Biology 203 ---Ecology and Evolution Exam II (114 points) 9 October 2012

Name ________________________ TA ________________________

31 multiple choice (2pts each, 62 total) only one correct answer Other (52 points)
1) Which of the following was not something promoted by Willi Hennig in his book, Phylogenetic Systematics? ___A) The best evidence for common ancestry of species is synapomorphy ___B) A phylogenetic hypothesis should be based only on one or only a few important features ___C) When phylogenetic data conflict with each other, one should base conclusions on the maximum concordance of the evidence ___D) Classification should be based on the phylogeny 2) Which of the following did not happen during the Precambrian, based on our best evidence? ___A) ___B) ___C) ___D) ___E) ___F) ___G) ___H) ___I) The origin of muticellular life Invasion of the land by plants The origin of insects The origin of photosynthesis The origin of life The Oxygen Catastrophe A and B B and C B and F

3) Ecdysozoans are all characterized by: ___A) ___B) ___C) ___D) ___E) The periodic shedding of the exoskeleton as the body grows A complex of small tenctacles or cilia around the mouth for nutrient or prey capture Segmented bodies and legs A five pointed body arrangement A notochord

4) Which of the following is not a fundamental governing principle or goal of modern biological names? ___A) ___B) ___C) ___D) Universality Stability Uniqueness Homoplasy

5) Which of the following is characteristic (at least as a plesiomorphy) of all Embryophytes? ___A) ___B) ___C) ___D) ___E) ___F) ___G) ___H) They have cuticle They produce seeds They have vascular tissue They have embryos protected by parental tissues They are primarily marine A and B A and D B and D

6) The Cambrian Explosion might best be described as: ___A) ___B) ___C) ___D) ___E) The seemingly rapid diversification of animal body plans during the beginning of the Cambrian A mass extinction event during the Cambrian An extremely large impact event occuring at the end of the Cambrian The origin and diversification of the dinosaurs and other large reptiles A series of volcanic eruptions in a region called the Siberian Traps

7) A dichotomous key is: ___A) ___B) ___C) ___D) ___E) A structural modification used by cnidarians for protection and food capture A type of identification tool leading the user through a series of choices to identify taxa A fundamental principle in the Code of Zoological Nomenclature A feature of development in primitive animals An author of childrens novels about a little boy who becomes a wizard

8) Which of the following is a properly formulated example of a species name? ___A) ___B) ___C) ___D) Ariopaxis distinctus Gomphus Rectilineatus Agabus bipunctulatus alaphus greenlandia

9) The first known animal fossils are from about how long ago? ___A) ___B) ___C) ___D) 5.5 million years ago 55 million years ago 550 million years ago 5500 million years ago

10) The oldest known fossils (first known living things) are: ___A) ___B) ___C) ___D) ___E) Tetrapods Protobionts Eukaryotes Stromatolites Monty Burnss toenail clippings

11) The largest mass extinction during the Phanerozoic was: ___A) ___B) ___C) ___D) ___E) The End Ordovician Extinction The Late Devonian Extinction The Permian-Triassic Extinction The End Triassic Extinction The Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction

12) The extensive coal beds originating in the Carboniferous resulted in large part because of: ___A) ___B) ___C) ___D) ___E) ___F) Low oxygen levels in the atmosphere at the time Extensive areas of moss and other non-vascular land plants The diversification of animal body plans Great diversity of dinosaurs The evolution of lignin in bark-bearing trees An earlier government financial bailout scheme

13) Which of the following is true of protists? ___A) ___B) ___C) ___D) ___E) ___F) The flagellates are a prominent group of protists They include numerous groups with complex tissues Together, they form a monophyletic group They are all parasitic Bryophytes are a major group of protists None of them can photosynthesize

14) The supercontinent that consolidated during the Permian is called: ___A) ___B) ___C) ___D) ___E) ___F) Pangolin Permian Laurasia Plantain Pangaea Gondwana

15) The first fossil evidence of whales is from the: ___A) ___B) ___C) ___D) ___E) ___F) Permian Period Neogene Period Carboniferous period Jurassic Period Paleogene Period Ordovician Period

16) The first significant, large scale invasion of the land by plants, fungi and animals occurred: ___A) ___B) ___C) ___D) ___E) During the Ordovician During the Precambrian During the Neogene During the Cambrian During the Ediacaran

17) Of the following, which is the phylum or division with the greatest number of species currently recognized? ___A) ___B) ___C) ___D) ___E) Euryarchaeota Pteridophyta Ascomycota Angiospermae Arthropoda

18) Grouping of species together by overall similarity is called: ___A) ___B) ___C) ___D) ___E) Cladistics Phenetics Systematics Evolutionary taxonomy Phylogenetics

19) The RNA World Hypothesis is the idea: ___A) ___B) ___C) ___D) That RNA, and not DNA, is the fundamental basis of inheriting genetic information today That RNA is common in trace fossils in the Paleozoic That life used RNA for replication and enzyme activity before the evolution of DNA and proteins That RNA has an extraterrestrial origin

20) A major difference between Protostomes and Deuterostomes is: ___A) ___B) ___C) ___D) ___E) ___F) ___G) Protostomes are all coelomates, Deuterostomes are all acoelomates Protostomes all have bilateral symmetry, Deuterostomes all have radial symmetry The Protostome development of the gut from the blastopore differs from Deuterostomes Protostomes all have radial symmetry, Deuterostomes all have bilateral symmetry All of the above B and C C and D

21) Which of the following is/are in the domain Bacteria? ___A) ___B) ___C) ___D) ___E) ___F) ___G) Crenarchaeota Heterokontophyta Spirochaetes Cercozoa Myxomycota A and C B and C

22) Which of the following is not characteristic of fungi: ___A) ___B) ___C) ___D) ___E) Their closest living relatives are plants Their bodies are comprised of hyphae They are heterotrophic They have cell walls with chitin They include the Basidiomycota

23) Two species were described each with the name Neobidessus floridanus. These names are: ___A) ___B) ___C) ___D) ___E) Homonyms Synonyms Uninomials Ranks Family-group names

24) Which of the following is/are characteristic of Angiospermae? ___A) ___B) ___C) ___D) ___E) ___F) ___G) ___H) They lack vascular tissue They have cones They have flowers They have naked seeds They have double fertilization B and D C and D C and E

25) Of the following, which is the closest non-Eumetazoa relative of the clade called Eumetazoa? ___A) ___B) ___C) ___D) ___E) Fungi Porifera Plantae Chordata Lophotrochozoa

26) Laurasia is/was: ___A) ___B) ___C) ___D) ___E) ___F) ___G) The large, northern continent present during the Devonian Mostly Africa, North America and Australia The large ocean present during the Permian Mostly North America and Asia The 2010 winner of American Idol A and B A and D

27) The prokaryote genophore is characterized by which of the following? ___A) ___B) ___C) ___D) ___E) It is primarily composed of peptidoglycan It is photoautotrophic It is circular in shape It is the smallest organelle in the prokaryote It is the main DNA present in a eukaryotic cell

Consider the diagram to the right for questions 28-31. 0 in the matrix represents plesiomorphic states, 1 represents apomorphic states. 28) Species 1, 2, 3 and 4 together: ___A) ___B) ___C) ___D) ___E) ___F) ___G) Form a monophyletic group Share at least two synapomorphies Share several homoplasies Are a paraphyletic group All of the above A and B only B and D only

29) Character state 1 of character 2 is a what for Species 3 and Species 4? ___A) ___B) ___C) ___D) ___E) Symplesiomorphy Clade Trait Homoplasy Synapomorphy

30) Character state 0 of character 4 is a what for Species 5 and Species 6? ___A) ___B) ___C) ___D) ___E) Symplesiomorphy Clade Trait Homoplasy Synapomorphy

31) Character state 1 of character 7 is a what with respect to this phylogeny? ___A) ___B) ___C) ___D) ___E) Symplesiomorphy Clade Trait Homoplasy Synapomorphy

32) A single species was described twice with the names below. Which is the valid name (the one that should be formally used) of this species (circle the correct name). (2 pts) Celina robustus LeConte, 1852 Celina carolinensis Young, 1974

33) The study of the historical, evolutionary relationships among living things is called __________________. (2 pts) phylogenetics, phylogeny, cladistics 34) Biological similarity because of common ancestry is called __________________. (2 pts) homology 35,36) Two species differ in the shape of their leaves. All the members of one species have long, slender leaves, all the members of the other have broad, wide leaves. In terms of systematics, leaf shape is a _____________________. Leaves long and slender is a ________________________. (4 pts) Character, character state 37) The organization of living things into groups and giving those groups names is called __________________. (2 pts) taxonomy, systematics 38) As far as we know, there were several independent origins of powered flight (the ability to fly) in the history of animal life on earth. Below, write the taxon and the period of history associated with each origin of powered flight. (8 pts) Insects, Devonian Pterosaurs, Triassic Birds, Jurassic Bats, Paleogene 39) What year was the publication date of Linnaeuss 10th edition of Systema Naturae ___________ (2 pts) What was the significance of this book for taxonomy? (3 pts) 1758, beginning of modern taxonomy or beginning of biological nomenclature or similar answer

40) What is the Symbiotic Theory for the evolutionary origin of organelles? Give three lines of evidence that suggests this is the way the mitochondrion originated. (5 pts) The theory that the organelles arose through symbiotic relationships between cells of different species, one of which then became intracellular. Circular DNA Two membranes Binary fission Other??

41) In the space below, list the 8 currently recognized taxonomic ranks in order from most general (largest groups) to least general (smallest groups). (8 points) Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division) Class Order Family Genus Species

42) Below list the Eras and Periods of the Phanerozoic. Place the time each period began next to each period (in millions of years) (14 pts 3 pts for eras, 11 pts for periods and times) Cenozoic Neogene Paleogene Mesozoic Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic Paleozoic Permian Carboniferous Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian 285 350 400 440 500 540 145 210 245 23 65