. (a)Determine the spectrum of single tone FM wave for an arbitrary value of
the modulation index β.
(b)(i) A 20 MHz carrier is frequency modulated by a sinusoidal signal such
that the maximum frequency deviation is 100 kHz. Determine the
modulation index and the approximate bandwidth of the FM signal if the
frequency of the modulating signal is 100 kHz.
m= ∆f/ fm =1
BW= 2(∆f + fm ) = 400kHz.
13. (a) (i) Explain BPSK transmitter and receiver with the help of block
diagram.
(b) (ii)The bit stream 1011100011 is to be transmitted using DPSK.
Determine the encoded sequence and transmitted phase sequence
Input 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
XNOR 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
Output
Output 180 180 0 0 0 0 180 0 180 180 180
phase
14. (a) (i) Draw the functional block diagram of a direct sequence spread
spectrum modulator and demodulator and explain.
No.490.
(ii) What are the applications of spread spectrum techniques?
No.480.
(b) With the help of transmitter and receiver block diagram, explain the
principle of operation frequency hopped (FH) spread spectrum system
No.499.
B.E./B. TECH. DEGREE EXAMNIATION, April/May 2008

Third Semester
IT 2202 34
1. Draw the spectrum of AM signal.

Vc
mVc/2 mVc/2
fm fm
fc-fm fc fc+fm frequency

fLSB fUSB
2. Calculate the BW of FM signal whose frequency deviation is 75KHz and
signal frequency is 2.5KHz.
fm=2.5kHz
∆f = 75 kHz
BW= 2(∆f + fm ) =2(75 *103 + 2.5 * 103)=155 KHz
3. Define phase modulation.
Phase of a constant amplitude carrier is varied directly proportional to the
amplitude of the modulating signal at a rate equal to the frequency of the
modulating signal.
4. Bring out the difference between DPSK and BPSK.
DPSK BPSK
1.it does not need a carrier at It needs a carrier at receiver
its receiver
2.Bandwidth reduced More bandwidth.
compared to BPSK
3.Probability of error or bit Comparatively low
error rate more than BPSK
4.error propagation more, since Comparatively low, since it
it uses two bits for its reception uses only single bit
5.noise interference more Comparatively low
5. Mention any four advantages of Digital Modulation over analog modulation.
i. Maximum data rate
ii. Minimum probability of symbol error
iii. Minimum transmitted power.
iv. Minimum channel bandwidth
6. What is PAM?
The amplitude of constant width, constant-position pulse is varied
according to the amplitude of the sample of the analog signal.
7. Define source-coding theorem.
The entropy represents a fundamental limit on the average number of bits
pr source symbol necessary to represent a discrete memoryless source in that it
can be made as small as, but smaller than entropy.
8. What are the properties of pseudo noise sequence?
IT 2202 35
Balance property: The number of 1’s is always one more than the
number of zeros in each period of a maximum length sequence
Run property: Run means subsequence of identical symbols i.e. 1’s or
0’s within one period of the sequence. The length of the run is equal to the
length of the subsequence.
Correlation property: The auto correlation function of maximum length
sequence is periodic and it is binary valued.
9. Differentiate between Fast FH and Slow FH with respect to symbol rate and
hop rate.
rate.
10. Write the condition required to avoid the slope over load distortion in delta
modulation.
a. Increasing the clock frequency reduces the probability of slope
overload noise.
b. increase the magnitude of the minimum step size.
PART – B
11. (a) (ii) Derive the waveform of power relation between carrier power and
total transmitter power of AM signal.
(b) (ii) Draw the waveform of AM signal for over modulation, under
modulation and 100% modulation.
(a) Under modulation
(b) 100% modulation (c) over modulation
IT 2202 36
12. (b) (i) Distinguish between FM and AM.
Refer: Wayne Tomasi, “Advanced Electronic Communication
Systems” Fifth edition, Page No.319.
13. (a) With block diagram explain QPSK transmitter and receiver. Draw the
QPSK waveform for a digital data 100110.
(b)(ii)Define MSK and how is it different from FSK.
14. (a)(ii)What is meant by Intersymbol interference? (ISI). Suggest a suitable
signal processing that has to be done to the baseband signal to overcome ISI.
15. (a)(i) What is spread spectrum modulation? Describe the following features
of spread spectrum modulation:
(1) Antijamming
(2) Ranging
(3) Multiple accessing
(4) Message security.
(ii) Draw a PN sequence generator to generate 7 bit sequence.
No.479.
(b) (i) Distinguish CMDA and TDMA.
Fifth edition, Page No.1104 & 1108
(ii) Draw DS spread spectrum modulation with block diagram. Derive an
expression for processing gain PG.
No.490.
2009 Anna University B.Tech Information Technology

IT 2202 Principles Of Communication Question Paper Regulation 2008
Answer all questions

PART-A
1. Define amplitude modulation.

Amplitude Modulation is the process of changing the amplitude of a relatively
high frequency carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous value of the modulating
signal.
2. What is modulation index?
Modulation index is a term used to describe the amount of amplitude change
present in an AM waveform .It is also called as coefficient of modulation.
IT 2202 37
Mathematically modulation index is
m = Em/ Ec
Where m = Modulation coefficient
Em = Peak change in the amplitude of the output waveform voltage.
Ec = Peak amplitude of the unmodulated carrier voltage.
3. Why is ASK called as ON-OFF keying ?
ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) is a modulation technique which converts digital
data to analog signal. In ASK, the two binary values(0,1) are represented by two different
amplitudes of the carrier signal. S(t) = Acos2ft binary 1
0 binary 0\
4. What is the difference between QASK and QPSK ?
QPSK QASK
1. Quadrature phase Quadrature phase and

modulation amplitude modulation


QASK
5. Error probability less then

Higher than QPSK
AQSK
5. Define sampling rate.
Sampling rate states that, the minimum sampling rate is equal to twice the highest
audio input frequency.
6. What is ISI?
The ringing tails of several pulses have overlapped, thus interfering with major
pulse lobe. This interference is commonly called as intersymbol interference or ISI.
7. Define Pseudo noise sequence.

The pseudo noise sequence is a noise like high frequency signal. This signal is
binary in nature. It looks like pulses. The sequence is not completely random, but it is
generated by a well-defined logic. The same logic is used at transmitter and receiver.
Hence the sequence is rather ‘pseudo’ random. Hence it is called pseudo-random (or
pseudo-noise) sequence. The pseudo noise sequence can be generated by a feedback shift
register and combinational logic.
8. What are the different types of multiple access techniques ?

iv. Time division multiple access (TDMA)
v. Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
IT 2202 38
vi. Code division multiple access (CDMA).
9. Define Kepler's three laws of planetary motion.

Kepler’s law may be simply stated as (1) the planets move in ellipses with the sun
at one focus,(2) the line joining the sun and a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal
intervals of time, and (3) the square of the time of revolution of a planet divided by the
cube of its mean distance form the sun gives a number that is the same for all planets.
10. What are the losses encountered by optical fiber ?
 Absorption loss
 Material or Raleigh, scattering losses
 Chromatic (or) wavelength, dispersion
 Radiation losses
 Model dispersion
 Coupling losses
PART-B
11. (a) (i)Write short notes on
(1) AM voltage distribution. (4)
(2) AM power distribution. (4)
Refer: Wayne Tomasi, “Advanced Electronic Communication Systems” Fifth edition,
Page No.145-153
(ii) An audio frequency signal 10sin2p*500t is used to amplitude modulate a carrier of

50 sin2p*10^5t.Calculate.
(1) Modulation index. (2)
Vm/vc=10/50=0.2
(2)Side band frequencies. (2)
USB= fc+fm=500+100000=100500 Hz
LSB=fc-fm=90500 Hz
(3)BW required. (2)
2fm =500*2=1000Hz
(4)Total power delivered to the load of 600O. (2)

Ptotal = Pc [1 + m2 / 2]
(OR)(b) (i)Compare FM and AM.(12)

2. Amplitude Modulation is the Frequency Modulation is the process
process of changing the amplitude of a of changing the frequency of a
relatively high frequency carrier signal relatively high frequency carrier signal
in proportion with the instantaneous in proportion with the instantaneous
value of the modulating signal. value of the modulating signal.
IT 2202 39
3. The depth of modulation has But in FM the depth of modulation can
limitation in AM. be increased to any value by
increasing the deviation.
(ii) The phase deviation constant in a phase modulation system is K=0.01rad/v.Calculate

the maximum phase deviation when the modulating signal of 10V is applied. (4)
12. (a) (i)Explain the principle of FSK transmitter and receiver (10)
Page No.364-375
(ii)Write short note on spectrum and bandwidth of FSK. (6)

Page No.369-372
(OR)
(b) (i)Compare the various types of digital modulation techniques. (8)
(ii)Explain the eye pattern in base band digital transmission with neat diagram. (8)

Page No.462-463
13. (a) (i)Explain the elements of PCM system with a neat block diagram. (12)
Page No.425-427
(ii)What is companding ? (4)
Companding is the process of compression and then expanding. Higher amplitude signals
are compressed prior to transmission and then expanded in the receiver. Companding is
the means of improving dynamic range of communication systems.
(OR)
(b) (i)Find the signal amplitude for minimum quantization error in a delta modulation
system if step size is 1 volt having repetition period 1 ms. The information signal
operates at 100Hz. (4)
(ii) Describe the operations of DPCM system with relevant diagram. (12)
IT 2202 40
Page No.455-456
14. (a) (i)Write short notes on Frequency hop spread spectrum. (10)
Refer: Simon Haykin, “Communication Systems” Fourth edition, Page No.499.
(ii)Explain the applications of spread spectrum techniques. (6)
The spread spectrum has the ability to resist the effect of intentional jamming. Previously
this antijam capability was used in military application. Some commercial applications
also use spread spectrum because of its antijam capability.
v. Low probability of intercept is an application of spread spectrum in

military .In this case, the signal spectral density is kept small such that the
presence of the signal is not detected easily.
vi. Spread spectrum is used in mobile communications. This is because the
spread spectrum signal has the ability to resist the effects of multipath
fading. Because of wide spectrum only small portion of the signals is in
fade.(OR)
(b) (i)Give a detailed account of multiple access techniques. (10)
i.Time division multiple access (TDMA)
ii.Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
iii.Code division multiple access (CDMA).
(ii)Compare TDMA and CDMA. (6)

Page No.1104 & 1108
15. (a) (i)Discuss briefly the basic satellite communication system . (8)
Page No.1076
(ii)Write short notes on LEO and GEO orbits. (8)
Page No.1062
(OR)
(b) Enumerate the elements of an optical fiber transmission link. (16)
Page No.580
IT 2202 41

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IT 2202 PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION 3104

UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALOG COMMUNICATION 9

SUBJECT: IT2202-PRNCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

UNIT I--Fundamentals Of Analog Communication

2. Define amplitude Modulation.

3. Give the expression for AM modulated wave.

4. Define Modulation index and percent modulation for an AM wave.

5. Give the bandwidth of AM?

6. Draw the spectrum of AM signal.

fc-fm fc fc+fm frequency

7. Give the formula for AM power distribution.

8. Give the expression for total current.

9. Give the types of AM Modulation.

11. Define Single sideband suppressed carrier AM.

12. Define AM Vestigial sideband.

13. What are the advantages of single sideband transmission?

14. What are the disadvantages of single side band transmission?

17. Define Low-level Modulation.

18. Define High-level Modulation.

19. What is the advantage of low-level modulation?

20. Define image frequency.

21. Define image frequency rejection ratio.

22. Define Heterodyning.

23. Define direct frequency modulation.

24. Define indirect frequency Modulation.

25. Define instantaneous frequency deviation.

25. Define frequency deviation.

27. Define Deviation ratio.

32. What is Phase deviation ?

33. Give the expression for bandwidth of angle-modulated wave in terms of

35. If a modulated wave with an average voltage of 20Vp changes in amplitude

36. An FM transmitter has a rest frequency f c =96MHz and a deviation

1. For an AM DSBFC wave with unmodulated carrier voltage of 10Vp and

3. For an AM DSBFC transmitter with an unmodulated carrier power

4. One input to an AM DSBFC modulator is 500 kHz carrier with peak

7. Explain in detail about the Bandwidth requirements of angle-modulated

8. Compare PM and FM.

9. Determine the side band frequencies of an angle-modulated wave.

10. Derive the expression for average power of an angle-modulated wave.

UNIT II--Digital Communication

1. What is digital modulation?

2. What is information capacity?

3. Give the expression for Shannon limit for information capacity.

5. Compare QASK and QPSK.

1. Quadrature phase Quadrature phase and

2.All signal points placed on Signal points are replaced

3. Circuit is simple. Relatively complex

4.Noise immunity better then Poor than QPSK.

5. Error probability less then

7. Define minimum shift keying.

8. Give the difference between standard FSK and MSK.

1. The two frequencies are Difference between two

2. Bandwidth (BW) = 4fb BW = fb/2

10. What does correlative coding mean?

11. Differentiate coherent and noncoherent methods.

12. Define peak frequency deviation for FSK.

13. Define bit rate.

14. Define Baud rate.

15. Compare binary PSK with QPSK.