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    Monte Carlo Simulation

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    Hema Siyag
    Monte Carlo simulation is a technique used to account for risk in quantitative analysis and decision making. It allows users to model multiple possible outcomes of uncertain variables and see the impact of risk. The technique works by substituting probability distributions for uncertain variables and calculating model results thousands of times using random values from these distributions. This produces distributions of possible outcomes and shows the likelihood of each. Monte Carlo simulation provides advantages over deterministic analysis by showing probabilistic results, enabling sensitivity analysis, and accounting for variable correlations. It is commonly used in fields like finance, engineering, and project management.

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    Monte Carlo Simulation

    Uploaded by

    Hema Siyag
    240 views3 pages
    Monte Carlo simulation is a technique used to account for risk in quantitative analysis and decision making. It allows users to model multiple possible outcomes of uncertain variables and see the impact of risk. The technique works by substituting probability distributions for uncertain variables and calculating model results thousands of times using random values from these distributions. This produces distributions of possible outcomes and shows the likelihood of each. Monte Carlo simulation provides advantages over deterministic analysis by showing probabilistic results, enabling sensitivity analysis, and accounting for variable correlations. It is commonly used in fields like finance, engineering, and project management.

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    explains the basica of how MC simulation works.

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    Monte Carlo simulation

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    Monte Carlo simulation is a technique used to account for risk in quantitative analysis and decision making. It allows users to model multiple possible outcomes of uncertain variables and see the impact of risk. The technique works by substituting probability distributions for uncertain variables and calculating model results thousands of times using random values from these distributions. This produces distributions of possible outcomes and shows the likelihood of each. Monte Carlo simulation provides advantages over deterministic analysis by showing probabilistic results, enabling sensitivity analysis, and accounting for variable correlations. It is commonly used in fields like finance, engineering, and project management.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    240 views3 pages

    Monte Carlo Simulation

    Uploaded by

    Hema Siyag
    Monte Carlo simulation is a technique used to account for risk in quantitative analysis and decision making. It allows users to model multiple possible outcomes of uncertain variables and see the impact of risk. The technique works by substituting probability distributions for uncertain variables and calculating model results thousands of times using random values from these distributions. This produces distributions of possible outcomes and shows the likelihood of each. Monte Carlo simulation provides advantages over deterministic analysis by showing probabilistic results, enabling sensitivity analysis, and accounting for variable correlations. It is commonly used in fields like finance, engineering, and project management.

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    1/23/13

    Monte Carlo Simulation: What Is It and How Does It Work? - Palisade

    Monte Carlo Simulation: What Is It and How Does It Work? Palisade


    Risk analysis is part of every decision we make. We are constantly faced with uncertainty, ambiguity, and variability. And even though we have unprecedented access to information, we cant accurately predict the future. Monte Carlo simulation (also known as the Monte Carlo Method) lets you see all the possible outcomes of your decisions and assess the impact of risk, allowing for better decision making under uncertainty. What is Monte Carlo simulation? Monte Carlo simulation is a computerized mathematical technique that allows people to account for risk in quantitative analysis and decision making. The technique is used by professionals in such widely disparate fields as finance, project management, energy, manufacturing, engineering, research and development, insurance, oil & gas, transportation, and the environment. Monte Carlo simulation furnishes the decision-maker with a range of possible outcomes and the probabilities they will occur for any choice of action.. It shows the extreme possibilitiesthe outcomes of going for broke and for the most conservative decisionalong with all possible consequences for middle-of-the-road decisions. The technique was first used by scientists working on the atom bomb; it was named for Monte Carlo, the Monaco resort town renowned for its casinos. Since its introduction in World War II, Monte Carlo simulation has been used to model a variety of physical and conceptual systems.

    How Monte Carlo simulation works Monte Carlo simulation performs risk analysis by building models of possible results by substituting a range of valuesa probability distributionfor any factor that has inherent uncertainty. It then calculates results over and over, each time using a different set of random values from the probability functions. Depending upon the number of uncertainties and the ranges specified for them, a Monte Carlo simulation could involve thousands or tens of thousands of recalculations before it is complete. Monte Carlo simulation produces distributions of possible outcome values. By using probability distributions, variables can have different probabilities of different outcomes occurring. Probability distributions are a much more realistic way of describing uncertainty in variables of a risk analysis. Common probability distributions include: Normal Or bell curve. The user simply defines the mean or expected value and a standard deviation to describe the variation about the mean. Values in the middle near the mean are most likely to occur. It is symmetric and describes many natural phenomena such as peoples heights. Examples of variables described by normal distributions include inflation rates and energy prices. Lognormal Values are positively skewed, not symmetric like a normal distribution. It is used to represent values that dont go www.palisade.com/risk/monte_carlo_simulation.asp below zero but have unlimited positive potential. Examples of variables

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    Monte Carlo Simulation: What Is It and How Does It Work? - Palisade

    represent values that dont go below zero but have unlimited positive potential. Examples of variables described by lognormal distributions include real estate property values, stock prices, and oil reserves. Uniform All values have an equal chance of occurring, and the user simply defines the minimum and maximum. Examples of variables that could be uniformly distributed include manufacturing costs or future sales revenues for a new product. Triangular The user defines the minimum, most likely, and maximum values. Values around the most likely are more likely to occur. Variables that could be described by a triangular distribution include past sales history per unit of time and inventory levels. PERT- The user defines the minimum, most likely, and maximum values, just like the triangular distribution. Values around the most likely are more likely to occur. However values between the most likely and extremes are more likely to occur than the triangular; that is, the extremes are not as emphasized. An example of the use of a PERT distribution is to describe the duration of a task in a project management model. Discrete The user defines specific values that may occur and the likelihood of each. An example might be the results of a lawsuit: 20% chance of positive verdict, 30% change of negative verdict, 40% chance of settlement, and 10% chance of mistrial. During a Monte Carlo simulation, values are sampled at random from the input probability distributions. Each set of samples is called an iteration, and the resulting outcome from that sample is recorded. Monte Carlo simulation does this hundreds or thousands of times, and the result is a probability distribution of possible outcomes. In this way, Monte Carlo simulation provides a much more comprehensive view of what may happen. It tells you not only what could happen, but how likely it is to happen. Monte Carlo simulation provides a number of advantages over deterministic, or single-point estimate analysis: Probabilistic Results. Results show not only what could happen, but how likely each outcome is. Graphical Results. Because of the data a Monte Carlo simulation generates, its easy to create graphs of different outcomes and their chances of occurrence. This is important for communicating findings to other stakeholders. Sensitivity Analysis. With just a few cases, deterministic analysis makes it difficult to see which variables impact the outcome the most. In Monte Carlo simulation, its easy to see which inputs had the biggest effect on bottom-line results. Scenario Analysis: In deterministic models, its very difficult to model different combinations of values for different inputs to see the effects of truly different scenarios. Using Monte Carlo simulation, analysts can see exactly which inputs had which values together when certain outcomes occurred. This is invaluable for pursuing further analysis. Correlation of Inputs. In Monte Carlo simulation, its possible to model interdependent relationships between input variables. Its important for accuracy to represent how, in reality,

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    relationships between input variables. Its important for accuracy to represent how, in reality, when some factors goes up, others go up or down accordingly. An enhancement to Monte Carlo simulation is the use of Latin Hypercube sampling, which samples more accurately from the entire range of distribution functions.

    Monte Carlo Simulation: What Is It and How Does It Work? - Palisade

    Palisade Monte Carlo simulation products The advent of spreadsheet applications for personal computers provided an opportunity for professionals to use Monte Carlo simulation in everyday analysis work. Microsoft Excel is the dominant spreadsheet analysis tool and Palisades @RISK is the leading Monte Carlo simulation add-in for Excel. First introduced for Lotus 1-2-3 for DOS in 1987, @RISK has a long-established reputation for computational accuracy, modeling flexibility, and ease of use. The introduction of Microsoft Project led to another logical application of Monte Carlo simulationanalyzing the uncertainties and risks inherent to the management of large projects. @RISK for Project is Palisades Monte Carlo simulation add-in for Microsoft Project. Read more about risk analysis

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