Homework 9
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Alejandro EspinosaHomework 9
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Alejandro EspinosaClassical Mechanics - Homework Assignment 9
Alejandro Gmez Espinosa o November 29, 2012
Goldstein, Ch.9, 11 Determine whether the transformation is canonical Q1 = q1 q2 Q2 = q1 + q2 p1 p2 +1 q2 q1 q2 p2 q1 p1 P2 = + (q2 + q1 ) q2 q1 P1 =
To determine if this transformation is canonical, let us use the Poisson brackets: [u, v]q,p = Then, [Q1 , P1 ]q,p = Q1 P1 Q1 P1 Q1 P1 Q1 P1 + q1 p1 p1 q1 q2 p2 p2 q2 1 1 = q2 q2 q2 q1 q2 q1 = 0 u v u v qi pi pi qi
[Q1 , P2 ]q,p =
Q1 P2 Q1 P2 Q1 P2 Q1 P2 + q1 p1 p1 q1 q2 p2 p2 q2 q1 q2 = q2 + q1 q2 q1 q2 q1 = 0
[Q2 , P2 ]q,p =
Q2 P2 Q2 P2 Q2 P2 Q2 P2 + q1 p1 p1 q1 q2 p2 p2 q2 q1 q1 = + q2 q1 q2 q1 = 0
gomez@physics.rutgers.edu
[Q2 , P1 ]q,p =
Q2 P1 Q2 P1 Q2 P1 Q2 P1 + q1 p1 p1 q1 q2 p2 p2 q2 1 1 = q2 q1 q2 q1 = 0
[P1 , P2 ]q,p =
P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2 + q1 p1 p1 q1 q2 p2 p2 q2 p1 p2 q1 1 p1 = 1 2 (q2 q1 ) q2 q1 q2 q1 (q2 q1 )2 p1 p2 q2 1 p2 + 1 (q2 q1 )2 q2 q1 q2 q1 (q2 q1 )2 = 0
[Q1 , Q2 ]q,p =
Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2 + q1 p1 p1 q1 q2 p2 p2 q2 = 0
Since [Q1 , P1 ] = [Q1 , P2 ] = [Q2 , P1 ] = [Q2 , P2 ] = [Q1 , P2 ] = [P1 , P2 ] = 0, therefore this transformation is canonical. Goldstein, Ch.9, 17 Show that the Jacobi identity is satised if the Poisson bracket sign stands for the commutator of two square matrices: [A, B] = AB BA Show also that for the same representation of the Poisson bracket that [A, BC] = [A, B]C + B[A, C] The Jacobi identity is given by: [A, [B, C]] + [B, [C, A]] + [C, [A, B]] = 0 then, if (1) is satised: [A, [B, C]] = [A, BC CB] = A(BC CB) (BC CB)A = ABC ACB BCA + CBA [B, [C, A]] = [B, CA AC] = B(CA AC) (CA AC)B = BCA BAC CAB + ACB 2 (2) (1)
[C, [A, B]] = [C, AB BA] = C(AB BA) (AB BA)C = CAB CBA ABC + BAC where is easy to see that all the terms will vanish. For (2): [A, B]C + B[A, C] = ABC BAC + BAC BCA = ABC BCA = [A, BC] Goldstein, Ch.9, 22 For the point transformation in a system of two degrees of freedom,
2 Q1 = q1 ,
Q2 = q1 + q2
nd the most general transformation equations for P1 and P2 consistent with the overall transformation being canonical. Show that with a particular choise for P1 and P2 the Hamiltonian H= p1 p2 2q1
2
+ p2 + (q1 + q2 )2
can be transformed to one in which both Q1 and Q2 are ignorable. By this means solve the problem and obtain expressions for q1 , q2 , p1 , and p2 as functions of time and their initial values. Using the relations for a point transformation: Q1 = Q2 = F2 2 = q1 P1 F2 = q1 + q2 P2
Then, the generating function must be:
2 F2 = q1 P1 + (q1 + q2 )P2
and the momentum coordinates are: p1 = p2 = F2 = 2q1 P1 + P2 q1 F2 = P2 q2
Solving for P1 and P2 , we found the most general transformations: P2 = p2 p1 p2 P1 = 2q1 Therefore, the Hamiltonian is given by:
2 H = P1 + P2 + Q2 2
but, whether we choose P2 = p2 + (q1 + q2 )2 :
2 H = P1 + P2
the Hamiltonian does not depend upon Q1 and Q2 . Now, solving this Hamiltonian: H P1 = =0 Q1 H P2 = =0 Q2 H Q1 = = 2P1 P1 H =1 Q2 = P2 P1 = a P2 = b Q1 = 2P1 t + c Q2 = t + d
where a, b, c, d are constant, i.e., the initial values. Replacing with the old coordinates: p1 + p2 = a 2q1 p2 + (q1 + q2 )2 = b p1 p2 2 t+c q1 = q1 q1 + q2 = t + d Solving this equations, we found: p1 = 2a 2at + c + b(t + d)2 p2 = b + (t + d)2 q1 = 2at + c q2 = t 2at + c + d Goldstein, Ch.9, 28 A charged particle moves in space with a constant magnetic eld B such that the vector potential, A, is 1 A = (B r) 2 (a) If vj are the Cartesian components of the velocity of the particle, evaluate the Poisson brackets [vi , vj ], i = j = 1, 2, 3
We know that the mometum of a charged particle in an electric eld is given by pi = mvi + qAi then, [vi , vj ] = 1 [pi qAi , pj qAj ] m2 1 = ([pi , pj ] [pi , qAj ] [qAi , pj ] + q[Ai , Aj ]) m2 q = 2 ([pi , Aj ] + [Ai , pj ]) m q = ([pj , Ai ] [pi , Aj ]) m2 4 vi = pi qAi m
But, the vector potential in terms of the Levi-Civita symbols are: Ai =
iab Ba xb
Calculate the rst term in the previous relation: [pj , Ai ] = = = = Consequently, the second term: [pi , Aj ] = Replacing in the relation: [vi , vj ] = = = = = q ([pj , Ai ] [pi , Aj ]) m2 1 q 1 iaj Ba jai Ba 2 m 2 2 qBa ( iaj jai ) 2m2 qBa 2 iaj 2m2 qBa iaj m2 1 2
jai Ba
1 [pj , iab Ba xb ] 2 1 iab Ba [pj , xb ] 2 1 iab Ba jb 2 1 iaj Ba 2
(b) If pi is the canonical momentum conjugate to xi , also evaluate the Poisson backets [xi , vj ], [pi , vj ], [x1 , pj ], [pi , pj ],
[xi , vj ] = = = = = [Pi , vj ] =
1 [xi , pj qAj ] m 1 ([xi , pj ] q[xi , Aj ]) m 1 q ij [xi , jab Ba xb ] m 2 1 q ij jab Ba [xi , xb ] m 2 ij m 1 [pi , pj qAj ] m 1 = ([pi , pj ] q[pi , Aj ]) m q = jab Ba [pi , xb ] m q = jai Ba m
For pi , we know that the Hamiltonian for a charge particle moving in a magnetic eld is given by: 1 H = (pi qAi )2 m then, pi is: pi = = = = = = H xi Ai 1 (pi qAi ) m xi 1 1 xk (pi qAi ) ijk Bj m 2 xi 1 (pi qAi ) ijk Bj ki 2m 1 (pi qAi ) iji Bj 2m 0
thus, [xi , pj ] = 0 [pi , pj ] = 0 Goldstein, Ch.9, 34 Obtain the motion in time of a linear harmonic oscillator by means of the formal solution for the Poisson bracket version of the equation of motion as derived from Eq.(9.116). Assume that at time t = 0 the initial values are x0 and p0 . The derivation of eq. (9.116) ends up in this relation: u(t) = u0 + t[u, H]0 + t2 t3 [[u, H], H]0 + [[[u, H], H], H]0 + ... 2! 3!
Knowing the Hamiltonian of the linear harmonic oscillator: H= p2 mw2 x + 2m 2
we can use the previous relation to nd the motion in time: [x, H]0 = [[x, H], H]0 = Pluging them in the initial relation: x(t) = x0 + p0 t w2 t2 m 4 x H x H p = x p p x m 1 1 p H p H [p, H] = m m x p p x
w2 2