Unitati de Masura

Appendix 1 SI units
The Systeme Internationale d'Unites (SI) was introduced in the UK in the late 1960s. Historically, the SI can be traced from the metric enthusiasms of Napoleonic times, through a centimetre-gram (e.g.) system, a centimetre-gram-second (c.g.s.) system, a metre-kilogram-second (MKS) system in 1900 and a metre-kilogram-second-ampere (MKSA Giorgi) system in 1950. Table Al lists the seven basic units and Table A2 lists the prefixes. The SI is 'rational, comprehensive and coherent'. Coherency means that the product or quotient of basic units gives an appropriate derived unit of the resultant quantity. A coherent system facilitates manipulation of units, checking the dimensions of equations and, most importantly, the correlation of different disciplines. Some of the more frequently-used derived units are given in Table A3. The force unit, the newton, is the cornerstone of the SI. Appropriately, the gravitational attraction for an apple is roughly one newton. The SI unit of stress is N m~ 2 : the pascal (Pa) is an orphan, being non-Si and non-coherent. Energy is defined in mechanical terms, being the work done when the point of application of a force of 1 N is displaced through a distance of 1 m in the direction of the force.
Table Al Quantity Length Mass Time Electric current Temperature Luminous intensity Amount of substance Unit metre kilogram second ampere degree Kelvin candela mole Symbol m kg s A K cd mol
Table A2 Factor 1012 109 106 103 102a 10la 10~la 10~2a 1(T3 10~6 10~9 10"12 IQ-15 10~18
a
Prefix tera giga mega kilo hectoa decaa decia centia milli micro nano pico femto atto
Symbol T G M k ha daa da ca m \JL n p f a
Discouraged
Table A3 Physical quantity SI unit Definition of unit m3 kg m s~2 N m~ 2 N m Js"1 A s W A"1 V A"1 AsV"1 s"1
Volume Force Pressure, stress Energy Power Electric charge Electric potential Electric resistance Electric capacitance Frequency
cubic metre newton (N) newton per square metre joule (J) watt (W) coulomb (C) volt (V) ohm (Q) farad (F) hertz (Hz)
The surprising frequency with which SI units are misused in textbooks, learned papers, reports, theses and even examination papers, justifies a reminder of some rules: 1. Try to locate basic units after the solidus: 1 MN/m2 preferred to 1 N/mm2. 2. A space is significant: ms is not the same as m s. 3. Prior to calculations, convert to basic SI units: 1 mm becomes 1 x 10~3 m. 4. Where possible, work in steps of 103.
5. If possible, group digits in threes and avoid commas: 37 532 rather than 37,532 because a comma means decimal point in some countries. 6. When selecting a prefix, arrange for the preceding number to lie between 0.1 and 1000: use 10 mm rather than 0.01 m. In a comparison, one may break this rule, e.g. 'increase from 900 kN to 1200OkN'. 7. Do not use double prefixes: pF, not /z/xF. 8. Avoid multiples of the solidus: acceleration written as m/s/s self-destructs.
Appendix 2 Conversion factors, constants and physical data
Quantity I atmosphere (pressure) Avogadro constant 1 Angstrom 1 barn 1 bar Boltzmann constant 1 calorie 1 dyne 1 day 1 degree (plane angle) Electron rest mass 1 erg (dyn cm) 1 erg/cm2 Gas constant
TAl
Symbol
atm NA A b bar or b k cal dyn
Traditional units
SI units 101.325 kN irr2 0.602 x 1O24DiOl"1 10-10 m 10-28m2 1O5N m-2 1.38Ox 10-23JK-1 4.1868 J 10~5 N 86.4 ks 17 mrad 9. 109 56 x 10~31kg 10~7 J 10-3J m-2 8.3143 Junior 1
IQ-8 cm 10-24cm2
me
Density
P e eV = NAe
in kg kgf/cm2 1 /zm
JNi Electronic charge 1 electron volt
0.224 809 x 10-5 lbf 86 400 s 0.017 45 rad 9. 109 56 x 10-28 g 6.242 x 1011 eV 2.39 x 10-8 cal 6.242 x 10neV cirT2 8.3143 x 107erg Kr1InOr1 1.987 cal K-'moP1 2.71 g cm-3 7.87 g cm-3 8.93 g cm-3 8.90 g cm-3 1.602 x 10-20 emu 3.83 x 10-20 cal 1.602 x 10-12 erg
2710 kg cm-3 7870 kg cm-3 8930 kg cm-3 8900 kg cm-3 0.1602 aC 0.1602 aJ
9.6487 x 104 C moP1 25.4 mm lkg
1 dm3 10- 6 m
Faraday 1 1 1 1 1 inch kilogram kilogram-force/cm litre micron
2.54 cm 2.204 62 Ib 14.22 lbf/in2 0.220 gal 104 Angstrom IQ-4 cm
Quantity 1 minute (angle) Modulus of elasticity (average) Planck's constant

'Al Au Cu <Mg Pb Ti Zn
Symbol
Al Fe <Ni Cu Uu
Traditional units 2.908 x IQ-4 radian
SI units 2.908 x 10~4 rad 70 GN irr2 210 GN nr2 209 GN m~2 127 GN m~2 79 GN nr2 6.6262 x 10-34 J s 0.34 0.44 0.35 0.29 0.44 0.36 0.25 0.453 kg 4.448 22 N 6 894.76 N nr2 1 rad 27 GN m~2 83 GN m-2 74 GN m~2 45 GN m~2 30 GN itr2 9.964 02 kN 15.444 3 MN m~ 2 10 3 kg 133.322 N m~2 2.997925 x 1O8Hi8-1
E
h
6.6262 x 10-27 erg s
Poisson ratio 1 pound 1 pound (force) 1 psi 1 radian
Ib lbf lbf/in2 rad Al Fe <Ni Cu
453.59 g 7.03 x 10-2kgf/cm2 57.296 degrees 2.7 x 10udyn cm"2 8.3 x 10ndyn cm"2 7.4 x 10ndyn cm~2 4.5 x 10ndyn cm'2 3.0 x 10udyn cm'2 1.574 9 kgf/mm2 1000 kg 1 mm Hg 2.997925 x 1010 cm/s
Shear modulus (average)
[AU
1 tonf 1 tonf/in2 t torr
C
1 ton (force) 1 tsi 1 tonne 1 tonVelocity of light (in vacuo)

Unitati de Masura

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unitati de Masura

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unitati de Masura

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Appendix 1 SI units

Symbol T G M k ha daa da ca m \JL n p f a

Appendix 2 Conversion factors, constants and physical data

JNi Electronic charge 1 electron volt

Faraday 1 1 1 1 1 inch kilogram kilogram-force/cm litre micron

2.54 cm 2.204 62 Ib 14.22 lbf/in2 0.220 gal 104 Angstrom IQ-4 cm

Quantity 1 minute (angle) Modulus of elasticity (average) Planck's constant

Traditional units 2.908 x IQ-4 radian

6.6262 x 10-27 erg s

Poisson ratio 1 pound 1 pound (force) 1 psi 1 radian

Ib lbf lbf/in2 rad Al Fe <Ni Cu

Shear modulus (average)

1 ton (force) 1 tsi 1 tonne 1 tonVelocity of light (in vacuo)

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.